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1、 定语从句专题讲解 一、基本概念：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。Do you know the man who spoke at the meeting just now?That is the house where he lived ten years ago.定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词；定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来引导，关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作从句中的一个成分。引导定语从句的关系代词有：that,who,whom,whose,which，as 关系副词有：when,where,why.二、关系词的用法：（一）关系代词的用法：1.作主语用
2、who,which 和 that,如：He is the man who/that lives next door.The train which/that has just left is for Shenzhen.2作宾语用 whom,who,which,that,如：The man(whom/who/that)we have just seen is a famous writer.Where is the book(which/that)I bought last week?注：在非正式文体中，用于指人的关系代词who whom,that 通常可以省略，但在正式文体中通常用whom,不
3、可省略；用于指物的关系代词which和that 在非正式文体中也通常省略，但在正式文体中一般不省略。3.作定语用 whose,如：(a)He is the man whose car was stolen last week.(b)It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at that time.注：“whose+名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语（如上 a 句），又能作宾语（如上 b 句）。whose 的先行词常用来指人，但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念，这时可以与 of which 结构互换，词序是：“名词+of
4、which”，如：They came to a house whose back wall had broken down.(=the back wall of which)Hes written a book the name of which Ive completely forgotten.(=whose name)4.作表语只用 that，它既可以指人，也可以指物，但时常省略。如：He is no longer the man that he used to be.This is no longer the dirty place(that)it used to be.（二）关系副词的
5、用法：1when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语，它的先行词通常有：time,day,morning,night,week,year 等。如：I still remember the time when I first became a college student.Do you know the date when Lincoln was born?注：when 时常可以省略，特别是在某些句型和某些时间状语中。如：Each time he came,he did his best to help us.But help never stopped coming from the day she
6、 fell ill.2 where 指地点，在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词常有：place,spot,street,house,room,city,town,country 等。This is the hotel where they are staying.I forget the house where the Smiths lived.注：where 有时也可以省略。如：This is the place(where)we met yesterday.3.why 指原因或理由，它的先行词只有 reason。如：That is the reason why he is leaving so
7、 soon.注：why 时常也可以省略。如：That is the real reason he did it.(三)使用关系副词应注意下列几点：1.这三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+which 结构：when=on(in,at,during)+which;where=in(at,on)+which;why=for which.如：I was in Beijing on the day when(=on which)he arrived.The office where(=in which)he works is on the third floor.This is the chief
8、 reason why(=for which)we did it.2.当先行词是表时间的 time,day 等和表地点的 place,house 等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或宾语时，关系词应该用 which 或 that,缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用 when 或 where，试比较：Ill never forget the day when my hometown was liberated.Ill never forget the days which/that we spent together last summer.His father works in a f
9、actory where radio parts are made.His father works in a factory which/that makes radio parts.3.when 和 where 既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。而 why 只能引导限制性定语从句。三、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句 1.限制性定语从句说明先行词的情况，对先行词起限定作用，与先行词关系十分密切，不可用逗号隔开，也不可省略，否则全句意义就不完整。如：This is the telegram which he refers to.Is there anything(that
10、)I can do for you?2.非限制性定语从句只是对先行词作补充说明，没有限定作用，它与先行词的关系比较松散，因而不是关键性的，如果省略，原句的意义仍然完整。这种从句在朗读时要有停顿，在文字中通常用逗号与主句隔开。如：This note was left by Tom,who was here a moment ago.As a boy,he was always making things,most of which were electric.引导非限制性定语从句的关系词有：who,whom,whose,which,when 和 where，不可以用 that和 why。另外，非
11、限制性定语从句从意义上讲，相当于一个并列句，在口语中使用并不普遍，在日常生活中，人们通常用并列句或简单句来表达。如：I told the story to John,who later did it to his brother.=I told the story to John,and he later told it to his brother.Yesterday I happened to see John,who was eager to have a talk with you.=Yesterday I happened to see John and he was eager t
12、o have a talk with you.3.两种定语从句的内涵不同，限制性定语从句具有涉他性，而非限制性定语从句具有唯一性，这在理解和翻译时应特别注意。试比较：All the books there,which have beautiful pictures in them,were written by him.All the books there that have beautiful pictures in them were written by him.His brother,who is eighteen years old,is a PLA man.（只有一个）His b
13、rother who is a PLA man is eighteen years old.（不止一个）4.有时，非限制性定语从句所修饰的不是某一个词，而是整个主句或是主句中的一个部分，这时一般采用 which 或 as 来引导。当整个主句（先行词）在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词要用单数。eg:He passed the exam,which/as he hoped he would.注：（1）as 引导的从句可以放在主句之前，而 which 引导的从句只能放在主句之后。They are hollow,which makes them very light.As is known to al
14、l,Taiwan is a part of China.（2）从意义上讲，which 指前面主句的内容；而 as 指代的是作为一般人都知道的常识性的东西，因此常译成“就象 那样”。（3）如果定语从句的内容对主句的内容起消极作用或当非限制定语从句为否定时，则常用which，而不用 as，如：She stole her friends money,which was disgraceful.He tore up my photo,which upset me.Tom drinks a lot everyday,which his wife doesnt like at all.5.在正式文体中，以
15、 the way 为先行词的限制性定语从句通常以 in which 或 that 引导，如：The way in which you answered the questions was admirable.但在非正式文体中，人们通常省略 in which 或 that:The way(in which)he spoke to us was suspicious.I dont like the way(that)you laugh at her.四、关系词的选择 1.在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词作主语，只能用 who 指人，which 指物；关系代词做宾语，常用 whom（口语中有时用 wh
16、o）指人，which 指物，它们都不能用 that 代替。2.关系代词作介词宾语，不论是在限制性定语从句中，还是在非限制性定语从句中，当介词前置时，只能用 whom 指人，which 指物；但如果介词后置，则不受这种限制，关系代词还可以省去，特别是在口语中。如：Do you know the boy to whom she was talking?Do you know the boy(that)she was talking to?The pencil(which/that)he was writing with suddenly broke.3.在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指物时，关系词可
17、用 which 或 that，二者常可以互换；但在下列情况中，只能用 that，不用 which：(1)当先行词是 all,a lot,(a)little,few,much,none,anything,something,everything,nothing 等词时。如：All that can be done has been done.In this factory I saw little/much that was different from ours.(2)当先行词被 all,any no,much,little,few,every 等限定词所修饰时。如：We heard clea
18、rly every word that he said.(3)当先行词是序数词或被序数词所修饰时。如：The first thing that should be done is to get the tickets.When people talk about Hangzhou,the first that comes to mind is the West Lake.(4)当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级所修饰，以及先行词被序数词和形容 词最高级同时修饰时，如：Is that the best that you can do?Thats the most expensive hote
19、l that weve ever stayed in.This novel is the second best one that I have ever read.(5)当先行词被 the very,the only,the next,the last 等所修饰时。如：This is the very book that I want to find.(6)当先行词为指人和指物的两个并列名词词组时。如：The guests spoke highly of the children and their performances that they saw at the Childrens Pa
20、lace.She described in her compositions the people and places that impressed her most.(7)当主句是以 which，who,what 开头的特殊疑问句时。如：Which is the car that killed the boy?Who is the person that is making this lecture?4.用 which 而不用 that 的情况：引导非限制性定语从句；代表整个主句的意思；介词+关系代词。e.g.He had failed in the maths exam,which ma
21、de his father very angry.他数学考试没有及格，这使他的父亲很生气。This is the room in which my father lived last year.这是父亲去年居住过的房子。5.在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指人时，关系词可用 who(m)或 that，二者常可互换。但在下列情况中，用 who(m)，而不用 that：(1)当先行词是 one,ones,any,few,anyone,anybody,someone,somebody,everyone,everybody 等词时。如：Is there anyone who can answer this
22、 question?He was among the few who managed to live through the enemy prison camp.注：在非正式文体中可以说：Youre the one that knows where to go.)(2)当先行词是 he,they,those,people,person 等词时。如：He who wants to catch fish just not mind getting wet.Those who are against the proposal put up your hands.注：在固定结构的谚语或习语中，可用 h
23、e that。如：He that promises too much means nothing.(3)当先行词有较长的后置定语修饰时。如：Do you know the writer in blue with thick glasses who is speaking at the meeting?(4)在分隔式定语从句中，若先行词指人，为了明确修饰关系，应当用 who(m)。如：A new master will came tomorrow who will teach you German.Theres only one student in the school who/whom I
24、wanted to see.I was the only person in my office who was invited.(5)两个定语从句同时修饰一个指人的先行词，第二个定语从句常用 who(m)来引导，如：She is the only girl I know who can play the guitar.6.在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指人时，在下列情况中，一般用关系词 that:(1)当主句是以 who 或 which 开头的特殊疑问句时。如：Who is the man that is reading the newspaper over there?Which of us
25、 that knows anything does not know this?(2)当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词所修饰时。如：He is the greatest man that has ever lived.(3)当先行词被 the only,the very,the last 等词所修饰时。如：She is the only person that understands me.7.当先行词被 the same 所修饰时，关系词既可以用 as，也可以用 that。在表示具体事物时，有时两者有一定的区别。一般说来，表示同一种类多用 as，表示同一事物多用 that。如：This is
26、the same instrument that I used yesterday.这就是我昨天用过的那台仪器。This is the same instrument as I used yesterday.这台仪器跟我昨天用过的那台一样。在抽象概念上，同种类和同一事物是没有绝对区别的，所以两个词可换用：I have the same opinion as/that you have.这里要注意的是：（1）使用 as 时，它引导的定语从句中的动词可以省略，但使用 that 时，定语从句中 的动词不可省略。如：Women received the same pay as men.Women re
27、ceived the same pay that men received.(2)在“the samethat”结构中，that 只是用来加强语气，强调“相同”。that 可以省去而不改变句子原意，甚至连名词前的 same 也可以省去。如：This is the same instrument that I used yesterday.=This is the same instrument I used yesterday.=This is the instrument I used yesterday.但在“the sameas”结构中，same 和 as 都不能省略。(3)当“the
28、samethat”结构中的 that 作为关系副词用时，不可以直接与 as 互换。如：He lives in the same building that I live.=He lives in the same building as/that I live in.Shall we meet at the same place that we last met?=Shall we meet at the same place that/as we last met at?8.当先行词前有 such,so,as 时，关系词应当用 as。如：A wise man seldom talks abo
29、ut such things as he doesnt understand.He spoke in such easy English as everybody could understand.At this time of the day,all buses and trolleys have to carry as many passengers as they can.It is so easy a book as every schoolboy can read.Lets discuss such things as we can talk of freely.另需注意：This
30、book is written in such easy English as beginners can understand.（定语从句）This book is written in such easy English that beginners can understand it.（结果状语从句）9.as 引导非限制性定语从句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用来修饰整个句子。通常用下列句型：as is known to all,as is said,as is reported,as is announced,as we all know,as I expect 等。Eg：As I expected,he got the first place again in this mid-term examination.正如我所预料的那样，他在这次期中考试中又获得了第一名。