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1、 第 1 页 共 8 页 英语句子成分及基本句型讲与练 一、句子的用途类型 按照句子的功能用途可以分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。二、句子的结构类型 按照句子的结构可以分为简单句、并列句和复合句。第 2 页 共 8 页 写作中写对句子是最基本的要求，其中最重要的一点是句子结构要完整。所以，同学们在平时训练时一定要从掌握基本句式做起，通过观摩、背诵、仿写，最终写出准确无误的句子。构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。英语的句子成分包括主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。现简单回顾如下：1.主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在 there be 结构、疑问句（当主语不
2、疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：During the 1990s,American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）We often speak English in class.（代词）One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）第 3 页 共 8 页 To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）Smokin
3、g does harm to the health.（动名词）The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it 作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）2.谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices runnin
4、g every morning.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks.He has caught a bad cold.（2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.3.表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如 be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem 等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：Our teacher of English is an American.（名词
5、）Is it yours?（代词）The weather has turned cold.（形容词）The speech is exciting.（分词）Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）His job is to teach English.（不定式）His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）Time is up.The class is over.（副词）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（
6、表语从句）4.宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词）How many dictionaries do you have?I have five.（数词）They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）I enjo
7、y listening to popular music.（动名词短语）I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary,please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.5.宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如 make 等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从
8、句充当。例如：His father named him Dongming.（名词）They painted their boat white.（形容词）Let the fresh air in.（副词）You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）第 4 页 共
9、 8 页 6.定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）China is a developing country;America is a developed country.（分词）There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词）His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式
10、短语）The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）7.状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）He is proud to have passed the national college e
11、ntrance examination.（不定式短语）He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）Wait a minute.（名词）Once you begin,you must continue.（状语从句）状语种类如下：How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（条件状语）Mr Smith lives on
12、 the third floor.（地点状语）She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）In order to catch up with the others,I must work harder.（目的状语）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）I am taller th
13、an he is.（比较状语）8.同位语：当两个词或词组在一个句子中具有相同的语法地位而且描述相同的人或事物时，我们称它们为同位语。同理，当两个指同一人或事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，若其中一个句子成分是用于说明或解释另一个句子成分的，那么用于起说明或解释作用的句子成分就叫做另一成分的同位语。Mr.Smith,our new teacher,is very kind to us.（Mr.Smith 是主语 our new teacher的同位语,指同一人）Yesterday I met Tom,a friend of my brothers.（a friend of my brothers 是
14、宾语 Tom的同位语，指同一人）简单句及其基本句型 1）主谓结构（S+V）The sunrises in the east.My mother works in a bank.2）主谓宾结构（S+V+O）Who knows the answer?He has refused to help me.He enjoys reading.3）主系表结构（S+V+P）This is an English-Chinese dictionary.Everything looks different.He is growing tall and strong.第 5 页 共 8 页 常见连系动词：(1)be
15、 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用,后可接动词外的任何词；(2)感官动词类 look,feel,smell,taste,sound 等(3)表示变化：get,grow,become,turn,go 等(4)表示状态延续：stay,keep,prove,remain 等。4）主谓双宾结构（S+V+IO+DO）She ordered herself a new dress.He brought you a dictionary.I showed him my pictures.常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助 to 的）bring,give,lend,pass,pay,promise,ret
16、urn,send,show,teach,tell,write,ask等；（需借助for 的）buy,call,cook,choose,draw,find,get,make,order,sing,save 等。5）主谓宾+宾补结构（S+V+O+C）We must keepthe door open.The newsmakes me happy.They found the house deserted.6）主语谓语(不及物动词)状语：The time passed very quickly.7）主语谓语(及物动词)宾语+状语：He settled the problem in an easy w
17、ay.8）There be 句式(be 动词单复数与最近的名词保持一致):There was a a pen and two books on the desk.并列句 Right now its the summer vacation and Im helping my dad on the farm.眼下正是暑假期间，我帮助爸爸在农场里干活。（并列连词是 and）This is our first lesson,so I dont know all your names.这是我们的第一堂课，因此我不知道大家的名字。(并列连词 so 前有逗号）She likes bread and milk
18、,but she doesnt like eggs at all.她喜欢面包和牛奶，但她一点也不喜欢鸡蛋。（并列连词是 but）You can draw a good horse in five minutes,yet you kept me waiting for a year.你能在五分钟之内画好一匹马，然而你却让我等了一年。（并列连词是 yet）Hurry up,or youll be late.快点，否则你就会迟到。（并列连词是 or）Not only is he our teacher,but also he is our friend.他不仅是我们的老师，而且是我们的朋友。Neit
19、her did the naughty boy go home nor did his parents come to search for him.这调皮的男孩既不回家，他的父母也不寻找他。复合句（定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句-主从、宾从、表从、同位语从句）The dam,which is the biggest in the world,is 3,830 metres long.这座水坝是世界上最大的一座，长 3830 米。（which 引导的定语从句）Over 500 people were working in the building when the fire broke out
20、 on the llth floor.当 11 层楼起火的时候，大楼内有 500 人在工作。（when 引导的时间状语从句）Whether she will come or not is still a question.她是否会来仍是一个问题。（whether 引导的主语从句）The chief editor decides which will be the most important story on the front page.由主编决定哪篇报导最重要，应安排在头版。（which 引导的宾语从句）That is where he was born.这就是他出生的地方。（where
21、引导的表语从句）We heard the news that our team had won.我们听到了我们球队己经获胜的消息。（that 引导的同位语从句）第 6 页 共 8 页 高分技能之句子扩写 原句：The girl unwrapped her gift box.第一招：加形容词 1.The _ girl unwrapped her delicate gift box.这个天真的女孩打开了她精致的礼盒。2._,the girl unwrapped her gift box.这个女孩好奇而兴奋，打开了她的礼品盒。3._,the girl unwrapped her gift box.女
22、孩满心喜悦，打开了她的礼品盒。第二招：加介词短语 1.那女孩毫不犹豫地打开了她的礼品盒。_,the girl unwrapped her gift box.2.那女孩惊讶地打开了她的礼盒。_,the girl unwrapped her gift box.第三招：加非谓语动词 1._,the girl unwrapped her gift box.那女孩兴奋地尖叫着，打开了她的礼品盒。2._,the girl unwrapped her gift box.女孩被她妈妈抱着，打开了她的礼品盒。第四招：加 With 复合结构 1._,the girl unwrapped her gift box.
23、那女孩张大了嘴巴，打开了她的礼盒。2._,the girl unwrapped her gift box.女孩心怦跳动，打开她的礼盒。3.The girl _unwrapped her delicate gift box.那个黑色长发的女孩打开了她那精致的礼品盒。第五招：加从句（定从、状从、名从）1.The girl unwrapped her gift box _.女孩打开了她一直期待的礼品盒。2.The girl unwrapped her gift box _.那女孩打开了她用红丝带系好的礼品盒。这个天真的女孩的心疯狂地跳动着，被妈妈抱着，兴奋地尖叫着，打开了她一直期待着的精致的礼品盒。
24、_ _ Ex.中译英 高分技能之巧用并列句 1.李江推荐中国传统服装，而苏华更喜欢校服。2.你可能在适应北京生活方面有困难，因此我建议你提前做好充分准备。3.(2018全国书面表达)相信这部英文短片不仅有意义，而且很有趣。4.(2017北京高考书面表达)一些妥协不可避免，但视频结果是完美的。5.（201806 浙江）首先，我不仅能说一口流利的英语，而且和外国人交流也毫无障碍。6.(2018 全国)我们不仅学习排球和篮球课程，而且我们学校还举办各种比赛。高分技能之巧用从句：定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句 1.（2018 全国）我们都知道，一起成长这部优秀的英文短片看起来非常有趣。2.我真诚地希望
25、你的梦想成真，到那时我会很高兴带你参观北京。3.就我而言，我对篮球很感兴趣，因为它一直给我力量去面对生活中的挑战。第 7 页 共 8 页 4.这场比赛意义如此重大，以至于要求每个人都要准时到场。5.我们计划用快递送书，所以我希望你能提供你们学校的准确地址以及负责收包裹的人的姓名。6.你告诉我有关你的国家的事情开阔了我的视野，激发了我对外国文化的兴趣。7.据报道，本周日美术馆将举行一场中国剪纸展。8.显然，网上的一些汉语口语课程有助于你适应汉语环境。9.我建议你从北京开始，我会带你四处转转。10.我建议你申请北京大学的原因是它是中国最好的大学之一。11.唐诗是我们将要学习的下一节课的内容，定于
26、7 月 20 日在学校图书馆进行。12.消息传来，运动会将在本周日上午举行。13.毫无疑问，人们应该重视保护水源。14.我相信只要你在这个老师的指导下学习，你一定会摆脱目前的困境。keys:高分技能之句子扩写：第一招：加形容词 1.innocent 2.Curious and excited 3.Full of joy 第二招：加介词短语 1.Without any hesitation 2.In surprise 第三招：加非谓语动词 1.Screaming with excitement 2.Held by her mom 第四招：加 With 复合结构 1.With her mouth
27、wide open 2.With her heart beating wildly 3.with long black hair 第五招：加定语从句 1.which she had been looking forward to 2.which was tied with red ribbon 扩展：With her heart beating wildly,the innocent girl,held by her mom and screaming with excitement,unwrapped her delicate gift box which she had been look
28、ing forward to without any hesitation.参考答案：高分技能之巧用并列句 1.Li Jiang recommends the traditional Chinese dress while Su Hua prefers the school uniform.2.you may have trouble in adjusting yourself to the life in Beijing,so I suggest that you make full preparations in advance.3.It is believed that the Engl
29、ish short film will be not only meaningful but also interesting.4.Some compromises were unavoidable,but the video turned out perfect.5.Firstly,not only can I speak fluent English,but also I have little difficulty（in）communicating 第 8 页 共 8 页 with foreigners.6.Not only do we take volleyball and baske
30、tball courses,but our school also holds all kinds of competitions.高分技能之巧用从句：定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句 1.As we all know,the outstanding English short film,Growing Together，is interesting to watch./It is known to us that the outstanding English short film,Growing Together，is interesting to watch./What is know t
31、o us is that the outstanding English short film,Growing Together，is interesting to watch.2.(2018 北京)I sincerely hope your dream will come true and its my pleasure to show you around Beijing when that day comes.3.(2018 全国卷)As for me,Im keen on basketball as it has been giving me strength to confront
32、the challenges in my life.4.(2019全国卷)So significant is the game that it is required that everyone should present themselves punctually.5.We are scheduled to deliver the books by express，so I hope you can offer me the accurate address of your school as well as the name of the person in charge of rece
33、iving the parcel.6.What you told me about your country broadened my horizons and aroused my interest in foreign culture.(2019浙江卷)7.It is reported that there will be a Chinese paper-cutting show this Sunday in the art gallery.(2017全国卷)8.It is obvious that some online courses of spoken Chinese can be
34、helpful for you to adapt into the Chinese language environment.(2018北京卷)9.I suggest that you begin from Beijing，and Ill show you around.(2019北京卷)10.The reason why I suggest you apply for Peking University is that it is one of the best universities in China.(2018北京卷)11.Tang Poetry is what we are goin
35、g to learn the next class，scheduled on July 20 in the school library.(2017全国卷)12.News/Word came that the sports meeting will be held on this Sunday morning.13.There is no doubt that great importance should be attached to protecting water.14.I hold a belief that as long as you study under the guidance of the teacher，you are sure to get rid of this tough situation.