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1、 第 1 页 共 13 页 专题 四 句子的种类、成分和基本句型 一、句子的种类 1.按使用目的，句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。1）陈述句（Declarative Sentences）：说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。例如：Light travels faster than sound.光比声传播速度快。（说明事实）The film is rather boring.这部电影很乏味。（说明看法）2）疑问句（Interrogative Sentences）：提出问题。有以下四种：a.一般疑问句（General Questions）：Can you finish the work in t
2、ime?你能按时完成工作吗？b.特殊疑问句（Wh-Questions）：Where do you live?你住那儿？c.选择疑问句（Alternative Questions）：Do you want tea or coffee?你是要茶还是要咖啡？d.反意疑问句（Tag-Questions）：He doesnt know her,does he?他不认识她，对不对？3）祈使句（Imperative Sentences）：提出请求，建议或发出命令。例如：Dont be nervous!别紧张！4）感叹句（Exclamatory Sentences）：表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪。例如：W
3、hat good news it is!多好的消息啊！2.句子按其结构可以分为以下三类：1）简单句（Simple Sentences）：只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句。例如：She is fond of collecting stamps.她喜欢集邮。2）并列句（Compound Sentences）：包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句，句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接。例如：The food was good,but he had little appetite.食物很精美，但他却没什么胃口。3）复合句（Complex Sentences）：包含一个主句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合
4、句，从句由从属连词引导。例如：第 2 页 共 13 页 The film had begun when we got to the cinema.我们到达电影院的时候，电影已经开演了。3.基本句型：英语中千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化而来的：1）主+动（SV）例如：I work.我工作。2）主+动+表（SVP）例如：John is busy.约翰忙。3）主+动+宾（SVO）例如：She studies English.她学英语。4）主+动+宾+补（SVOC）例如：Time would prove me right.时间会证明我是对的。5）主+动+间宾+直宾（SVO
5、iOd）例如：My mother made me a new dress.我母亲给我做了一件新衣裳。二、句子成分：组成句子的各个部分叫作句子成分。英语的句子成分和中文的句子成分大致相同，可分为：主语，谓语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，宾语补语。（一）、主语表明句子里所谈的是：“什么人”或“什么物”，主语常用名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语充当。例如:Lily likes her new bike.(名词)莉莉喜欢她的新自行车。He gets up early every day.(代词)他每天都起得很早。To learn English well is not easy.（不定式短语）学好英语不容
6、易。（二）、谓语说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”，英语中谓语只能用动词充当。例如：We work hard.我们努力工作。The boy caught a bird.那个男孩逮住一只鸟。He is my father.他是我父亲。They all look fine.他们都很好。谓语和主语在人称和数方面必须保持一致。例如：I am reading.You are reading.HeShe is reading.We are reading.（三）、宾语宾语是动作行为的对象。由名词、代词或相当于名词或代词的词或短语充当，和及物动词一起构成谓语，说明主语“做什么”。例如：Tom bou
7、ght a story-book.（名词）汤姆买了一本故事书。第 3 页 共 13 页 I saw him yesterday.（代词）昨天我看到他了。He wanted to have a cup of tea.（不定式短语）他想要一杯茶。直接宾语和间接宾语有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫作间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语。合称双宾。例如：He gave me some ink.他给了我一些墨水。间接宾语 直接宾语 Our teacher told us an interesting story.老师给我妈讲了一个有趣的故事。间接宾语 直接宾语（四）、表语说明主语“是什么”
8、或“怎么样”，与连系动词一起构成谓语，表语由名词、形容词、或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语等充当。例如：My sister is a nurse.（名词）我的姐姐是一名护士。They were at home.（介词短语）他们在家里。She got angry.（形容词）她生气了。Her grandfather is over eighty years old.（数词）她的祖父八十多岁了。（五）、定语定语是修饰名词或代词的，可以作定语的除形容词外，还有名词、代词、数词、介词短语或相当于形容词的词或短语等。例如：This is a green cup.（形容词）这是一个绿色的杯子。Are thes
9、e students your classmates?（代词）这些学生是你班的吗？Winter is the coldest season of the year.（介词短语）冬天是一年中最冷的季节。I have something important to tell you.（不定式）我有重要的事情要告诉你。The people here are very friendly.（副词）这里的人们非常友好。注意：形容词作定语时通常放在被修饰的词之前。而介词短语、不定式短语或副词等作定语时则放在被修饰的词之后。（六）、状语状语是修饰动词、形容词、或副词的，有的修饰全句。可以作状语的主要是副词和介词
10、短语或相当于副词的词或短语等。例如：You are quite right.（副词）你非常正确。Mr.Wu comes to the school by bike.(介词短语)吴老师骑自行车上学校。She will arrive in Beijing on Monday.（介词短语）她将于星期一到达北京。He stopped to have a look.（不定式短语）他停下来看了看。（七）、宾语补足语有些及物动词的宾语后边还需要有一个补足语，意思才能够完 第 4 页 共 13 页 整。宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。例如：We call her Xiao Li.宾语 宾语补足语 You mus
11、t keep the room clean and tidy.宾语 宾语补足语 John asked me to help him with his Chinese.宾语 宾语补足语 I will have my hair cut tomorrow.宾语 宾语补足语 We saw the boy playing basketball on the playground just now.宾语 宾语补足语 句子成分巧记歌诀：主谓宾表定状补，七种成分记清楚。句子主干主谓宾（表），枝叶成分定状补。定语修饰主宾表，宾语之后常有补。主谓人称数一致，状语位置最灵活。Exercises:指出下列句子中划线部
12、分的成分。1We all study hard at English.（C）A.主语 B.谓语 C.宾语 D.表语 2Betty likes her new bike very much.(B)A.主语 B.谓语 C.宾语 D.表语 3My brother is a policeman.(D)A.主语 B.谓语 C.宾语 D.表语 4Were you at home last night?(B)A.定语 B.状语 C.宾补 D.表语 5Winter is the coldest season of the year.(A)A 定语 B.状语 C.宾补 D.表语 6He often walks
13、in the park.(B)第 5 页 共 13 页 A.定语 B.状语 C.宾语 D.表语 7Mary asked me to help her yesterday.(B)A.定语 B.状语 C.宾补 D.表语 8He bought me a nice present last week.(C)A.宾语 B.直接宾语 C.间接宾语 D.宾补 9His parents are doctors.(C)A.宾语 B.表语 C.谓语 D.定语 10Ill get you some tea now.(B)A.宾语 B.直接宾语 C.间接宾语 D.宾补 11My mother told us an i
14、nteresting story last night.(B)A.表语 B.直接宾语 C.间接宾语 D.宾补 12He has read the book twice.(B)A.主语 B.谓语 C.表语 D.宾语 13They seemed unhappy when they heard the news.(A)A.表语 B.谓语 C.宾语 D.定语 14Do you have something to eat?(B)A.状语 B.定语 C.宾语 D.宾补 15We made him our monitor.(D)A.宾语 B.定语 C.状语 D.宾补 三、简单句的基本句型：由一个主语（或并列
15、主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）所构成的句子叫简单句。根据句子的基本结构，简单句分为5 种基本句型：1SV;（主语 不及物动词）I can swim.我会游泳。主语 谓语（不及物动词）Everything changes.万物都在变。主语 谓语 The plane has already arrived.飞机已经抵达。主语 谓语 第 6 页 共 13 页 2SVO;（主语及物动词宾语）I like English.我喜欢英语。主语 谓语 宾语 They are reading books.他们在看书。主语.谓语 宾语 He bought a computer last week.他上周买了台电脑
16、。主语 谓语 宾语 3SVP;（主语连系动词表语）My mother is a scientist.我母亲是个科学家。主语 谓语 表语 She looks young.她看上去很年轻。主语 谓语 表语 The food tastes very delicious.这食物尝起来很香。主语 谓语 表语 4SVIODO;（主语及物动词间接宾语直接宾语）My mother bought me a dictionary yesterday.我母亲昨天给我买了本字典。主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语 Can you give me the math book?你能给我那本数学书吗？谓语 主语 谓语 间接宾语
17、 直接宾语 Will you tell us something about your school life?你给我讲讲你们的学习生活，好吗？谓语 主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语 5SVOOc;（主语及物动词宾语补语）We must keep our classroom clean and tidy.我们必须保持教室干净、整洁。主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语 My mother asks me to speak English as much as possible.我母亲要求我尽可能多地讲英语。主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语 I heard her singing happily in the
18、 room just now.刚才我听到她在房间里高兴地 第 7 页 共 13 页 唱着歌。主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语 简单句五种基本句型巧记歌诀：英语句子万万千，五大句型把线牵。句型种类看动词，后接成分是关键。系词之后接表语，不及物后无需连。及物又可分三类，单宾双宾最常见。还有宾语补足语，各种搭配记心间。Exercises:指出下列句子的基本类型 1They are listening.2My mother is fifty now.3I have bought three books.4My friend gave me a birthday present.5I painted the
19、 wall white.6The boss often makes the workers work twelve hours a day.7They arrived at six oclock.8The map is on the wall 9Children often sing this song.10Mr Wu teaches us English.11She showed her friends all her pictures.12I find him a lovely boy.答案：1 主谓 2 主系表 3 主谓宾 4 主谓宾宾 5 主谓宾宾补 第 8 页 共 13 页 6 主谓
20、宾宾补 7 主谓 8 主系表 9 主谓宾 10 主谓宾宾 11 主谓宾宾 12 主谓宾宾补 请朗读以下句子，划分下列句子的成分，并指出他们分别属于简单句中的哪种。1.Our country consumes a large number of plastic bags.2.The super-thin bags are the main source of white pollution.3.We should encourage people to return to carrying cloth bags.4.The new rule came out.5.Enviornmental gr
21、oups welcome the new rule.6.They can stop using plastic bags.7.What is particularly positive is that it involves public participation.8.Shops dont offer free plastic bags to their consumers.9.Hong Kong and Australia are considering measures to curb plastic bag litter.10.Chinese consumers have gotten
22、 used to free plastic shopping bags.答案：1 主谓宾 2 主系表 3 主谓宾宾补 4 主谓 5 主谓宾 6 主谓宾 7 主系表 8 主谓宾宾 9 主谓宾 10 主谓宾 第 9 页 共 13 页 四、巩固练习 1.I dont suppose anyone will volunteer,?A.do I B.dont I C.will they D.wont they 2.help if you can,and our country will improve more quickly and better.A.Giving B.Give C.Given D.T
23、o give 3.Lucy,you wash the dishes,?Mom,cant Lily do it?Its her turn to do it.A.dont you B.can you C.shall you D.will you 4.I will not take an umbrella with me today.it rains later on in the day?A.How B.What C.How about D.What if 5.You ought to stay up late tonight,you?Yes.Ive got too much homework.A
24、.cant B.shouldnt C.mustnt D.wont 6.Nothing can stop us from serving the people heart and soul,?A.can it B.cant it C.can they D.cant they 7.There used to be a church in the small town,?A.used there B.usednt there C.used it D.usednt it 8.She isnt your neighbour,is she?.A.Yes,she isnt B.No,she is C.Yes
25、,she is D.No,isnt she 9.to be a PLA soldier when I was young.And now you are.A.How I wanted B.How did I want C.What I wanted D.What did I want 10.Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase,was very reasonable.第 10 页 共 13 页 A.which price B.the price of which C.its price D.the price of that 11.After te
26、n years,she changed a lot and looked different fromshe used to be.A.that B.whom C.what D.who 12.is known to everyone,the moon travels round the earth once every month.A.It B.As C.That D.What 13.Hes got himself into a dangerous situationhe is likely to lose control over the plane.A.where B.which C.wh
27、ile D.why 14.Information has been put forwardmore middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.A.while B.that C.when D.as 15.What the doctors really doubt ismy mother will recover from the serious disease soon.A.when B.how C.whether D.what 16.The students of the music school study.A.mu
28、sic but also some other subjects B.some other subjects as well as music C.music as well as some other subjects D.some other subjects and music 17.air is to man,so is water to fish.A.Since B.Just C.Like D.As 18.There is plenty of rain in the south there is little in the north.A.while B.as C.when D.so
29、 19.several times about it,but he could not give the correct answer.A.Being asked B.Having been asked C.He would ask D.He had been asked 20.I dont like chicken fish.I dont like chicken,I like fish very much.A.and；and B.and；but C.or；but D.or；and 第 11 页 共 13 页 21.the days went on,the situation there g
30、ot worse.A.With B.Since C.While D.As 22.everybody is here,lets set out right away.A.Now that B.Because C.For D.After 23.The science of medicine,progress has been very rapid lately,is perhaps the most important of all the sciences.A.to which B.in which C.which D.with which 24.We must do the experimen
31、t carefully Miss Liu told us.A.what B.since C.as D.while 25.Tony will never forget these days she lived in China with her mother,has a great effect on her life.A.that；which B.when；which C.which；that D.when；that 26.I know,they will go to Beijing to watch the Olympic Games in 2008.A.Since B.So far as
32、C.In case D.As if 27.Who do you think the doctor will havefirst,John or Kate?A.examine B.to examine C.examining D.examined 28.What are you anxious about?.A.Whether we can succeed B.If we succeed C.Do we succeed D.That we can succeed 29.You should put the dictionary you can find it easily.A.where B.t
33、he place C.the place on which D.what 30.She said to me,“Ill tell you the result of the testI know it.”A.because B.the moment C.after D.though 31.Grandpa used to tell us something about the“Cultural Revolution”he had time to spare.A.as soon as B.as C.so that D.whenever 第 12 页 共 13 页 32.Li Fang is ver
34、y busy,shes always helping others with their lessons.A.but B.although C.so D.for 33.Getting a right job can be difficult the students prepared to deal with the job interview.A.if；wont B.unless；will C.unless；are D.if；are 34.Everything depends onthey will support you about it.A.if B.which C.whether D.
35、that 35.She won the first prize in the speech contest and surprized us.A.which B.it C.as D.who 36.The Oscar is one of the film prizes offered to any Chinese actor or actress so far.A.which is not B.that have not been C.that has not D.that has not been 37.He made another wonderful discovery,of great
36、importance to science.A.which I think is B.which I think it is C.which I think it D.I think is 38.Its really very dangerous.One more step,the baby will fall into the well.A.or B.so C.but D.and 39.She is American,she knows little about American history.A.so B.yet C.and D.therefore 40.Information tech
37、nology is taught in most schools,we have entered the information society.A.so B.while C.still D.for 41.Helen must obey her parents.Oh,she must,?A.must she B.mustnt she C.shouldnt she D.should she 42.John must be in the chemistry lab,?A.mustnt he B.neednt he C.isnt he D.shouldnt he 第 13 页 共 13 页 43.I
38、t was quite a long time I made it out what had happened.A.after B.before C.when D.since 44.the text a second time,the meaning will become clearer to you.A.Read B.Reading C.If reading D.When you read 45.does he do his work well,he helps others with their work.A.Not only；but also B.Neither；nor C.Eithe
39、r；or D.Both；and 46.,so he didnt come to school last week.A.Though he was ill B.Being ill C.Having been ill D.He was ill 47.She tried every way she could find to solve the problem.A.how B.in which C.that D.which 48.Lily has some idea shes going to be when she grows up.A.what B.that C.as D.which 49.To play fair is as important as,I think.A.to play well B.play well C.we play well D.playing well 50.you go,you should bear the motherland in mind.A.Where B.Whenever C.However D.Wherever 答案：1-10CBDDBABCAB 11-20CBABCBDADC 21-30DABCBBDAAB 31-40DACCBBADBD 41-50ACBDADCAAD