小升初语法25现在完成时.pdf

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1、 1 小升初语法 25 现在完成时 1.定义：现在完成时用于过去发生的动作或状态与现在的联系，包括对现在的影响、和动作的持续等。2.结构：现在完成时的形式是由“have/has+过去分词”构成。肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词.否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词.疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词.?疑问代词/疑问副词+have/has+主语+过去分词.?现在完成时的肯定句 句型：主语（第三人称单数以外的人称）+have 主语（第三人称单数）+has+现在完成时的肯定句由助动词 have/has 加过去分词构成：Hes gone shopping.他去买东西了。Iv

2、e never been to Paris.我从未到过巴黎。现在完成时的否定句 句型：主语+have/has+not+过去分词.现在完成时的否定句是在助动词 have/has 后加 not，之后是过去分词：I havent seen him for a long time.我已经很久没见到他了。The road hasnt been cleaned since it snowed.自下过雪以后这条路一直没有清扫过。现在完成时的一般疑问句 句型：Have/Has+主语+过去分词.?回答方式：Yes，主语+have/has.2 No，主语+have/has+not.现在完成时的一般疑问句是将助动词

3、 have/has 置于主语之前（大写 have/has 后的第一个字母），在句尾加问号；这种语序是倒装语序：Have you done it?Yes，I have./No，I havent.你做这件事了吗?是的，我做完了。/不，我没有。Have you ever been to India?Yes，I have./No，I havent.你去过印度吗?是的，我去过。/不，我没去过。Have you met your new neighbors?Not so far.你见过你的新邻居没有?至今还没有。现在完成时的特殊疑问句 句型：疑问代词/疑问副词+have/has+主语+过去分词.?现在完成

4、时的特殊疑问句是将疑问代词/疑问副词置于助动词 have/has 之前（have/has 的第一个字母无需大写），和一般疑问句差不多；这种语序是倒装语序。就主语提问时，将疑问代词或带有疑问限定词的名词词组置于助动词 have/has 之前，在句尾加问号；这种语序是陈述句语序：Where have you been all this while?这一阵子你在哪里?What book shave you read on this subject?你读过哪些关于这方面的书?What have you been busy with recently?最近你在忙什么?3.动词形式：过去分词的构成方法 分

5、规则变化和不规则变化两种.不规则变化需逐个记忆,规则变化遵循以下原则：(1)一般情况下,在动词后加 ed 构成：work/worked,stay/stayed,shout/shouted 等.(2)在以-e 结尾动词后只加 d：close/closed,like/liked,live/lived,smile/smiled 等.(3)以辅音字母加 y 结尾的动词,应将 y 改为 i 再加-ed：study/studied,carry/carried 等.(4)以重读闭音节或 r 音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母动词,要双写末尾的辅音字母再加-ed：stop/stopped,admit/admitt

6、ed,refer/referred,prefer/preferred 等.4.时间状语 常和 already（已经），just（刚刚），yet（迄今、还），lately（最近），recently（最近），these days（这些日子），in the past few years（在过去的几年里），since+时间点，for+时间段，so far（迄今为止），up to now（直到现在），till/until now（直到现在），never，ever，once，twice，three times，before.5.现在完成时的用法 1.表示结束、结果 现在完成时表示一个过去发生并结束的动作对

7、现在产生的影响。这一类情况可以细分为下述两种情况：表示开始于过去的动作刚刚结束。常和 already（已经），just（刚刚），now（现在），yet（迄今、还），not.yet（还没有）等连用：Ive already read that book.我已经读过那本书。Youre too late；the train has just left.你来得太完了，火车刚开走。表示过去动作的结果，现在仍残留着；一般不用时间状语：3 It has just snowed.刚刚下过雪。（地上有积雪）I have lost my watch.我把手表丢了。（现在仍未找到）The concert has st

8、arted.We have to look for our seats in the dark.音乐会已经开始了，我们得在黑暗中找座位。The presidents sudden death has left the country leaderless.总统突然去世，使该国处于无领袖状态。2.表示继续 表示过去已经开始，持续到现在，仍要继续下去的动作或状态。往往和表示一段时间包括现在时间在内的状语连用，如 today（今天），this week/month（本周/月），lately（最近），recently（最近），these days（这些日子），in the past few years

9、（在过去的几年里），since（从 以来），since yesterday（从昨天以来），for a long time（很长时间），for a month/several years（一个月/几年），so far（迄今为止），up to now（直到现在），till/until now（直到现在）等：Hes known me for over twenty years.他和我相识已 20 多年了。Has he studied French very long?他学习法语很久了吗?How long have you studied English?你学英语多久了?（现在仍在学）Up to no

10、w/Until now weve had no problems.直到现在为止，我们没有碰到任何问题。3.表示经历和经验 表示从过去到现在之间经历过的事情。常和 often（常常），never（从来没有），ever（曾经），once（一次），twice（两次），three times（三次），before（在 之前），since（自 以来）等连用：Havent I seen you before?我以前见过你吧?He has known both grief and happiness.悲伤和欢乐的滋味他都尝过。We have not been to the cinema recently.我

11、们最近没有去过电影院。I have not seen that film yet.我还没有看过那部电影。Her husband died ten years ago，but she has since remarried.她丈夫 10 年前去世，她后来又嫁人了。Ive read the novel twice.这部小说我看了两遍。Ive never been so annoyed in all my life!（=I was extremely annoyed）我这一生从没有这样恼火过!4.用于状语从句 在时间或条件状语从句中，通常用现在完成时代替将来完成时，表示将来某一时刻前业已完成的动作：

12、Tell me what you think of the book when youve read it.你看完这本书后，告诉我你的想法。Well start at2 oclock pm if it has stopped raining by then.我们将于下午 2 点开始，如果那时雨停了的话。关于现在完成时用法的补充说明 1.关于短暂动作动词的用法 终止性动词（亦称点动词）如 come（来），go（去），leave（离开），buy（买），borrow（借），join（参加），die（去世），marry（结婚），lose（失去），begin（开始），stop（停止），get up（起床

13、）等表示的动作有一个终点，到了终点就不再延续。也就是说，此类动词只表示短暂的动作，因此不能与表示延续的时间状语连用：不可以说：Ive left New York for three days.4 可以说：Ive been away from New York for three days.（这时需要 使用 be 动词来表示延续的状态）可以说：I left New York three days ago.我是 3 天前离开纽约的。如果现在完成时的谓语动词是持续较短的动态动词（点动词），通常用否定结构；在这种情况下可以和表示一段时间的短语连用。因为点动词的这种否定结构构成一种状态，而这一状态是可以

14、持续的：They havent written to me for3years.他们有 3 年没有给我写信了。She hasnt left home for several days.她已有几天没有出门了。（表示“足不出户”这一状态）They havent visited us since2000.自 2000 年以来他们就没有拜访过我们。表示短暂动作的动词用于完成时，通常表示目前的结果：Shes recovered from her illness.她已经痊愈。（含义是：目前状况良好）I must go back；Ive left（=forgotten to bring）my car key

15、s（be-hind）.我必须回去，我忘了带汽车钥匙。（含义是：我现在开不了汽车门。）English has borrowed words from many languages.英语借用了很多其他语言的词汇。（含义是：仍会借用其他语言的词汇。）练习一 练习题：1.动词变形:写出下列动词的过去分词 play .sit .swim .think .go .get .is .are .sleep .write .borrow .keep .have .eat .leave .start .begin .come .buy .lose .2.单项选择。1、Both his parents look s

16、ad.Maybe they _whats happened to him.knew .have known .must know .will know 2、He has _ been to Shanghai,has he?.already .never .ever .still 3、Have you met Mr.Li _？.just .ago .before .a moment ago 4、The famous writer _ one new book in the past two year.is writing .was writing .wrote .has written 5、Ou

17、r country _ a lot so far.Yes.I hope it will be even _.has changed;well .changed;good.has changed;better .changed;better 6、Zhao Lan _already _in this school for two years.was;studying .will;study 5.has;studied .are;studying 7、We _ Xiao Li since she was a little girl.know .had known .have known .knew

18、8、Harry Potter is a very nice film.I_ it twice.will see .have seen .saw .see 9、These farmers have been to the United States Really?When _ there?.will they go .did they go.do they go .have they gone 10、_ you _ your homework yet?Yes.I _ it a moment ago.Did;do;finished .Have;done;finished.Have;done;hav

19、e finished .will;do;finish 11、His father _ the Party since 1978.joined .has joined .was in D.has been in 12、Do you know him well?Sure.We _ friends since ten years ago.were .have been .have become .have mad 113、How long have you _ here?About two months.been .gone .come .Arrived 14、Hurry up!The play _

20、 for ten minutes.has begun .had begun .has been on .Began 15、It _ ten years since he left the army.is .has .will .was 16、Miss Green isnt in the office.she _ to the library.has gone .went .will go .has been 17、My parents _ Shandong for ten years.have been in .have been to 6 .have gone to .have been 1

21、8、The students have cleaned the classroom,?A.so they B.dont they C.have they D.havent they 19 has Mr White been a member of Greener China since he to China?A.How soon,comes B.How often,got C.How long,came D.How far,arrived 20、His uncle for more than 9 years.A.has come here B.has started to work C.ha

22、s lived there D.has left the university 3.句型转换。1、He has never surfed,?（改成反意疑问句）2、They have been here since 2000.(对划线部分提问)have they been here?3、The old man _ last year.He for a year.(die)（动词填空）4、This factory opened twenty years ago.(同义句转换)This factory _ for twenty years.5、Miss Gao left an hour ago.(同

23、义句转换)Miss Gao _ _ _ _ an hour ago.6、Her mother has been a Party member for three years.（同义句）Her mother _ the Party three years _.7、The Green Family moved to France two years ago.(同义句转换)_ two years _ the Green family moved to France.8、The bus has arrived here.It arrived ten minutes ago.(把两个句子合并成一个句子)

24、_ 7 汉译英。1.我刚刚丢了我的化学书。（just）2.我以前从来没去过那个农场。(never)3.你已经看过这部电影了吗？(yet)4.我妹妹成为一个大学生已经三年。(for)5.从 1992 年他住在这里。(since)现在完成时练习（二）一、Fill in the blanks with the proper form.1.I_ already _(see)the film.I _(see)it last week.2._ he _(finish)his work today?Not yet.3.My father _ just _(come)back from work.He is

25、tired now.4.Wheres Li Ming?He _(go)to the teachers office.5.I _(work)here since I _(move)here in 1999.6.So far I _(make)quite a few friends here.7.How long _ the Wangs _(stay)here?For two weeks.8.I _ just _(finish)my homework.9.He _(go)to school on foot every day.10._ you _(find)your science book ye

26、t?11.If it _(be)fine tomorrow,Ill go with you.12.The students _(read)English when the teacher came in.13.Look!The monkey _(climb)the tree.14.My mother _(come)to see me next Sunday.15.Ive lost my pen._ you _(see)it anywhere?8 二、Choose the best answer.1.How long have you _ here?A.come B.got C.arrived

27、D.been 2.My grandpa died _.A.at the age of my 2 B.for 2 years C.when I was 2.D.my age was 6.3.Jane has _ to BeiJing.She will come back tomorrow.A.been B.gone C.went D.never been 4.It is ten years _ I last saw her.A.after B.since C.for D.that 5.-Who will go to the station to meet Lorry?-I will.I _ he

28、r several times.A.met B.have met C.had met D.will meet 6.-What a nice dress!How long _ you _ it?-Just 2 weeks.A.will,buy B.did,buy C.are,having D.have,had 7.-Do you know Lydia very well?-Yes,She and I _ friends since we were very young.A.have made B.have become C.have been D.have turned 8.The Smiths

29、 _ in China for 8 years.A.has lived B.lived C.have been D.live 9.-Hello,this is Mr.Green speaking.Can I speak to Mr.Black?-Sorry.He _ the Bainiao Park.A.has been to B.has gone to C.went to D.will go to 10.-_ you ever _ to the US?-Yes,twice.A.Have,gone B.Have,been C,Do,go D.were,going 9 三、Rewrite the

30、 sentences.1.I have been to Macau(澳门）before.(改为否定句)I _ _ been to Macau before.2.He hasnt come to school because he was ill.(就划线部分提问)_ _ he come to school?3.I bought a new bike just now.(用 just 改写)I _ just _ a new bike.4.We began to learn English three years ago.(改为同义句)We _ _English _three years 四、Us

31、e“never,ever,already,just,yet,for,since”to fill in the blanks.1.I have _ seen him before,so I have no idea about him.2.Jack has _ finished his homework.3.Mr.Wang has taught in this school _ ten years.4.“Have you _ seen the film?”“No,I have _ seen it.”5.“Has the bus left _?”“Yes,it has _ left.”五、用 ha

32、ve/has been to/in,have gone to 及 go 的各种形式填空。1)Where is Jack?He _ his country.2)David _ the park just now.3)John _ England since he came back.4)How long _ they _ this village?5)The Smiths _ Beijing for years.6)_ you ever _ America?-Yes,I _ there many times.7)I _ this school since three years ago.8)Wh

33、ere is Jim?He _ the farm.9)When_ he _?He _ an hour ago.10)Would you like to _ to the zoo with me?-Yes,but I _ there before.11)Where _ you _ now?-I _ to the zoo.12)He often _ swimming.10 13)_ you _ there last year?14)_ they often _ skating in winter?参考答案：练习一 一、1-5 BBCDC 6-10 CCBBB 11-15 DBACA 16-20 A

34、ADCC 二、1.has he 2.How long 3.died has been dead 4.has been open 5.has been away 6.joined ago 7.It is since 8.The bus has been here for ten minutes.四、1.I have just lost my chemistry book.2.I have never been to the farm before.3.Have you seen this film yet?4.My sister has been a college student for th

35、ree years.5.He has lived here since 1992.练习二 一、1.have seen saw 2.Have finished 3.has come 4.went 6.have worked moved 6.have made 7.have stayed 7.have finished 9.goes 10.Have found 11.is 12.were reading 13.is climbing 14.will come/is going to come 15.Did see 二、1-5 DCBBB 6-10DCCBB 三、1.have never 2.Why hasn t 3.have had 4.have learned for 四、1.never 2.already 3.for 4.ever never 5.yet just 五、1.has gone to 2.has gone to 3.has been in 4.have been 6.have been in 6.Have been to have been 7.have been in 7.has gone to 9.did go went 10.go have been to 11.have been has gone 12.goes 13.Did go 14.Did go