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1、第 1页 共 11 页北京市东城区 2021年高三年级一模考试英语试卷2021.4本试卷共 10 页，共 100分。考试时长 90 分钟。考生务必将答案答在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。第一部分：知识运用（共两节，30 分）第一节 完形填空（共 10 小题；每小题 1.5分，共 15 分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。ALabradorhasbeendoinganimportantjobtohelppeoplestaysafeduringtheCOVID-19pandemic.Eigh
2、t-year-oldRobyrunsthroughthestreetsofthehillycityofMedellinseveraltimesa daywitha1inhisjaws,takingvegetables,fruitandpackagedfoodstocustomersoftheFresh4Umini-market.“Hehelpsustomaintainsocialdistancing,”saidRobyowner,SherryBotero.“Andpeople2itwhenwe sendthedog.”Robyenjoyseatingcarrots3tohimby custom
3、ers,a tipforbringinga basketoffood.Robywasntalwaysa star.He wasacceptedintothefamily4by Ms Boteroafterrepeatedrequestsby hersonto5a dog.ButMs Boteroquickly6withthedog.Andwhensheopeneda mini-marketfouryearsago,hestartedtoaccompanyhertomakedeliveries.Robycantread 7.Butheremembersthenamesofcustomerswho
4、havepreviouslyrewardedhimwithtreats.Andwithsomepractice,hehaslearnedtogo totheirhouseson hisown.“Heknowsthenamesoffiveorsixofourcustomers,”Ms Boterosaid,“SoI sendthegoodswitha receiptinthebasket,andmy customers8me througha banktransfer(转账；转移).”Robymightnotknowthathesbecomean 9worker.Butheishappytohe
5、lphisownerand10 hisdailypay.1.A.bag B.chainC.basketD.stick第 2页 共 11 页2.A.respectB.loveC.followD.notice3.A.giftedB.returnedC.lentD.donated4.A.intentionallyB.regretfullyC.immediatelyD.unwillingly5.A.adopt B.trainC.adoreD.walk6.A.gotaway B.keptintouchC.caughtupD.fellinlove7.A.minds B.addressesC.numbers
6、D.receipts8.A.treatB.helpC.payD.impress9.A.essentialB.honestC.optimisticD.adventurous10.A.spend B.calculateC.collectD.increase第二节 语法填空（共 10 小题；每小题 1.5分，共 15 分）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写 1 个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。ACometsareamongthemostbeautifulandinteresting11(sight)intheuniverse.Forcentur
7、ies,people12(show)greatinterestinstudyingthem.In1682,EdmundHalley,anastronomer,noticeda cometthatwasespeciallybrightandlarge.Basedon hiscalculations,Halleypredictedthatthisbrightcometwouldreturnin1758or1759thiswasabout75years13 hefirstsawthecomet.Thecometreallyreturnedon timeanditwasnamed“HalleysCom
8、et”inhonorofEdmundHalley.BEmmawason herwayhomewhenshehearda suddenscream.Lookingaround,shesawa littleboyon thesidewalkgasping(急喘)forair,his 14(frighten)motherbeggingforhelp.Emmarushedtotheboy,15 facehadturnedpurple.“Whatswrong?”“A candy!Inhisthroat!”ItwasluckythatEmmahadlearnedhow 16(perform)theHeim
9、lichmaneuver(海姆利克急救法)atschool.Sheactedquickly.Soon,theboycoughedup a pieceofcandyandbeganbreathingagain.He 17(save)intime.CInJapan,thewordbonsaimeanstrayplant.Itreferstotheinteresting18(combine)ofartandtheplantingandgrowingofminiaturetreesandplants.BonsaioriginatedinChinamorethan2,000yearsagoand19(s
10、pread)toJapanabout700yearsago.Somepeoplebelievethatonlysmallplantsmustbe usedinbonsai,butthisisnottrue.Nearlyanytypeoftreeorplantcanbe used,aslongasitisgrown20 a seedora smallcutting.第二部分：阅读理解（共两节，38 分）第一节（共 14 小题；每小题 2 分，共 28 分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。AAs partofourmissiontoins
11、pirethenextgenerationofscientists,inventorsandengineers,theScienceMuseumGroup(SMG)haslaunchedanexcitingnewonlinegameTotalDarkness.第 3页 共 11 页Overthelastyearwe havebeendevelopingTotalDarknesswiththeaimofcreatinganexperiencethatcanhaveapositiveimpacton peoplesattitudestowardsSTEM(science,technology,en
12、gineeringandmaths),aswellashavinga focuson self-reflection,ratherthanaskingplayerstorecallspecificfactsorconcepts.TotalDarknessisa digitalstorytellingexperiencewhichencouragesyoungpeopletorecognisehowtheskillstheyuseeverydayrelatetoSTEMandcanhelpthemdeveloptheirconfidenceinsciencethinking.Thegameinv
13、itestheplayertosolvea mysteriouspowercutintheirhometown.Thegameputsplayersincontrol,allowingtheirchoicesanddecisionstoguidethemthroughthestory.As theplayernavigatesthroughthedarkenedstreetsofthetown,equippedonlywitha torch,theywillfacevariouschallenges.Usingtheircuriosity,communicationskillsandcreat
14、iveproblemsolving,theywilldiscovernewtheoriesaboutwhatmighthavecausedtheblackout(停电；断电).Butwitheverysteptheirtorchfades,andtheplayermustsolvethemysterybeforethebatteryrunsout.Theplayerschoicesandactionsthroughoutthegamewillscorethemcuriosity,creativityorcommunicationpoints.Attheend,theskillstheplaye
15、rhasusedwillbe revealedalongwiththeirsciencestyle,showinghowtheycouldputtheirskillsintoactionintherealworld.TotalDarknessisaimedat8-15year-oldsanimportantstageinteenssciencedevelopment.Researchshowsthatasteensmakethestepbetweenprimaryandsecondary,manymoveawayfroman interestinscienceasotherinfluences
16、haveastrongerpullintheirlives.TotalDarknessisa freeonlinegameplayableon smartphone,tabletanddesktop.Playnowattotaldarkness.sciencemuseum.org.uk.21.TotalDarknessaimstohelpplayers_.A.recallscientificconceptsB.betterunderstandSTEMC.improvestorytellingabilitiesD.developcommunicationskills22.Whatsthekeyt
17、ogettingpointsinTotalDarkness?A.Judgement.B.Teamwork.C.Equipment.D.Gamingskills.23.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A.To promotea newproduct.B.To introducetheSMGsmission.C.To explaintherulesofan onlinegame.D.To emphasizetheimportanceofSTEM.第 4页 共 11 页BNickTorrance,a juniorinhighschool,suffersfrommus
18、culardystrophy(肌肉萎缩症),andattendsschoolinaspecializedwheelchair.Themusclediseasepreventshimfromaccomplishingmanyeverydaytasks,suchascarryinghisbooksandputtingthingsawayinhislocker.So hehada fellowstudentassignedtohelphim.ButAmy Smith,theschoolsoccupationaltherapist(治疗师),thoughtthatbeingabletodo somet
19、hingsimplelikeopeninghislockeron hisownwouldbeempowering.Amy initiallythoughttheywouldbeabletobuya devicetohelp.Butsearchingonlineturnedup nothingthatcouldmeettheirneedseverythingneededa keycodeorsomeotherphysicalaction,thingsherdisabledstudentcouldntdo.Aftertheoutsidesearchfora methodcameup short,s
20、helookedwithintheschoolitselfforan answer.Amy turnedtotheschoolsroboticsinstructor.Theinstructor,inturn,suggestedthattwoofhismostcapablestudentstakeon theproject:MicahStuhldreherandWyattSmrcka.Theytookfirstplaceina nationalroboticscompetition,sotheywerea naturalchoicetotacklethelockerdoorproblemwith
21、a roboticssolution.MicahandWyattwastedno timegettingdowntoworkandforanhoureachschoolday,theboysbrainstormed,built,andrebuiltvariousversionsofthedeviceuntiltheylandedon theperfectsolutiononeyearlater.Likeinanydevicedevelopment,ittooka lotoftrialanderrorforMicahandWyatttomakesomethingthatwouldworkfort
22、heirtargetaudience.Forexample,theyinitiallybuilta locker-openingbutton,butNickwasntstrongenoughtopushit,sotheyreplaceditwitha sensor.Now,betweenclassesNicksteershiselectricwheelchairtohislockerandwaveshishandovera sensoron thearmofthewheelchair.Afewsecondslater,thelockerdoorswingsopen.Anotherwaveclo
23、sesthedoor.Nickcanmakeitwitheaseitmaybea smallthing,butitgiveshima senseofindependence.24.WhydidAmy Smithwanta device?A.To increaseherstudentsconfidence.B.To encouragecooperationatschool.C.To inspirea roboticsinvention.D.To helptreata muscledisease.25.Witha sensorinhiswheelchair,Nickcan_.A.movearoun
24、deasilyB.puthisthingsawayC.continuehisschoolingD.openandclosehislocker26.Accordingtothepassage,whichwordscanbestdescribeMicahandWyatt?A.Caringandpassionate.B.Talentedandambitious.C.Sensitiveandinsightful.D.Humbleandwarmhearted.CVaccines(疫苗)maysoonmaketheirfirstfilmappearance.Ledby expertMariaA.Croyl
25、e,researchershavedevelopeda thinsheetthatpreservesvaccinesforlongperiodswithoutrefrigeration.Thismeansthecarefullycooledsmall第 5页 共 11 页bottlesnowusedtoshipvaccinescouldpotentiallybereplacedby lightweightfilmsthatcanbe mailedinanenvelopeandstoredon a shelf.Croyleslaboratorybegandevelopingthetechnolo
26、gyin2007.Inspiredby ambersabilitytopreservetheDNA ofinsects,theresearcherssetouttocreatetheirownversionofthesubstanceby mixing“alotofsugaranda littlebitofsalt,muchlikehardcandy,”Croyleexplains.Thevaccine-containingfilmisadministeredby mouthsweetnewsformanywhodislikeneedles.Thefilmistailoredtosuiteac
27、hspecificvaccinecandidateandprovidea protectivecoating.“Wevelearnedovertimethatthekeytoreallystabilizingwhateverthefilmholdsistohaveitintermixedwithallthecomponents,”Croylesays,addingthattheprocessisquickandusesaffordable,standardequipment.“Wereallywantedtocomeup withsomethingthatwouldbe transferabl
28、etodevelopingcountries.”Immunization(免疫)programsdependheavilyon keepingvaccinescold(2-8)astheyaretransported,sometimesoverthousandsofkilometerstofar-awaylocations.Deliverycanbedifficultandcostly,andtransportdisruptionscancausethevaccinestobeineffective.Butthisnewproductcanstoreliveviruses,bacteriaan
29、dantibodiesforseveralmonthsat20.Ina paperpublishedinScienceAdvances,thescientistsshowthatthelivevirusesinonevaccinewerepreservedinthefilmevenafter36 months.Theyalsofindthata fluvaccinesuspendedintheirfilmcomparesfavourablywitha traditionalflushot(流感预防针).“Thestudydemonstratesearlyproofofconceptforan
30、excitingplatformforvaccineproductdevelopment,”saysLisaRohan,apharmacologist,whowasnotinvolvedinthestudy.Shealsonotesthateachvaccinetypewouldneeda customformulation(配方)forfuturestagesofdevelopment.Findingpartnerstomass-produceforclinicaltrialsistheresearchersmostpressingproblem,Croylesays.Theyarealso
31、exploringpackagingmethodstokeeptheirfilmsstableup to40.Sizeisa majoradvantagealetter-sizedsheetofthefilmcancarrymorethan500doses(剂)ofvaccine,about1900theweightofthesameamountoftraditionaldoses.By makingiteasierandcheapertoshipandpreservevaccinesefficiently,Croylesays,thetechnologycouldvastlyimprovei
32、mmunizationratestheworldover,particularlyinmiddle-tolow-incomecountries.27.Whatcanwe learnaboutthefilm?A.ItcontainsanimalsDNA.B.Itwillreplacevaccines.C.Itcomesindifferentflavours.D.Itcanholdbio-products.28.AccordingtoParagraph3,we canlearnaboutthefilms_.A.keycomponentB.developmentscheduleC.possiblea
33、dvantagesD.transportationrequirements29.TheauthormentionsLisaRohanswordsto_.A.advisepersonalizingvaccinesB.suggesttheproductispromisingC.provethestudyissupportedwidelyD.stressthefunctionsofa newplatform第 6页 共 11 页30.WhatwillbethenexturgenttaskforCroylesteam?A.Advertisingthefilmworldwide.B.Improvingt
34、hefilmscapacity.C.Reducingtheshippingcost.D.Seekingidealmanufacturers.DAlbertEinsteins1915masterpiece“TheFoundationoftheGeneralTheoryofRelativity”isthefirstandstillthebestintroductiontothesubject,andI recommenditassuchtostudents.Butitprobablywouldntbe publishableina scientificjournaltoday.Why not?Af
35、terall,itwouldpasswithflyingcoloursthetestsofcorrectnessandsignificance.Andwhilepopularbeliefholdsthatthepaperwasincomprehensibletoitsfirstreaders,infactmanypapersintheoreticalphysicsaremuchmoredifficult.As thephysicistRichardFeynmanwrote,“Therewasa timewhenthenewspaperssaidthatonly12 menunderstoodt
36、hetheoryofrelativity.I do believetheremighthavebeena timewhenonlyonemandid,becausehe wastheonlyguywhocaughton,beforehewrotehispaper.Butafterpeoplereadthepapera lotunderstoodthetheoryofrelativityinsomewayorother,certainlymorethan12.”No,theproblemisitsstyle.Itstartswitha leisurelyphilosophicaldiscussi
37、onofspaceandtimeandthencontinueswithanexpositionofknownmathematics.Thosetwosections,whichwouldbe consideredextraneoustoday,takeup halfthepaper.Worse,therearezerocitationsofpreviousscientistswork,norarethereanygraphics.Thosefeaturesmightmakeapapernotevengetpastthefirsteditors.Asimilarprocessofprofess
38、ionalizationhastransformedotherpartsofthescientificlandscape.Requestsforresearchtimeatmajorobservatoriesornationallaboratoriesaremorerigidlystructured.Andanythinginvolvingworkwithhumansubjects,orputtinginstrumentsinspace,involvespilesofpaperwork.We seeitalsointheRegeneronScienceTalentSearch,theNobel
39、Prizeofhighschoolsciencecompetitions.Intheearlydecadesofits78-yearhistory,thewinningprojectswereusuallythesortofcleverbutnaive,amateurisheffortsonemightexpectoftalentedbeginnersworkingon theirown.Today,polishedworkcomingoutofinternships(实习)atestablishedlaboratoriesisthenorm.Theseprofessionalizingten
40、denciesarea naturalconsequenceoftheexplosivegrowthofmodernscience.Standardizationandsystemmakeiteasiertomanagetherapidflowofpapers,applicationsandpeople.Butthereareseriousdownsides.Alotofunproductiveeffortgoesintojumpingthroughbureaucratichoops(繁文缛节),andoutsidersfaceentrybarriersateveryturn.Of cours
41、e,Einsteinwouldhavefoundhiswaytomeetingmodernstandardsandpublishinghisresults.Itsscientificcorewouldnthavechanged,butthepapermightnotbe thesametastetoread.31.AccordingtoRichardFeynman,Einsteins1915paper_.A.wasa classicintheoreticalphysicsB.turnedouttobe comprehensibleC.neededfurtherimprovementD.attr
42、actedfewprofessionals32.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“extraneous”inParagraph4 mean?第 7页 共 11 页A.Unrealistic.B.Irrelevant.C.Unattractive.D.Imprecise.33.Accordingtotheauthor,whatisaffectedasmodernsciencedevelops?A.Theapplicationofresearchfindings.B.Theprincipleofscientificresearch.C.Theselectionofyoungtal
43、ents.D.Theevaluationoflaboratories.34.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthispassage?A.WhatmakesEinsteingreat?B.Willsciencebeprofessionalized?C.CouldEinsteingetpublishedtoday?D.Howwillmodernsciencemakeadvances?第二节（共 5 小题；每小题 2 分，共 10 分）根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。Reversalchangeyourperspective
44、andsolveyourproblemItsoftenyourdefinitionofa problemthatlimitsyouinfindinga suitablesolution.Creativesolutionsrequirea changeofperspective.35Thereversaltechniqueisa creativethinkingtechniquethatisbasedon thethoughtthattochangeyourperspective,yousometimesneedtochangetheorderofthewordsinyourproblemdef
45、inition.Howyouchangetheorderofthewordsdoesntmattermuch,aslongasthekeywordsarereversed.36Yourchallengeis“Howdo we makesurethatfewerpeopletakecarstotheirwork?”.Swappingthekeywords,youcouldrephrasethischallengeas“Howdo we makesurethatfewercarstakepeopletotheirwork?”Inthiscase,thefirststatementwillmakey
46、outhinkofalternativemeansoftransportation,liketrainsorbikes,whilethesecondstatementwillprobablymakeyouthinkofsolutionslikecarpoolingfewercarsforthesamenumberofpeople.Noteveryproblemstatementissuitablefora reversal.Sometimesusingthistechniquerequiresyoutofirstrephrasethequestionaltogether.37 Forinsta
47、nce,thequestion“howmightwe sellmorewashingmachines?”isnoteasilyreversedthereisno keywordtoswapwith“washingmachines”.Yet,whenyourephrasethequestionto“Howmightwesellmorewashingmachinestoyoungparents?”youcaneasilychangeitto“Howmightwe sellmoreyoungparentstowashingmachines?38Youcouldinterpretthislastsen
48、tenceas“thewashingmachinepaystheyoungparentstotryitout”.Then,youcouldstartcommunicatingtopotentialbuyershowmuchtheywillsaveeachyearwhentheychooseyourenergyefficientwashingmachine.As thisexampleshows,somereversalswillrequirea veryflexiblewayofthinking.39However,thinkingaboutthetinyamountoftimeitwill“
49、cost”youtotryouta reversal,youhaveverylittletoloseand,potentially,lotstogain.A.Thesecondproblemstatementismuchmorelogical.B.Oftenithelpstoaddonemorekeywordtothesentence.第 8页 共 11 页C.Rephrasingyourchallengeistochangetheproblemstatement.D.Agreatwaytodo thisisby“reversing”yourproblemstatement.E.Forinst
50、ance,imagineyouareresponsibleforlimitingthetrafficjaminyourarea.F.Admittedly,itisa veryunusualchallenge,butitmightjuststimulatea creativethought.G.Noteveryonewillbe abletomovefroman unreasonablestatementtoa usefulsolution.第三部分：书面表达（共两节，32 分）第一节 阅读表达（共 4 小题；第 1、2 题各 2 分，第 3 题 3 分，第 4 题 5 分，共 12 分）阅读下