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1、 学英语 找长喜 1 四级阅读 第十二堂 推理判断题咋推理 掌握推理判断题的解题方法。30 分钟听讲 四级考试的阅读题目，侧重于考查考生对细节信息的处理能力。考生不仅要能找出与文章意思相同的同义表达，还要能根据原文信息做出一些推理判断。下面对四级考试中所考查到的三种推理判断能力进行一下讲解。一、因果推理 因果逻辑推理是一种重要的推理判断能力，因为因果逻辑是阅读理解中最重要的一种逻辑关系。考查因果逻辑关系的题目，一般是在题干中给出结果，要求考生选择正确的原因。这种题目中的因果关系，在原文中可能不会清晰地表现出来，需要考生加以判断和推理。因果关系在原文中的表现形式多种多样，可以是有明确的表示因果关
2、系的词汇(如 because，so)，也可以是表示目的(行为是因，目的是果)、条件(条件为因，结果为果)、并列和承接(前句为因，后句为果)的词，也可以没有明确的关系词。【真题示例 1】(08-06)【原文】But privacy does matter at least sometimes.Its like health:When you have it,you dont notice it.Only when its gone do you wish youd done more to protect it.【题目】66.According to the passage,privacy is
3、 like health in that.A people will make every effort to keep it B its importance is rarely understood C it is something that can easily be lost D people dont cherish it until they lose it【解析】选D。推理判断题。题干中的“in that”相当于 because，考查原因。本题考查隐私与健康的相似之处，从而将答案出处定位到末段。文中并没有明确表示因果关系的词来表示文中的逻辑关系，需考生自己综合推理判断。末段提到
4、，隐私就像健康：当你拥有时，你会毫不在意；而当你失去时，你才会希望要是自己原来多做点事情来保护它就好了。故答案为D。【真题示例 2】(07-12)【原文】The attraction for students might at first seem obvious.Primarily,theres the convenience promised by courses on the Net:you can do the work,as they say,in your pajamas(睡衣).But figures indicate that the reduced effort result
5、s in a reduced commitment to the course.【题目】59.Many students take Internetbased courses mainly because they can.A earn their academic degrees with much less effort B save a great deal on traveling and boarding expenses C select courses from various colleges and universities 学英语 找长喜 2 D work on the r
6、equired courses whenever and wherever【解析】选D。推理判断题。根据题干中的 Many students take Internetbased courses 和because 将答案出处定位到第三段第二句。该句提到，选择网上课程的方便之处在于，你可以穿着睡衣上课。其中 in your pajamas 的隐含之意是你可以随时随地地上课，而这就解释了网络课程如此具有吸引力的原因。D是根据原文做出的推断，故为答案。二、演绎推理 演绎推理就是根据某个一般的原理，推出与这个一般原理相关的个别事物的结论，就是由“一般到个别”的过程。演绎推理是由三个判断组成的，前两个判
7、断是大、小前提，最后一个判断是结论。常见的有三段论式的演绎推理。要求演绎推理的题目，常常在原文中有一个大前提，而题干和正确选项分别是小前提和结论中的一个。【真题示例】(08-06)【原文】Psychologists tell us boundaries are healthy,that its important to reveal yourself to friends,family and lovers in stages,at appropriate times.【题目】63.What would psychologists advise on the relationships bet
8、ween friends?A Friends should open their hearts to each other.B Friends should always be faithful to each other.C There should be a distance even between friends.D There should be fewer disputes between friends.【解析】选C。推理判断题。根据题干中的 psychologists 和 friends 将答案出处定位到第三段。文中提到一个大前提：心理学家告诉我们，有边界是健康的，并且告诉我们
9、，在某些阶段，某个合适的时间，向朋友、家人和所爱的人展现你自己是很重要的。题干中有一个小前提 friends(文中大前提是 friends,family and lovers)，选项C中有一个结论 there should be a distance(文中大前提是 boundaries are healthy)，故为答案。注意 that 从句在本句中与“boundaries are healthy”并列作宾语从句。三、归纳推理 归纳推理题所考查的是考生对具体事实和细节描述进行总结和概述的能力，是由“个别到一般”的过程。这种题目经常是出现在没有主题句的段落中。【真题示例 1】(07-12)【原文
10、】While the kinds of instruction offered in these programs will differ,DL usually signifies a course in which the instructors post syllabi(课程大纲),reading assignments,and schedules on Websites,and students send in their assignments by email.Generally speaking,facetoface communication with an instructor
11、 is min imized or eliminated altogether.【题目】58.According to the passage,distance learning is basically characterized by.a considerable flexibility in its academic requirements B the great diversity of students academic backgrounds C a minimum or total absence of face toface instruction D the casual
12、relationship between students and professors【解析】选C。推理判断题。根据题干中的 distance learning,basically characterized 将答案出处定位到第二段。文中列举了远程教育的几种情况：教师会把课程大纲、阅读任务和课程安排张贴到网站上，学生们则通过电子邮件提交作业。一般来讲，师生间面对面的交流减 学英语 找长喜 3 到了最少，或者完全没有了。C项是对其特点的归纳总结，故为答案。【真题示例 2】(07-06)【原文】Today I research and teach at Barnard，a womens coll
13、ege in New York City.Recently，someone asked me how many of the 45 students in my class were women.You cannot imagine my satisfaction at being able to answer，45.I know some of my students worry how they will manage their scientific research and a desire for children.And I dont dismiss those concerns.
14、Still，I dont tell them“war”stories.Instead，I have given them this:the visual of their physics professor heavily pregnant doing physics experiments.And in turn they have given me the image of 45 women driven by a love of science.And thats a sight worth talking about.【题目】66.What does the image the aut
15、hor presents to her students suggest?Women students neednt have the concerns of her generation.B Women have more barriers on their way to academic success.C Women can balance a career in science and having a family.D Women now have fewer problems pursuing a science career.【解析】选C。推理判断题。本段第四句中提到了学生们担心
16、的问题：不知道能否合理平衡科学研究和生儿育女这两种愿望。作者给学生解答疑惑的方式就是展示自己的形象：挺着大肚子照样做实验。这位女教授正是一个可以做到平衡科研工作和女性职责的例子，C是对原文这几句话的概括，故为答案。30 分钟练习 Passage 1 题材字数做题时间社会交通 355 词 7 分钟 This July will be my 10th anniversary of being carfree.At first，it felt a very radical thing to do.I wondered if I could survive without an internal co
17、mbustion engine（内燃机）at my beck and call，but，amazingly，Im still here.I dont miss it，and my feet work better than ever.Sadly for the planet，the latest Scottish Household Surveys Travel Diary shows that were actually walking less than we did in 1999，despite the fact that most of the car journeys were t
18、aking are less than 3 miles.Even more depressingly，85%of commuter car（市郊客车）journeys are singleoccupant.Before I start scolding anybody，I want all you countrydwellers to know that youre exceptional.If your nearest post office is 40 miles away，Im not going to suggest you get there by donkey.However，if
19、 you live in the city，whats your excuse for going everywhere by car?Usually，its“Ive got children!”But that doesnt wash.Make the lazy little swine（猪）walk with you and use them as pack animals to bring back the shopping.Quite apart from saving the earth，think how much petrol money youll save by【阅读提示】注
20、意 but 转折前后的内容。第一段讲。Even more 表递进。第二段讲。little swine指。walking a mile rather than driving it.Your children will hate you，but theyd do that anyway.And if you really cant face going out without the safety of a steering wheel between you and the world，order stuff over the Internet and get it sent to you.I
21、f you need to feel important，go by taxi.Either way，I know if I added up all my bus，taxi，delivery and occasional car hire costs over the past 10 years，theres no way they would equal what co nscientious（尽责的）mechanics would have taken from me in the same period of 学英语 找长喜 4 The problem is that weve got
22、 so used to having our cars;we cant imagine life without them.But if you ask yourself，just once，“Is my journey really necessary?”its possible you might eventually get around to wondering“Is my car really necessary?”And after that comes the best bit of all never having to watch another cheap motor in
23、surance advertisement again.steering wheel 指。第三至五段讲。最后一段讲。1.The phrase“at my beck and call”（Line 4，Para.1）most probably means.to be a necessary part of my life B in my family and my company C picking me up when I go to and from work D being always ready to obey my orders immediately 2.Why doesnt the
24、 author criticize countrydwellers?They dont drive even if the destinations are 40 miles away.B There is a great distance between countryside and the city.C The necessary service and the infrastructure are far away from them.D They transport fresh vegetables and milk to citizens by bus.3.Whats the au
25、thors advice for parents?Theyd better walk with their children.B They could get animals into use instead of cars.C They should treat their children as animals.【做题提示】2.if 条件句表示隐含的原因。3.理解 little swine 的含义及祈使句的作用。D They should stop their children from driving.4.From the authors experience，we learn that
26、 every day costs most.taking a car on lease B driving our own cars C taxiing to the destination D traveling by bus 5.Why do we believe that we cant survive without our own cars?Because weve addicted ourselves to driving them.B Because modern life has made private cars necessary.C Because to some ext
27、ent cars help us earn our living.D Because we have no safety without them while going out.4.理解 either way 表进一步说明。5.注意两分句间暗含的因果关系。Passage 2 题材字数做题时间 就业职场 379 词 8 分钟 For most of us，work is the central，dominating fact of life.We spend more than half our conscious hours at work，preparing for work，travel
28、ing to and from work.What we do there largely determines our standard of living and to a considerable extent the status we are accorded by our fellow citizens as well.It is sometimes said that because leisure has become more important，the indignities and injustices of work can be pushed into a corne
29、r，that because most work is pretty intolerable，the people who do it should compensate for its boredom，frustrations 学英语 找长喜 5 and humiliations by concentrating their hopes on the other parts of their lives.I reject that as a counsel of despair.For the foreseeable future the material and psychological
30、 rewards which work can provide，and the conditions in which work is done，will continue to play a vital part in determining the satisfaction that life can offer.Yet only a small minority can control the pace at which they work or the conditions in which their work is done;only for a small minority do
31、es work offer scope for creativity，imagination or initiative.They are managers.For most of them，work is an opportunity and a challenge.Their jobs engage their interest and allow them to develop their abilities.They are constantly learning;they are able to exercise responsibility;they have a consider
32、able degree of control over their own and others working lives.Most important of all，they have opportunity to initiate.By contrast，for most manual workers，and for a growing number of whitecollar workers，its the truth that work is a boring，dull，even painful experience.They spend all their working liv
33、es in conditions which would be regarded as intolerable for themselves by those who take the decisions which let such conditions continue.The majority have little control over their work;it provides them with no opportunity for personal development.Often production is so designed that workers are si
34、mply part of the technology.In offices，many jobs are so routine that workers justifiably feel themselves to be mere cogs（小人物）in the bureaucratic machine.As a direct consequence of their work experience，many workers feel alienated（疏远）from their work and their firm，whether it is in public or in privat
35、e ownership.1.According to the passage，people judge others status by.the type of work they do B the place where they work C the time they spend at work D the amount of money they earn 2.According to the author，future work will.matter less than it does now B be as important as it is now C be better p
36、aid than it is now D offer more satisfaction than it does now 3.What may the author suggest doing with the boredom，frustrations and humiliations from work?Enjoying leisure out of work.B Enduring them in work.C Compensating for them.【做题提示】1.注意答案对原文的转述。2.注意题干线索词与原文的对应，并概括原文内容。D Seeking satisfaction in
37、 work.4.What advantage does the author say managers have over other workers?They cannot lose their jobs.B They get time off to attend courses.C They can work at whatever interests them.D They can make their own decisions.5.Why do some workers consider themselves the mere cogs in the bureaucratic mac
38、hine? 学英语 找长喜 6 The work they do needs no initiative of them.B They keep themselves alienated from their work.C They work in firms of public ownership.D They are not smart enough to do a managers job.4.advantage 是对文中内容的概括。5.根据结果找原因，注意 sothat 的用法。Passage 3 题材字数做题时间 社会教育 350 词 7 分钟 When I was in the s
39、ixth form at St Pauls girls school in London in the 1980s there was，famously，a section of the notice board in the staff room not for info about further maths，not for the latest league tables，but reserved for something even scarier:fashion pages torn from Vogue magazine showing teenage models.who wer
40、e currently pupils at the school.The message was clear.Not only did you have to be clever，in the sense of having lots of As，a grade 8 in cello（大提琴）and an offer from Oxbridge.You also had to look as unlike an 18thcentury bluestocking（女学者）as it is possible to look and instead resemble a top model.No p
41、ressure，then.In the 18th century，of course，girls received a bare fraction of the education of boys and were taught only“accomplishments”such as modesty，piano，obedience and needlework.They had few outlets for their creative or intellectual urges.And now，nearly 200 years on，an education expert hasjust
42、 warned us that girls education has progressed so far in the opposite direction that schools and parents risk creating a generation of“brittle，highachieving”teenage girls who are“unable to cope with failure”and who fall apart if they cant live up to their own impossibly high expectations of themselv
43、es.However，women get proportionately fewer firsts than men and they dont dominate the highest echelons（级别）of any profession.Why is this?If young women have a go only at what they know theyre going to do well，that means they are still aiming low rather than high despite all the As and their ambitions
44、 are lower than those of risktaking boys.So its time we stopped praising our daughters for being good little girls，for being so pretty，sweet and clever.This is clearly leading to a selfdefeating cult（狂热的崇拜）of perfectionism（完美主义）and low achievement.We should instead praise girls for breaking rules an
45、d hitting each other，for climbing trees，kicking balls，for excelling at the subjects theyre genuinely intere sted in，for reading the ghosted biographies of footballers，for doing their own thing.1.In the 1980s，a section of the notice board in the staff room of St Paus girls school was famous for.posti
46、ng fashion magazines with teenage models B giving comments on the latest league tables C introducing students who get the first place in tests D showing the methods of learning further maths 2.The education girls received in the 18th century emphasized particularly.virtue and appearance B wisdom and
47、 ability C courage and experienceD character and skill 学英语 找长喜 7 3.According to the education expert，whats the problem with girls education nowadays?Its short of high expectations of girls.B Its ignoring girls nature and genius.C Its bringing up high acquiring but brittle girls.D Its going far away
48、from the traditional education.【做题提示】1.注意题干中的 famous for 对原文中 famously 的转述，及 but 在文中的转折作用。2.注意答案是对文中内容的归纳概括。3.problem 是对文中内容的概括。4.The author attributes womens absence in the highest positions of any profession to.their wrong risk assessments B their low genius and ability C their low ambitions and a
49、ims D their idleness and obedience 5.We can conclude from the last paragraph that we should celebrate girls for.being rude and selfish B being more like boys C being energetic and open D being perfectionists 4.注意原文中隐含或明确含有因果关系的地方。Passage 4 题材字数做题时间 企业战略 412 词 8 分钟 Iris Rossner has seen Eastern Germa
50、ny customers weep for joy when they drive away in shiny，new MercedesBenz sedans.“They have tears in their eyes and keep saying how lucky they are”，says Rossner.Rossner has also seen the French pop corks on bottles of champagne as their national flag was hoisted above a purchase.And she has seen Amer