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1、International NewsComparison and Analysis国 际 新 闻 比 较 与 分 析3.1 Authoritarian and Libertarian Theories of the PressPart III:Media Systems3.2 Social Responsibility and Communist Theories of the Press 3.3 Comparing media systems in the West:Three Models3.4 Comparing media systems in the West:Four Dimens
2、ionsAuthoritarian and Libertarian Theories of the Press3.1“Ideally,there would be no problem of either control or policy(on the news).The only controls would be the nature of the event and the reporters effective ability to describe it.”Warren Breed(1955)The Hierarchy of Influence on NewsConstrainin
3、g factors within and outside mediaPreviouslyTo understand the relationship between media and government and political culture of a societyMedia SystemsThis lectureFour Theories of the PressComparing Media Systems Two major effortsFour Theories of the PressThis lectureFrederick SiebertTheodore Peters
4、onWilbur Schramm Three Authors“founding fathers”of Communication StudiesThe purpose of the book was to establish and explainfour normative theories that illustrate the press positionconcerning its political environmentThe purpose of the book“By press we mean all the media of mass communication.”“The
5、 printed media are older and have gathered about them more of the theory and philosophy of mass communication.”“Press”SystemsPerspectivesModelsother similar terms“Theories”Four TheoriesAuthoritarian TheoryLibertarian TheorySocial Responsibility TheorySoviet Communist TheoryThe most pervasive model h
6、istorically and geographicallyAuthoritarian TheoryDeveloped in 16th and 17th century in EnglandFlourished in 18th Century in EuropeAbsolute power of Monarchy/Elite Formed the basis for the press systems in many societiesRole of the PressA servant of the state15An instrument to advance the objectives
7、 of the state Not supposed to determine or the state/governmentForms of controlDirect control:16Patent(i.e.Royal Charter)LicenseCensorshipPermitSubsidiesSpecial taxes(i.e.Stamp Act as“tax on knowledge”)State fundsIndirect control:Libertarian Theory“Free press theory”Flourished in the 19th and 20th c
8、enturies in liberal societies Contrast to the authoritarian modelLibertarian TheoryFreedom of speech available to the publicMedia free from government control Constitutional protection for press freedomjudicial system as the chief instrument of controlRole of the PressInformProviding a free marketpl
9、ace of ideas“Keeping government from overstepping its bounds”EntertainSellLibertarian Theory a long historyparalleled the development of democratic principles in government and free enterprise in economicsCriticisms of Libertarian Theoryunderlying rationales have been questioned21Rationalism and the free-market economic philosophy are under fireIndividualism has been attached