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1、祝您学习进步，生活愉快，万事如意，金榜题名！要相信一分耕耘一分收获，努力吧朋友！祝您学习进步，生活愉快，万事如意，金榜题名！要相信一分耕耘一分收获，努力吧朋友第二讲短文改错 全国卷 3 年考情分析 命题者说 短文改错主要考查语法基础知识，语篇通常取材于考生自己的习作或类似于考生的随笔，且话题常见，篇章结构的难易程度符合高中生的认知水平，即通俗易懂，基本上无生僻的语言障碍和怪、偏、难的语法结构。短文词数通常与书面表达一样，也是100 词左右。短文改错命题原则表高考就考这些点着眼点具体思考点词法动词时态、语态、非谓语动词、情态动词与虚拟语气名词可数不可数、单数还是复数、是否需用所有格代词主格与宾格
2、、人称与物主、人称与反身、各种不定代词形容词、副词原级、比较级、最高级冠词不定冠词、定冠词还是零冠词介词基本用法、固定搭配词性误用形容词与副词、形容词与名词、名词与动词句法连词(并列连词和从句引导词)、主谓一致、there be句型与特殊句式行文逻辑时态一致、指代一致、逻辑一致 短文改错意识原则表答题就按此法办短文改错 10 处错误中，设错方式是有规律的，一般情况下，多、缺词 23 个，错词 78 个，做完题后，可按此规律进行查验。见下表：类型总数(10)具体思考点多、缺词23 be 的各种形式、介词、冠词、不定式符号、三大从句引导词、代词、副词、固定搭配中的虚词错词78 连词、三大从句引导词
3、、动词、名词、代词、形容词、副词等祝您学习进步，生活愉快，万事如意，金榜题名！要相信一分耕耘一分收获，努力吧朋友！祝您学习进步，生活愉快，万事如意，金榜题名！要相信一分耕耘一分收获，努力吧朋友A(2017全国卷)In the summer holiday following my eighteen birthday,I took driving lessons.I still remember how hard first day was.Before getting into the car,I thought I had learned the instructor s orders,so
4、 once I started the car,my mind goes blank.I forgot what he had said to me altogether.The instructor kept repeating the word,“Speed up！”“Slow down！”“Turning left！”I was so much nervous that I could hardly tell which direction was left.A few minutes late,the instructor asked me to stop the car.It was
5、 a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in the middle on the road.答案：In the summer holiday following my eighteeneighteenth birthday,I took driving lessons.I still remember how hard the/my first day was.Before getting into the car,I thought I had learned the instructors orders,sobut/yet once I s
6、tarted the car,my mind goeswent blank.I forgot what he had said to me altogether.The instructor kept repeating the wordwords，“Speed up！”“Slow down！”“TurningTurn left！”I was so much nervous that I could hardly tell which direction was left.A few minutes latelater，the instructor asked me to stop the c
7、ar.It was a relief and I came to a suddenlysudden祝您学习进步，生活愉快，万事如意，金榜题名！要相信一分耕耘一分收获，努力吧朋友！祝您学习进步，生活愉快，万事如意，金榜题名！要相信一分耕耘一分收获，努力吧朋友stop just in the middle onof the road.B(2017全国卷)Mr.and Mrs.Zhang all work in our school.They live far from the school,and it takes them about a hour and a half to go to wor
8、k every day.In their spare time,they are interesting in planting vegetables in their garden,that is on the rooftop of their house.They often get up earlier and water the vegetables together.They have also bought for some gardening tools.Beside,they often get some useful informations from the Interne
9、t.When summer came,they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables!答案：Mr.and Mrs.Zhang/allbothall work in our school.They live far from the school,and it takes them about aan/one hour and a half to go to work every day.In their spare time,they are interestinginterested in planting vegetabl
10、es in their garden,thatwhich is on the rooftop of their house.They often get up earlierearly and water the vegetables together.They have also bought for some gardening tools.BesideBesides，they often get some useful informationsinformation from the Internet.When summer camecomes，they will invite thei
11、r students to pick the fresh vegetables!C(2017全国卷)When I look at this picture of myself,I realize of how fast time flies.I had grown not only physically,and also mentally in the past few years.About one month after this photo was took,I entered my second year of high school and become a new member o
12、f the school music club.Around me in picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time:car magazines and musical instruments.I enjoyed studying difference kinds of cars and planes，playing pop music，and collecting the late music albums.This picture often brings back to me many h
13、appy memories of your high school days.答案：祝您学习进步，生活愉快，万事如意，金榜题名！要相信一分耕耘一分收获，努力吧朋友！祝您学习进步，生活愉快，万事如意，金榜题名！要相信一分耕耘一分收获，努力吧朋友When I look at this picture of myself,I realize of how fast time flies.I hadhavegrown not only physically,andbut also mentally in the past few years.About one month after this pho
14、to was tooktaken，I entered my second year of high school and becomebecame a new member of the school music club.Around me in this/the picture are the things theythat/which were very important in my life at that time：car magazines and musical instruments.I enjoyed studying differencedifferent kinds o
15、f cars and planes，playing pop music，and collecting the latelatest music albums.This picture often brings back to me many happy memories of yourmy high school days.名词单复数的误用1此类题的错误设置一般包括以下三个方面：(1)可数名词单复数的错用：一般考查错把复数用作单数，有时也考查错把单数用作复数。(2)不可数名词单复数的错用：不可数名词没有复数形式。(3)可数名词与不可数名词混淆：有些词既可用作可数名词也可用作不可数名词，应注意具
16、体语境。2应考策略(1)理清可数与不可数名词之间的区别与联系。(2)记清一些用于固定词组中名词的特殊用法。祝您学习进步，生活愉快，万事如意，金榜题名！要相信一分耕耘一分收获，努力吧朋友！祝您学习进步，生活愉快，万事如意，金榜题名！要相信一分耕耘一分收获，努力吧朋友 示例 1(2017全国卷)The instructor kept repeating the word,“Speed up！”“Slow down！”“Turn left！”解析 wordwords考查名词的数。根据下文提示，教练发出了“Speed up！”，“Slow down！”，“Turn left！”多个指令，故用word
17、的复数形式words。示例 2(2017全国卷)Besides,they often get some useful informations from the Internet.解析 informationsinformation考查名词。information为不可数名词，无复数形式，故将informations改为 information。示例 3(2016浙江卷)When I was a very young children,my father created a regular practice I remember well years later.解析 children chi
18、ld考查名词单复数。由when引导的时间状语从句中主语是I，为单数，且有冠词a，故应用child。示例4(2016四川卷)Mom has a full-time job，but she has to do most of the houseworks.解析 houseworkshousework考查可数名词与不可数名词的混用。housework“家务”，为不可数名词，没有复数。冠词的多用、漏用和误用1此类题的错误设置一般包括以下五个方面：(1)a 和 an 的错用：元音音素前用an，辅音音素前用a。(2)不定冠词和定冠词的错用：表示特指时用定冠词the；表示泛指时用不定冠词a(n)。注意固定搭
19、配中冠词的使用情况。(3)单数可数名词前冠词的缺失：一般来说，单数可数名词前应有适当的冠词，表示泛指用a(n)，表示特指用the。(4)冠词的多余：可数名词复数或不可数名词表示泛指时不用冠词。祝您学习进步，生活愉快，万事如意，金榜题名！要相信一分耕耘一分收获，努力吧朋友！祝您学习进步，生活愉快，万事如意，金榜题名！要相信一分耕耘一分收获，努力吧朋友(5)常用固定搭配中冠词的缺失与多余。2应考策略(1)牢固掌握定冠词、不定冠词和零冠词的使用规律。(2)平时注意冠词的使用，努力培养语感。(3)固定搭配中的冠词是固定的，只有记住才是硬道理。示例 1(2017全国卷)In the summer hol
20、iday following my eighteenth birthday,I took driving lessons.I still remember how hard first day was.解析 first前加 the 或 my 由于序数词first前应该用定冠词the 或者用限定词进行修饰，故 first前加 the 或 my。示例 2(2017全国卷)They live far from the school,and it takes them about a hour and a half to go to work every day.解析 hour 前 aan/oneho
21、ur 是以元音音素开头的单词，前面要用不定冠词an。表示“一个小时”可以用an hour也可以用one hour。所以 hour 前 a 改为 an/one。示例 3(2016全国卷)If we stay at home,it is comfortable and there is no need to spend money.But in that case,we will learn little about world.解析 world 前加 the 冠词漏用。world 是独一无二的事物，前面要加定冠词the。示例 4(2016全国卷)My uncle says that he nev
22、er dreams of becoming rich in the short period of time.解析 the a考查冠词错用。in a short period of time“在短时间内”为固定搭配，故 the 改为 a。代词的错用、缺失与多余1此类题的错误设置一般包括以下五个方面：(1)前后代词指代不一致代词主要是用来代替其他实义词或上下文意义的，因此代词应与其指代的对象相符。否则就祝您学习进步，生活愉快，万事如意，金榜题名！要相信一分耕耘一分收获，努力吧朋友！祝您学习进步，生活愉快，万事如意，金榜题名！要相信一分耕耘一分收获，努力吧朋友会出现代词指代错误。(2)代词数的错用
23、人称代词、物主代词以及反身代词等都有单复数之分，要根据上下文确定单复数。(3)物主代词的错用形容词性物主代词相当于形容词，不能单独使用，常用来修饰名词；名词性物主代词相当于名词，常单独使用，不能修饰名词。(4)不定代词或反身代词的误用。(5)代词的多余：主要是定语从句中代词的多余。在定语从句中，若引导词在从句中作宾语，此时就不能再用it，him 或 them 等作宾语。2应考策略(1)顺藤摸瓜，理清短文中代词的指代关系，注意联系上下文。(2)系统掌握it的各种用法。(3)准确把握不定代词在文中的正确使用。示例 1(2017全国卷)Mr.and Mrs.Zhang all work in our
24、 school.They live far from the school,and it takes them about an hour and a half to go to work every day.解析 all both 或去掉 all 词法错误。Mr.and Mrs.Zhang 是两个人，故用both。因both 在此作同位语，也可以去掉。all指的是三者或三者以上。故将all改为 both 或去掉all。示例 2(2017全国卷)Around me in the picture are the things they were very important in my life
25、 at that time:car magazines and musical instruments.解析 they that/which句法错误。things是先行词，后面是定语从句，从句中缺少主语，故引导词用that 或 which。故将 they 改为 that/which。示例3(2016全国卷)At first,I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by yourself.解析 yourself myself句意：起初，我认为我什么都知道，可以自己拿主意。根据主语 I 可知，应用myself。故将 yourself
26、改为 myself。示例 4(2015浙江卷)Close to the school there was a beautiful park with many trees around them.解析 themit此处代词them 指代前面的park，应是单数，所以用it。故 them 改为it。示例 5(2017福建普通高中毕业班质检)I m going to a conference in you town in May,from 16th to 20th.解析 youyour此处指我要去你/你们的城市去开会，应把you 改为 your。示例 6(2017太原五中模拟)I need to
27、take some exercise every day and find ways 祝您学习进步，生活愉快，万事如意，金榜题名！要相信一分耕耘一分收获，努力吧朋友！祝您学习进步，生活愉快，万事如意，金榜题名！要相信一分耕耘一分收获，努力吧朋友to relax me.解析 me myself句意：我需要每天锻炼，并想法放松自己。与主语 I 相对应的反身代词是 myself。故将 me改为 myself。非谓语动词的误用1此类题的错误设置一般包括以下五个方面：(1)不定式符号to 的多余：在感官动词和使役动词(get除外)后面跟不带to 的不定式作宾补。(2)不定式符号to 的缺失：有些动词，如
28、want，decide，plan 等后应接带to 的不定式作宾语。(3)误把非谓语动词用作谓语动词：句中已有谓语动词，且另一动词不作并列谓语，则只能用非谓语动词。(4)现在分词与过去分词的错用：现在分词表主动、进行；过去分词表被动、完成；现在分词转化的形容词表示“令人的”，常修饰物；而过去分词转化的形容词表示“感到的”，常修饰人。(5)介词 to 与不定式符号to 的用法区别：不定式符号to 后接动词原形，而介词to 后需跟动词的 ing 形式。2应考策略(1)纵观全文或全句，明确句中动词所作的句子成分。(2)系统掌握非谓语动词的句法功能。(3)前后联系，整体把握。示例 1(2017全国卷)W
29、hen summer comes,they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables!解析 pick 前加 to 考查非谓语动词。invite sb.to do sth.“邀请某人做某事”，故应在 pick 前加 to。祝您学习进步，生活愉快，万事如意，金榜题名！要相信一分耕耘一分收获，努力吧朋友！祝您学习进步，生活愉快，万事如意，金榜题名！要相信一分耕耘一分收获，努力吧朋友 示例 2(2016全国卷)We can choose between staying at home and take a trip.解析 take tak
30、ingbetween.and.“在和之间”，是固定结构。and 前后连接的是并列成分。and 前用了动名词staying，and 后也应用动名词，故把take 改为taking。示例 3(2016四川卷)Mom was grateful and moving.解析 movingmovedmoving 表示“令人感动的”，而moved 表示“感动的”。故将moving 改为 moved。示例 4(2015浙江卷)I enjoyed sit close to the windows and looking at the view.解析 sit sittingenjoy 后跟动名词作宾语。故sit改
31、为 sitting。示例 5(2014辽宁卷)It is difficult to understanding why she barks every minute shes outside.解析 understanding understandIt s difficult to do sth.“做某事有困难”。it为形式主语，不定式为真正的主语。故将understanding改为 understand。动词的时态和语态的误用1此类题的错误设置一般包括以下三个方面：(1)上下文时态不一致：当上下文叙述的是同一件事情时，时态应保持一致。(2)并列句中的谓语动词时态不一致：并列连词所连接的动词时态
32、应保持一致；并列句中的谓语动词时态也应保持一致。(3)主动语态和被动语态的混用。2应考策略(1)通读全文，搞清文中动词的主体时态。(2)结合语境，灵活掌握各种时态的用法。(3)认真推敲，准确把握主动与被动。示例 1(2017全国卷)About one month after this photo was took,I entered my 祝您学习进步，生活愉快，万事如意，金榜题名！要相信一分耕耘一分收获，努力吧朋友！祝您学习进步，生活愉快，万事如意，金榜题名！要相信一分耕耘一分收获，努力吧朋友second year of high school and become a new member
33、 of the school music club.解析 took taken；become became考查时态和语态。photo 与 take 为被动关系，故应用被动语态，所以应把took改为taken;主句时态为一般过去时，and 连接并列谓语entered和 became，所以应把become改为 became。示例 2(2016全国卷)Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables and high quality oil are using for cooking.解析 using used考查动词的被动语态。主语 fresh veget
34、ables and high quality oil和 use 之间为被动关系，故需用被动语态。示例 3(2016全国卷)It is always crowded with customers at meal times.Some people even had to wait outside.解析 hadhave由前面的句子可知，这里吃饭时总是涌满了顾客，用的是一般现在时，根据时态的一致性，后面的句子也应用一般现在时。故将had 改为 have。示例 4(2016全国卷)However,my parents didn t seem to think so.They always tell m
35、e what to do and how to do it.解析 telltold由前句的didn t可判断用一般过去时。故将tell改为 told。示例 5(2015全国卷)A woman saw him crying and telling him to wait outside the shop.解析 tellingtold此处 and 后的动词应与其前的saw并列，故将 telling改为 told。主谓不一致的错误1此类题的错误设置一般包括以下四个方面：(1)主谓在人称或单复数上不一致。(2)在含有定语从句或强调结构中的主谓不一致方面的错误。(3)非谓语动词短语作主语或主语从句作主语
36、时主谓不一致方面的错误。(4)“就 近”与“就 远”原 则 的 错 用：就 近 原 则 常 见 的 有：either.or.，祝您学习进步，生活愉快，万事如意，金榜题名！要相信一分耕耘一分收获，努力吧朋友！祝您学习进步，生活愉快，万事如意，金榜题名！要相信一分耕耘一分收获，努力吧朋友neither.nor.,not only.but also.等；就远原则常见的有：together with,as well as,but,except等。2应考策略(1)做题时要有全局观念，前后联系。(2)搞清句子结构，分析句子成分。(3)全面掌握有关主谓一致方面的规则。示例 1(2016浙江卷)He woul
37、d ask who we was and pretend not to know us.解析 waswerewho we was 是作 ask 的宾语且宾语从句中的主语是we，故应把谓语was改为 were。示例 2(2014 全国卷)My dream school look like a big garden.解析 look looks主语 My dream school是单数，谓语应用第三人称单数。故将look改为 looks。示例 3(2014辽宁卷)The early morning barking have been disturbing us as we are often up
38、all night with the baby.解析 havehas主语 The early morning barking为单数，故把have 改为 has。示例 4(2017银川一中二模)What you have gained are the result of your hard work.解析 areis主语从句为单数，故are 改为 is。示例 5(2017沈阳二中模拟)Last month,I,together with my parents,were invited to my uncles in the US.A.解析 werewas本句的主语是I 而不是 my parent
39、s，故将 were 改为 was。形容词和副词的混用及其比较等级的误用1此类题的错误设置一般包括以下五个方面：(1)意近引起的错用：例如many和 much都表示“很多”，但many修饰可数名词，much修祝您学习进步，生活愉快，万事如意，金榜题名！要相信一分耕耘一分收获，努力吧朋友！祝您学习进步，生活愉快，万事如意，金榜题名！要相信一分耕耘一分收获，努力吧朋友饰不可数名词。(2)意思重复：例如so 和 very 表达同一含义，故不能同时使用。(3)形容词与副词的错用：一般来说，作定语和表语时用形容词；作状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或修饰整个句子时用副词。(4)比较级和最高级的混用或误用。(5)
40、比较级和最高级修饰语的误用。2应考策略(1)熟知形容词和副词的句法功能。(2)理清短文中形容词和副词比较等级的关系。(3)结合短文内容，准确使用形容词和副词。示例1(2017全国卷)I was so much nervous that I could hardly tell which direction was left.解析 去掉much 句法错误，意义重复。这句话中含有so.that.(如此以至于)结构，so 和 much表达的意思重复。故much在此处是多余的，去掉much。示例2(2017全国卷)In their spare time,they are interesting in
41、planting vegetables in their garden,which is on the rooftop of their house.解析 interestinginterested词法错误。interesting意为“有趣的”，多指事物；interested意为“感兴趣的”，多指人。因为是描述主语they的心理状态，所以应把interesting改为 interested。be interested in.意为“对感兴趣”。示例 3(2015全国卷)Much rare animals are dying out.解析 Much Manymuch 修饰不可数名词，rare an
42、imals为复数形式，故把Much改为Many。示例 4(2015全国卷)He liked it so very much that he quickly walked into the shop.解析 去掉 very 此处为 so.that.句式，so 和 very 表达的意思重复，故应去掉 very。示例 5(2016全国卷)They were also the best and worse years in my life.解析 worseworstand 之前用了 best，与之并列也应用最高级，故将 worse 改为 worst表示“最糟的”。示例 6(2016四川卷)The dis
43、hes that I cooked were Moms favoritest.解析 favoritestfavoritefavorite本身含有最高级意义，故不再有最高级形式。故将 favoritest改为 favorite。祝您学习进步，生活愉快，万事如意，金榜题名！要相信一分耕耘一分收获，努力吧朋友！祝您学习进步，生活愉快，万事如意，金榜题名！要相信一分耕耘一分收获，努力吧朋友介词的多余与误用1此类题的错误设置一般包括以下三个方面：(1)在一些固定短语中介词的误用。(2)介词与连词或副词的混用。(3)及物动词之后介词的多余或不及物动词之后介词的漏用。2应考策略(1)在平时的学习中注意积累语
44、言知识，特别是一些固定搭配的记忆。(2)强化语法训练，分清连词、副词和介词之间的区别和句法功能。(3)把语法知识的记忆和语感的培养结合起来。示例 1(2017全国卷)It was a relief and I came to a sudden stop just in the middle on the road.解析 onof词法错误。in the middle of.“在的中间”，是固定搭配，故把on 改为 of。示例 2(2017全国卷)They have also bought for some gardening tools.解析 去掉 for 词法错误，介词的误用。表示“买某物”直
45、接用buy sth.。buy 还可用于 buy sb.sth.或 buy sth.for sb.，表示“为某人买某物”。故应去掉for。示例 3(2016全国卷)Now I am leaving home to college.解析 to forleave.for“离开去”为固定结构。示例 4(2016四川卷)Dad cleaned the house，and then went on shopping.解析 去掉 on go shopping为固定短语，意为“去购物”，go on shopping意为“继续购物”。故去掉on。示例 5(2014全国卷)We can lie on the gr
46、ass for a rest，or sit by the lake listening music.解析 listening后加 to listen是不及物动词，后接宾语时要跟介词to，故 listening祝您学习进步，生活愉快，万事如意，金榜题名！要相信一分耕耘一分收获，努力吧朋友！祝您学习进步，生活愉快，万事如意，金榜题名！要相信一分耕耘一分收获，努力吧朋友后加 to。连词1此类题的错误设置一般包括以下两个方面：(1)并列连词错用：常见的并列连词有：and 表示顺承，but 表示转折，or 表示选择，so 表示因果。应根据逻辑关系选择适当的连词。(2)并列连词多余：although/th
47、ough和 but，because 和 so 不能连用，一般去掉but 或 so；另外，一个从句只能有一个引导词。2应考策略(1)依据短文中的逻辑关系，准确把握词与词，句与句或段与段之间的关系。(2)分析句子结构，确定句子的类型(简单句、并列句、复合句)。(3)排除汉语影响，识别although.but或 because.so等错误。示例 1(2017全国卷)Before getting into the car,I thought I had learned the instructors orders,so once I started the car,my mind went blank
48、.解析 sobut/yet行文逻辑错误。根据前后句意思可知这里表示转折概念，并非因果，所以把 so 改为 but 或 yet。示例 2(2017全国卷)I have grown not only physically,and also mentally in the past few years.解析 andbut行文逻辑错误。not only.but also.不仅而且，连接并列成分，故把and 改为 but。示例 3(2016全国卷)Though not very big，but the restaurant is popular in our area.解析 去掉 but though
49、和 but 不能放在同一个句子里。故去掉but。示例 4(2015全国卷)There the air is clean or the mountains are green.解析 orand前后句为并列关系而非选择关系，故把or 改为 and。祝您学习进步，生活愉快，万事如意，金榜题名！要相信一分耕耘一分收获，努力吧朋友！祝您学习进步，生活愉快，万事如意，金榜题名！要相信一分耕耘一分收获，努力吧朋友 示例 5(2015四川卷)In fact，I don t like to go anymore,so Im afraid Ill lose their friendship.解析 sobut前后句
50、为转折关系而非因果关系，应用but 连接。故将so 改为 but。,学生用书 P11)A(2017南昌十校二模)It is clear shown that many middle school students have physical and mental problems.68%of the students surveying have studying anxiety as well as poor eyesight too.And a larger percentage lacks sleep.52%are short of physical exercise.42%of the