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1、全国英语等级考试四级(PETS4)历年真题（二）材料题（江南博哥）根据以下材料，回答21-21题Humans like to regard themselves as exceptional. Many philosophers believe humans are the only21which understands that others have their own personal thoughts. That understanding is known in the22as having a theory of mind, and it is considered the23to
2、 such cherished human24as sympathy and deception.Biologists have learned to treat such25with caution. Bernd Heinrich and Thomas Bugnyar describe an experiment they have carded out26ravens.27to gaze is reckoned to be a good28of the development of theory of mind in human children.29about 18 months, mo
3、st children .are able to follow the gaze of another person, and30things about the gazer from it. Failure to31this trick is an early symptom of autism, a syndrome whose main underlying feature is a (n)32to understand that other people have33, too.to34whether ravens could follow gaze，Dr Heinrich used
4、SlX sixmonthold handrearedravens.The birds were set，one at a time，on a perch on one side of a room divided by a barrier.An experimenter in front of the barrier35his head and eyes in a particular36and gazedfor 30 seconds before looking37.Dr Heinrich found that all the birds were able to follow thegaz
5、e of the experimenters，even38the barrier.In the39case，the curious birds eitherjumped down from the perch and walked around the barrier to have a40or leapt on top of itand peered over.21单选题A.categoryB.groupC.raceD.species正确答案：D参考解析：D【精析】该题考查名词词义辨析。category种类；group群体；race种族；species物种。根据句意及下文对鸟类的实验可知，此
6、处表达的意思是人类自认为是一个知道他人有自己想法的特殊物种，故选D。22单选题A.perspectiveB.wadeC.businessD.skill正确答案：A参考解析：A.【精析】该题考查名词词义辨析。perspective观点、视角；trade贸易；business商业；skill技能。联系上文的“thatunderstanding”和下文的“theoryofmind”可知此处进一步说明哲学家的观点，故选A。23单选题A.secretB.attrieutionC.alternativeD.gateway正确答案：B参考解析：B【精析】该题考查名词词义辨析。secret秘密；attribu
7、tion归因；alternative选择；gateway门；途径。根据句意可知此处表达的意思是“心理理论”是人类同情与欺骗等情感产生的原因，故选B。24单选题A.qualitiesB.operationsC.habitsD.values正确答案：A参考解析：A【精析】该题考查名词词义辨析。qualities特质；operations手术；运营；habits习惯；values价值观。根据后文提到的“sympathyanddeception”可知，此处表达的意思是类似同情与欺骗等人类共有的、区别于其他物种的特质，故选A。25单选题A.comparisonsB.findingsC.assertion
8、sD.studies正确答案：C参考解析：C【精析】该题考查名词词义辨析。comparisons比较；findings发现；assertions断言，论断；studies研究。根据前文可知，第一段主要列举了哲学家的观点来进一步论证“人类喜欢把自己当作例外”这一论点，然而文中并未明确说明哲学家的观点是得到实证证明的，言外之意是，这只是他们的主观看法，由此可推知，此处表达的意思是生物学家对哲学家的“断言”提出的质疑，故选C。26单选题A.onB.toC.againstD.for正确答案：A参考解析：A【精析】该题考查介词的用法。0n在上；关于；to向方向；against相反；for为了。根据句意可
9、知，此处意为对渡鸦进行的一项实验，其中“ravens”是实验对象，前面需要一个表示“关于”的介词，on符合文意，故选A。27单选题A.IndifferenceB.ResponseC.ResistanceD.Instinct正确答案：B参考解析：B【精析】该题考查名词词义辨析。indifference冷漠；response反应；resistance抵触；抗拒；instinct直觉；本能。根据后文进一步的解释，即大多数儿童在18个月大时能够追随他人的目光，可知此处表达的意思是对于目光的反应，故选B。28单选题A.callB.reasonC.hintD.measure正确答案：D参考解析：D【精析】
10、该题考查名词词义辨析。call呼唤；召唤；reason原因；hint暗示；示意；measure措施；衡量标准。根据下文“大多数儿童在18个月大时能够追随他人的目光”可知，此处表达的意思是对于他人目光的追随是衡量儿童心理理论发展的一个好的标准，故选D。29单选题A.WithB.InC.ByD.At正确答案：D参考解析：D【精析】该题考查介词用法。with表示伴随；in表示在中；by表示手段；at表示在某一点。根据文意可知，此处表示的意思是对于儿童年龄段的描述，at意为“在期间；在岁时”，符合文意，故选D。30单选题A.imagineB.inferC.locateD.confer正确答案：B参考解
11、析：B【精析】该题考查动词词义辨析。imagine想象；infer推断；locate定位；confer商谈；给与。根据空格所在的句子前半部分“追踪他人的目光”，以及后半部分“关于他人的一些信息”可知，此处表达的意思是儿童能够从他人的凝视中获得信息。infersth.fromsth.意为“从中推断出”，故选B。31单选题A.developB.findC.planD.conceai正确答案：A参考解析：A【精析】该题考查动词词义辨析。develop发育；形成；find发现；到实验者的目光所指向的方向，havealook意为“看一眼”，故选A。32单选题A.resentB.tendencyC.att
12、emptD.inability正确答案：D参考解析：D【精析】该题考查名词词义辨析。resent怨恨；tendency倾向；attempt尝试；inability无能力。根据前文“自闭症的基本特征”以及后文“对于其他人的理解”可以推断，此处表达的意思与自闭症的症状有关，inabilitytounderstand表示理解能力的缺失，符合文意，故选D。33单选题A.sensesB.mindsC.beliefsD.faculties正确答案：B参考解析：B【精析】该题考查名词词义辨析。senses感觉；minds想法；be-fiefs信仰；faculties能力。根据前文“大多数18月大的儿童都能追
13、随另一个人凝视的目光，并且从中推测出关于他的一些情况”可知，此处表达的意思是自闭症儿童在相关能力上的缺失，即自闭症儿童不能理解他人也有想法，故选B。34单选题A.argueB.proveC.testD.confLrm正确答案：C参考解析：C【精析】该题考查动词词义辨析。argue争论；prove证明；test测试；confirm确定。根据前文对儿童追踪目光的描述以及后文对渡鸦进行的实验可知，此处表达的意思是海因里希博士进行实验的目的是测试渡鸦是否能够追踪目光，由于实验尚未得到定论，故选C。35单选题A.movedB.hidC.revealedD.adjusted正确答案：D参考解析：D【精析】
14、该题考查动词词义辨析。moved移动；hid隐藏；revealed揭示；adjusted调整。根据本句主语“实验者”以及后文的宾语“他的头和眼睛”可知，此处表达的意思是实验者将头和眼睛对准某一方向，并且凝视30秒，adjust表示在原来的位置调节某事物的方向或者状态，而move意为将某物进行位置的改变或者移动，adjust符合文意，故选D。36单选题A.mannerB.directionC.typeD.circle正确答案：B参考解析：B【精析】该题考查名词词义辨析。manner方式；direction方向；type类型；circle圆圈。根据前文的“实验者将头和眼睛调整”以及后文的“凝视30
15、秒”可知，此处表达的意思是实验者为了做出凝视的动作，要将头和眼睛对准某一方向，故选B。37单选题A.downB.upC.awayD.inside正确答案：C参考解析：C【精析】该题考查副词词义辨析。down表示向下；up表示向上；away表示离开；inside表示内部。由前文的“实验者把他的头和眼睛朝向某一方向，在凝视30秒钟之后”可知此处表达的意思是实验者在做出凝视的动作之后所做的动作，away泛指其他的方向，符合文意，故选C。38单选题A.intoB.withinC.beyondD.from正确答案：C参考解析：C【精析】该题考查介词用法。int0表示向内；within表示内部；beyon
16、d表示越过；另一边；from表示从。根据前文“实验者发现全部渡鸦都能追随实验者的目光，甚至能够”以及后文的“障碍物”可知，此处表达的意思是渡鸦甚至能够越过障碍物而追踪实验者的目光。beyondthebarrier表示越过障碍物，符合文意，故选C。39单选题A.formerB.latterC.ordinaryD.unusual正确答案：B参考解析：B【精析】该题考查形容词词义辨析。former表示前者；latter表示后者；ordinary普通的；unusual非凡的。根据前文“所有的渡鸦都能够追随实验者的目光，有些好奇的渡鸦甚至能越过障碍物”以及下文好奇的渡鸦通过各种方式追随实验者的目光可知，
17、此句进一步说明越过障碍物的情况，即前文所提到的后一种情况，故选B。40单选题A.lookB.restC.tryD.taste正确答案：A参考解析：A【精析】该题考查名词词义辨析。look看；rest休息；try尝试；taste品尝。根据前文“所有的渡鸦都能够追随实验者的目光，有些好奇的渡鸦甚至能越过障碍物”以及后文“跳上障碍物，并从上面俯视”可知，渡鸦跳下木杆或走到障碍物周围是为了看到实验者的目光所指向的方向，havealook意为“看一眼”，故选A。材料题根据以下材料，回答41-41题Conventional wisdom has long held that mammals stayed
18、millions of years on earth. As longas dinosaurs roamed the lands, our distant ancestors never got to be much more than chicken-hearted creatures that sneaked out at night to grab bits of plants when the terrible lizards were asleep.Only when they were wiped out did mammals begin to earn a little evo
19、lutionary respect.But that picture changed dramatically with the announcement in Nature of two impressive fos-sils. One, of a brand-new species named R. giganticus, broke apart the notion that most dinosaurage mammals were never larger than squirrels. The animal had the dimensions of a midsize dog-b
20、yfar the biggest dinosaur-age mammal ever found. And the second, a new specimen of a previouslydiscovered species called R. robustus, refuted the notion that it was always the mammals that goteaten. Inside the skeletonwhere the animals stomach would have been are the fossilized remains ofa baby dino
21、saur. This discovery was the chance of a lifetime, says Jin Meng, scientist and co-author of the paper.Indeed, Meng didnt expect to find things like this at all. The smaller skeleton was discoveredabout two years ago by villagers in Chinas Liaoning province, site of some of the richest fossilbeds in
22、the world. They brought it to the attention of scientists, who took it to an institute for ex-amination. We didnt see the stomach contents at first, says Meng.After they did, however, it didnt take them long to realize they had struck scientific gold. Oncloser examination, the scientists determined
23、that the remains were those of a juvenile dinosaur.Some ofthe arm and leg bones were still attached to each other, suggesting that R. robustus didntchew its food thoroughly but wolfed it down in large chunks.Taken together, the finds overturn the already eroded idea that early mammals were tiny andt
24、imid. Now paleontologists can stopCooking uptheories to explain why mammals were so little thatthey had to be small to avoid being found, for example, or they couldnt grow larger becausedinosaurs already occupied those ecological spaces.But its now clear that mammals did fill some of the spaces rese
25、rved for larger animals. Itsquite possible, says paleontologist Anne Weil, that they competed with dinosaurs for the sameprey. And because they ate dinosaurs, they may even have had an influence on dinosaur evolu-tion. What sort of influence? We dont know, she says. Thats how it is with the best fin
26、ds.They leave you with more questions than answers. 41单选题Mammals in the dinosaur age used to be described asA.fierceanddangerous.B.shrewdandswift.C.doglikeandsneaky.D.smallandcowardly.正确答案：D参考解析：D【精析】句意：恐龙时代的哺乳动物曾经被描述为什么?根据第一段第二句“Aslongasdinosaursroamedthelands，ourdistantancestorsnevergottobemuchmor
27、ethanchickenheartedcreaturesthatsneakedoutatnighttograbbibofplantswhentheterriblefizardswereasleep”可知，传统观点认为我们远古的祖先只会等到可怕的恐龙在夜晚入睡的时候，才胆小如鼠地从藏身之地偷偷出来采集植物充饥。根据第二段第二句“0ne，ofabrand-newspeciesnamedR.giganticus，brokeapartthenotionthatmostdinosauragemammalswereneverlargerthansquirrels.”可知，全新的物种R.giganticus
28、化石的发现，推翻了大多数恐龙时期的哺乳动物都不比松鼠大的观点。由此可知，恐龙时代的哺乳动物曾被描述为瘦小而懦弱，故选D。42单选题The fossil of a baby dinosaur in the skeleton of R.robustus indicates thatA.R.robustusmusthavediedinitspregnancy.B.thismammalcouldhavediedwhilefightingwithdinosaurs.C.R.robustusswallowedthebabydinosaurasitsfood.D.mammalswouldeattheiryo
29、ungwhenstarved.正确答案：C参考解析：C【精析】句意：R.robustus骨骼当中的小恐龙化石说明了什么?根据第二段第45句“Andthesecond，anewspecimenrefutedthenotionthatitwasalwaysthemammalsthatgoteaten.Insidetheskeletonwheretheanimalsstomachwouldhavebeenalethefossilizedremainsofababydinosaur.”可知，新发现的R.robust-US标本推翻了哺乳动物总是被捕食这一观点。在这个标本的胃部发现了一个变成化石的小恐龙的
30、遗骸。因此，R.robustus腹中的小恐龙是被它吞下的食物，故选C。43单选题By saying“mey had struck scientific gold”(Lines 1-2，Paragraph 4)，the author means thatA.theirdiscoveryearnedthemgreatfame.B.theirfindingsenjoyedenormousmarketvalue.C.theyacquiredvaluableresourcesfortheirstudies.D.theyhadmadeasignificantdiscoveryintheirresearch
31、.正确答案：D参考解析：D【精析】句意：“theyhadstruckscientificgold”(第四段第l-2行)是什么意思?根据第二段最后一句“Thisdiscoverywasthechanceofalifetime，saysJinMeng，scientistandcoauthorofthepaper.”可知，在哺乳动物胃部发现恐龙遗骸这一发现是千载难逢的。因此，“struckscientificgold”意为他们在研究领域内作出了重大发现，故选D。44单选题The expression“cooking up”(Line 2，Paragraph 5)indicates that the
32、authorA.doubtsthevalidityofthepreviousscientificexplanations.B.thinksthenewdiscoverieshavepracticalsignificance.C.regardspreviousecologicalstudiesassimplystory-making.D.considersthosenewdiscoveriesnolongerholdwater.正确答案：A参考解析：A【精析】句意：“cookingup”(第五段第二行)这一短语表明作者持有何种观点?第五段第二句“Nowpaleontologistscallsto
33、pcookinguptheoriestoexplainwhymammalsweresolittle-thattheyhadtobesmalltoavoidbeingfound，forexample，ortheycouldntgrowlargerbecausedinosaursalreadyoccupiedthoseecologicalspaces.”意为“现在，古生物学家不必再编造理论来解释哺乳动物为什么那么瘦小了，例如，有的理论认为，它们之所以长得瘦小是为了避免被发现，或者，它们没法长大是因为恐龙已经占领了它们的生存空间。”根据第二段第一句“Butthatpicturechangeddram
34、aticallywiththeannouncementinNatureoftwoimpressivefossils.”和第五段第一句“Takentogether，thefindsoverturnthealreadyerodedideathatearlymammalsweretinyandtimid.”可知，自然杂志上发表的关于两块化石的文章彻底改变了传统的观念。因此可知，作者基于最新的发现，对传统观点的真实性产生了质疑，故选A。45单选题What is the possible connection between mammals and dinosaurs?A.Mammalswereunde
35、rdinosaursrulemostofthetime.B.Mammalsmighthavecontributedtotheevolutionofdinosaurs.C.Dinosaursfailedinthecompetitionwithmammalsforfood.D.Babydinosaurswerethemainsourceoffoodformammals.正确答案：B参考解析：B【精析】句意：哺乳动物与恐龙之间可能存在怎样的联系?根据最后一段第三句“Andbecausetheyatedinosaurs，theymayevenhavehadaninfluenceondinosaurev
36、olufion.”可知，由于新发现证明哺乳动物曾经捕食过恐龙，它们很可能对于恐龙的进化产生了影响。故选B。材料题根据以下材料，回答46-46题Schools of education have long been objects of criticism. From James Koerners 1963 book,The Miseducation of Americas Teachers, up through two recent reports by national commissions,critics have complained about the intellectual e
37、mptiness of the curriculum at ed schools and the lackof connection between what is taught and the realities teachers face in the classroom. A recent survey of teachers about their graduate-school training drew comments like the shabbiest psychobab-ble imaginable and a waste of time. With an estimate
38、d 2 million new teachers needed over the next decade, the shortcomings in ed-ucation schools are a practical concern. In what is a generally bleak landscape, a small number ofschools stand out as innovators. Two key qualities distinguish these exemplars. First, they requirethat students master the s
39、ubjects they will be teaching and structure their curricula accordingly. Second, these programs put apremiumon hands-on experience. While traditional ed-school curriculaare fdled with courses on theory, the new approach places much greater emphasis on learning bydoing.At Ohio State University in Col
40、umbus, students in the one-year masters program spend halftheir time teaching in one of 55 Franklin County public schools, where they are paired with experi-enced teachers.You are immersed from Day 1 , says OSU graduate student Kelley Crockett, a 37-year-oldformer businesswoman who does practical tr
41、aining at Gables Elementary School. And that forcesyou to be intimately involved. In New York City, the Bank Street College of Education-a two-year program-runs its ownjunior high. That keeps us honest, says the schools president, Augusta Kappner. We are en-couraging students to see how they functio
42、n in school settings so they can constantly improve. Comparable programs exist at some other institutions, including the University of Virginia andTrinity University in San Antonio. But Linda Darling-Hamond, a professor at ColumbiaUniversitys Teachers College who is an expert on teacher training, es
43、timates that only 40 percent ofthe 1,200 teacher-education programs in the country have met national accreditation standards.Most education schools, she says, have operated bureaucratically, assuming that teachers didntneed to know many things，“Just give them a textbook and send them on.”46单选题By say
44、ingintellectual emptiness of the curriculum”(Lines 3-4，Paragraph l)the critics mean to argue thatA.therewerenotsufficientitemsinthecurriculum.B.thecurriculumwaspoorlydesignedacademically.C.thetrainingbasedonthecurriculumwashardlyimaginable.D.thecurriculumdidnotsufficientlyaddresslearnersneeds.正确答案：B
45、参考解析：B【精析】句意：批评者所说的“intellectualemptinessofthecurriculum”(第一段第3-4行)是为了说明什么?“intellectualemptiness”意为知识欠缺。故选B。47单选题According to the author.the concern over the current situation in ed schools isA.well-grounded.B.unnecessary.C.widespread.D.ill-founded.正确答案：A参考解析：A【精析】句意：根据作者，对于当前师范院校的担忧是什么样的?根据第二段第一句“
46、Withanestimated2millionnewteachersneededoverthenextdecade，theshortcomingsineducationschoolsareapracticalconcem.”可知，由于未来十年内对于新教师的缺口有200万，因此，师范院校的缺点是一个实际的问题。由此可以推断作者认为对于师范院校的担忧是有充分根据的，故选A。48单选题The word“premium”(Line 6，Paragraph 2)probably meansA.difficulty.B.emphasis.C.limitation.D.reward.正确答案：B参考解析：B【精析】句意：“premium”(第二段第六行)这个词大概是什么意思?根据第二段最后一句“Whiletrad