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1、 1 解密 02 名词和主谓一致 【命题解读】名词和主谓一致是历年高考的重要考点，常常出现在完形填空、语法填空和短文改错题型中。名词部分主要考查：名词的词义辨析和习惯搭配 名词的数（可数与不可数、单数与复数）名词的所有格 抽象名词的具体化 名词和冠词的搭配 高考关于主谓一致的考查主要集中在一下三个方面：语法一致 意义一致 就近原则【命题预测】语法填空对名词的考查仍然会成为高考的重点，主要集中在给出词根进行此类转化，根据习惯用法或固定短语确定名词，名词的复数形式，所有格形式的变化。主谓一致一般会与名词、动词的时态和语态放在一起考查。【名师指导】1.整体把握，注意语境 从近年高考试题看，高考语法填
2、空对名词的考查离不开具体的语境，在语境中考查名词的相关知识。做题时，既要全面、整体地看题干，还要注意分析句子成分，并根据提示词来确定名词的相关考点。通常，涉及名词考点的试题包括：（1）根据语境判断名词的单复数；（2）提示词是形容词、动词等此类，根据句子成分和词缀知识加上相应的后缀变成名词；（3）名词的固定搭配；（4）名词的所有格及名词的其他相关知识 考点详解 2 2.确定考点，注意搭配 语法填空对名词的考查涉及名词各方面的知识，解题时要注意首先根据提示信息确定考点，试题是考查名词的词类转换，还是考查复数名词、名词的所有格，还是考查主谓一致、名词的固定搭配等，确定了考点之后，再结合其他相关知识来
3、做出正确解答。3.多记单词，积累词缀 高考对名词的考查注重基础，我们在平时的复习中要打好基础，掌握足够的考纲词汇，并熟知其常见搭配和用法，并注意熟练掌握常用的名词词缀知识。4.巧用就近原则 当主语是由 or,nor,either or,neithernor,not onlybut also 连接的并列成分时以及在 there be句型中，谓语动词的单复数遵循就近原则。一、名词的种类 专有名词 普通名词 国名地名人名，团体机构名称 可数名词 不可数名词 个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词 二、名词的数 1.可数名词的复数(1)规则变化 情况 方法 例词 一般情况 加s students，te
4、achers，doc tors，tables 以 s，x，ch，sh 结尾 加es glasses，dishes，boxes，watches 但stomach 复 数 形 式 直 接 加 s，即stomachs 以辅音字母y 结尾 变 y 为 i 再加es families，babies，armies，bodies 以元音字母y 结尾 加s boys，toys，pianos，photos 以 f 或 fe 结尾 大都变 f 或 fe 为 v，再加es thieves，wives，knives，shelves，lives 考向 1 名词的数 3 少数加s beliefs，proofs，roofs
5、，chiefs 以 o 结尾 通常加s radios，videos，zoos，tobaccos 有的加es heroes，potatoes，tomatoes【名师点睛】以-o 结尾的下列名词要加es，它们是黑人英雄在回声中吃土豆、西红柿，即 Negroes，heroes，echoes，potatoes，tomatoes。但下列以-o 结尾的名词既可以加-es，也可以加-s，它们是：zeros(zeroes)零，mosquitos(mosquitoes)蚊子，volcanos(volcanoes)火山。以-f 或-fe 结尾的下列名词需要把 f 或 fe 去掉，再加-ves，它们是为了自己活命，
6、小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和树叶站在架子上，把狼劈成两半，即 selves，lives，thieves，wives，knives，leaves，shelves，wolves，halves。但下列以-f 结尾的名词既可以去掉 f 加-ves，也可以直接加-s，如：handkerchiefs(handkerchieves)手帕。名词前有 man 或 woman 修饰，变复数时，作定语的 man 或 woman 和后面的名词都要变成复数。如：woman doctorwomen doctors(2)不规则变化 自身有特殊变化的名词 child 孩子children man 男人men tooth 牙t
7、eeth foot 脚，英尺feet mouse 老鼠mice phenomenon现象phenomena medium 传播媒介media 常见单复数同形的名词：Chinese 中国人；sheep 绵羊；deer 鹿；series 系列；means 方式；works 工厂；fish 鱼；fruit 水果等。其中 fish，fruit 表示种类时，可加复数词尾，即 fishes，fruits。Some deer are eating grass at the bottom of the hill.Every possible means has been tried,but none has
8、worked.合成名词的复数形式：son-in-law sons-in-law passer-by passers-by story-teller story-tellers【名师点睛】名词+名词时，仅将后面的名词变复数：girl student girl students 但是 man/woman+名词时，前后都要变为复数：4 woman singer women singers 1.（2019新课标卷 II短文改错）Since I was a kid,Ive considered different job I would like to do.【答案】job 改为 jobs【解析】考查名
9、词的数。“job（工作；职业）”为可数名词，用 different（不同的）修饰时意思为不同种类的工作，应该用名词的复数形式。故将 job 改为 jobs。2.（2018新课标卷 I语法填空）Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014_66（that/which）_showed a mere five to 10 minutes A day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all _67_(cause
10、).【答案】causes 【解析】考查名词复数。一项研究表明，仅仅每天 5 到 10 分钟的跑步，就能减少各种原因的心脏病和早亡。根据句意用复数形式。故填 causes。2.（2018新课标卷 I短文改错）Last winter when I went here（改为 there）again,they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken.【答案】chicken 改为 chickens【解析】考查名词复数。他们拥有一个大的独立住宅，还养了许多只鸡。根据前文的 dozens of 可知，其后用名词复数形式。3.（2018 全国新课
11、标卷 短文改错）After supper,we would play card games of all sort in the sitting room.【答案】sort 改为 sorts【解析】sort 在此意为“种类”，是可数名词，和 all 搭配时用复数形式。故将 sort 改为 sorts.4.（2018浙江卷）Few people I know seem to have much desire or time to cook.Making Chinese _56_(dish)is seen as especially troublesome.【答案】dishes 【解析】考查名词。
12、此处指中国菜，表示泛指应该用名词复数，故填 dishes。2.不可数名词(1)通常只用作不可数名词的名词：advice 建议，furniture 家具，fun 乐趣；information 信息，news新闻，weather 天气，progress 进步，wealth 财富，value 价值等。(2)不可数名词具体化 5 具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考的有：单词 抽象名词意义 具体化名词意义 success 成功 成功的人或事 pleasure 乐趣 令人高兴的事 beauty 美；美丽 美丽的人或事物 comfort 安慰；慰藉 令人感到安慰的
13、人或事物 danger 危险 危险的人或因素 delight 高兴 令人高兴的事 failure 失败 失败的人或事物 surprise 惊奇 令人惊奇的事情 shock 震惊 令人震惊的事情 pride 骄傲 令人骄傲的事情 Your contribution will certainly make the event a huge success.你的贡献一定会使这个事件很成功。物质名词具体化 drink 饮料two drinks 两杯饮料 coffee 咖啡a coffee 一杯咖啡 chalk 粉笔a chalk 一支粉笔 hair 头发a hair 一根头发 抽象名词与 a(an)连
14、用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。例如：Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.在那些艰难的时期，能够买得起一杯酒会是一件欣慰的事。（3）“of+抽象名词”相当于形容词。能用在此结构中的抽象名词有 importance,value,use,significance,help 等。Its of no practical use to me.这对我没什么实际用途。The work I am doing is not of much value.我做的工作没有多大价值。1.Yo
15、ur advise is of little _.it doesnt help to improve our English.A.useful B.uselessness C.importance D.helpless【答案】C 6【解析】此题考查的是“be of+(形容词)抽象名词”的用法。useful 和 helpless 为形容词，故排除A 和 D,根据后半句知“建议不能帮助我们提高英语成绩”，前半句也应该表示否定意义，little 本来就表否定意义，而 uselessness 又是否定意义，故排除 B.2.She has gained many unforgettable _ abou
16、t animals when _ in the forest doing research.A.experiences;stayed B.experiences;staying C.experience;stayed D.experience;staying【答案】B【解析】根据句意可知，experience 在这里表示经历，因此为可数名词，所以排除 C 项和 D 项。When引导的从句其实是 when she is staying in the forest doing research.当主句主语和从句主语一致，并且从句中有系动词时，可以把从句中的主语连同系动词一起省略，故用 stayin
17、g。所以 B 项正确。句意：当停留在森林里做研究时，她已经获得了许多关于动物的难忘的经历。3.表示数量的词(组)与名词的搭配 修饰可数的量词：a number of,the number of,many,a great/good many few,a few,several 修饰不可数的量词：a large amount of,huge amounts of,a great deal of,much,too much little,a little 两个皆可修饰的量词：some,a lot of,lots of,plenty of,quantity of 1.-s 所有格 用 and 连接的并
18、列名词的所有格要分两种情况，即表示各自的所有关系时，要分别在并列名词后加-s 或；表示共同的所有关系时，只在最后一个名词后加-s 或。Toms and Jims rooms.汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间。Tom and Jims room.汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间。表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时，名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。at the barbers 在理发店 at the teachers 在老师办公室 2.of 所有格 表示无生命的事物的名词通常用 of 所有格表示所有关系；名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用 of 所有格。the content of the novel 小说的内
19、容 the name of the girl over there 那边那位女孩的名字 考向 2 名词的格 7 3.双重所有格 指名词of名词所有格或名词of名词性物主代词。a play of Shakespeares(莎士比亚的一个戏剧)a friend of mine(我的一个朋友)1.Last Monday,it hit me that my beloved grandmother birthday was around the corner.【答案】grandmother 改成 grandmothers【解析】考查名词所有格。句意：上周一，我突然想到我深爱的祖母的生日就要到了。文中表示
20、“祖母的生日”，用名词所有格，所以 grandmother 改成 grandmothers。2.（2018全国新课标卷 II短文改错）When I was little,Fridays night was our family game night.【答案】Fridays 改为 Friday。【解析】考查名词的格。名词作定语，往往表明被修饰名词的时间、地点、类别、目的或用途、材料或来源等。名词所有格作定语则强调与被修饰的词的所有关系或表示逻辑上的谓语关系。此处表示“星期五晚上”，并不是所有关系，故把 Fridays 改为 Friday。3.mother was unconscious for
21、five hours after being admitted to hospital.A.John and Mary B.Johns and Marys C.Johns and Mary D.John and Marys【答案】D【解析】句意：约翰和玛丽的妈妈被接收入院后五个小时都不省人事。此处主语是单数名词，表示约翰和玛丽共有的妈妈，所以只在最后一个名词词尾加-s。如表示他们各自的母亲，则用 Johns and Marys mothers。1.直接作定语,通常用单数形式。college students 大学生 girl friend 女友 vegetable garden 菜园 bask
22、etball match 篮球赛 Lets stop by the book store on the way home.回家的路上，我们的书店停一下吧！He bought the shoes in that shoe shop.这双鞋他是在那个鞋店买的。考向 3 名词作定语 8 2.名词所有格作定语。students books 学生用书 Chinas capital 中国的首都 the worlds population 世界人口 3.man，woman，gentleman 作定语 man，woman，gentleman 作定语时可以用单数和复数两种形式，但必须随所修饰名词的数而定。He
23、said that two women doctors would come to our village the next day.他说明天有两个女医生到我们村子来。There are many men teachers in our school.我们学校有很多男教师。4.某些常用复数的名词用作定语 某些常用复数的名词，当它们用作定语时，也须用复数形式。arms production 武器生产 clothes shop 服装商店 sales department 营业部 a goods train 货车 savings bank 储蓄所 foreign languages departme
24、nt 外语系 5.单位名称、报纸、广播、电视等的标题中经常出现复数名词作定语。Learning Skills center 学习技巧交流中心 The Boys Club 男孩俱乐部 6.表示类别时名词直接作定语还是用所有格作定语一定要严格遵守习惯。a peasant family/boy(peasant 习惯直接作定语)a workers family(worker 习惯用所有格作定语)7.两种定语有时并存但意义不一样。women drivers 女司机 the womans driver 这位妇女的司机 girl friend 女朋友 the girls friend 这女孩的朋友 moth
25、er tongue 母语 mothers tongue 母亲的舌头 8.名词与其同根形容词都可以作定语，但意思上往往有差别：用名词作定语时，表示被修饰的名词的质地 或性质；用名词的同根形容词作定语，则说明被修饰的名词的特征。gold watch 金表(指手表是含金的)golden watch 金色的表(指表是金色的，但不一定含金)9（2018浙江卷）Researchers have found that there is a direct link between the increase in food eaten outside the home and the rise in _64_(
26、weigh)problems.【答案】weight 【解析】考查名词。此处指体重问题，用名词修饰 problems，故填 weight。高考主谓一致的知识结构 一致原则 考点详解 例句 语法一致 1.以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。His father is working on the farm.To study English well is not easy.What he said is very important for us all.The children were in the classr
27、oom two hours ago.Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.2.由连接词 and或 both and连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。Lucy and Lily are twins.She and I are classmates.The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news.Both she and he are Young Pioneers.3.主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with，together with，except，but，like
28、，as well as，rather than，more than，no less than，besides，including 等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。Mr.Green，together with his wife and children，has come to China.Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground.She，like you and Tom，is very tall.考向 4 主谓一致 10 4.either，neither，each，every 或 no+单数名词和由 some，a
29、ny，no，every 构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。Each of us has a new book.Everything around us is matter.5.在定语从句中，关系代词 that，who，which 等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。He is one of my friends who are working hard.He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.6.如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数；如果它指集体的成员，其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有 family,cl
30、ass,crowd,committee,population,audience 等。Class Four is on the third floor.Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.注：people，police，cattle 等名词一般都用作复数。如：The police are looking for the lost child.7.由“a lot of，lots of，plenty of，the rest of，the majority of+名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数要根据短
31、语中后面名词的数而定。There are a lot of people in the classroom.The rest of the lecture is wonderful.50%of the students in our class are girls.注：a number of 与 the number of 的区别 8.在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。There comes the bus.On the wall are many pictures.Such is the result.Such are the facts.逻辑一致 1.what，who，which
32、，any，more，all等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。Which is your bag？Which are your bags？All is going well.All have gone to Beijing.2.表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数Thirty minutes is enough for the work.Ten miles is too long.11 一致原则 考点详解 例句 逻辑一致 5.算式中表示数目（字）的主语通常作单数看待，其谓语动词采用单数形式。Twelve plus eight is twenty.
33、Fifty-six divided by eight is seven.6.一些学科名词是以 ics 结尾，如：mathematics，politics，physics 以及 news，works 等，都属于形式上是复数的名词，实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。The paper works was built in 1990.I think physics isnt easy to study.7.trousers，glasses，clothes，shoes，jeans 等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有 a（the）pair of 等量词修饰时，谓语动词用
34、单数。My glasses are broken.The pair of shoes under the bed is his.8.“定冠词 the+形容词或分词”，表示某一类人时，动词用复数。The old are taken good care of.9.a(large)quantity of 修饰可数或不可数名词,作主语时,谓语动词用单数。A large quantity of people is needed here.注意：quantities 一般用复数。Quantities of food(nuts)were on the table.10.a great deal of,a l
35、arge amount of 修饰不可数名词,作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数;large amounts of 修饰不可数名词,A large amount of(A great deal of)damage was done in a very short time.Large amounts of money were spent on the 形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体。3.若主语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。“The Arabian Nights”is an interesting story-book.4.表数量的短语“o
36、ne and a half”后接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词可用单数形式。One and a half apples is left on the table.12 作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数。bridge.就近一致 1.当两个主语由 either or，neither nor，whether or，not only but also连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。Either the teacher or the students are our friends.Neither they nor he is wholly right.2.there be句型的be动词单复数取决于其后的主
37、语。如果其后是由 and 连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。There are two chairs and a desk in the room.Here 引导的句子用法同上。如：Here is a map and a handbook for you.一、语法一致 语法一致：就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。1.单数 n.，不可数 n.,不定式，动名词或从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数。His father is working on the farm.Time is money.To finish all the work on time
38、is impossible.Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.The children are in the classroom 2 hours ago.由 what 引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多用单数但如果表语是复数或 what 从句是一个带有复数意义的 并列结构时，谓语动词用复数。What I bought were 3 English books.What I say and do are helpful to you.2.由 and 或 both.and 连接起来的合成主语后面谓语动词用复数。Lucy and Lily are twin
39、s.She and I are friends.Both she and he are Young Pioneers.如果 and 所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语动词就用单数。The writer and artist has come.由 and 连接的并列单数主语前分别有 each,every,no more than a(an),many a(an)修饰时，谓语动词 13 用单数。Every student and every teacher was in the room.No boy and no girl likes it.3.主语后面有 with,together
40、 with,except,but,like,as well as,rather than,more than,no less than,besides,including 等引起的短语时，谓语动词的单复数由主语的单复数决定。Mr Green,together with his wife and children,has come to China.Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground.She,like you and Tom,is very tall.4.either,neither,each,every 或 no+单数 neither/n
41、either/none of 复数名词，还有 some,any,no,every 构成的复合不定代词作主语，谓语动词用单数。Each of us has a new book.Everything around us is matter.Neither of the texts is interesting.None of us has been to South Africa.5.定语从句中，关系代词 that,which,who 作主语时，谓语动词的数和先行词一致。He is one of my students who are working hard.He is the only on
42、e of my friends who is working hard.1.（2019新课标卷 I语法填空）Of _69（the）_ nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations,three are declining,six _70_(be)stable,one is increasing,and nine lack enough data.【答案】are【解析】考查主谓一致。根据 three are declining，此处数词 six 作主语，代指前文中的“polar bear subpopulations”，故用复数谓语，一般现在时，故填
43、are。2.（2018新课标卷 I语法填空）While running regularly cant make you live forever,the review says it 64 (be)more effective at lengthening life 65(than)walking,cycling or swimming.【答案】is【解析】考查主谓一致和时态。医学报告显示：跑步比散步、骑车和游泳更能有效地延长寿命。这里叙述的是一个事实，故用一般现在时，且主语是 it，表示单数概念。故填 is。14 3.In recent yearyears，air pollution has
44、 become more and more serious in some areas，which have led to severe consequences.【答案】have 改为 has【解析】考查主谓一致。句意：在最近一年，在一些地区空气污染越来越严重，这导致严重后果。此处是前面整个句子作先行词，所以后面非限制性定语从句中的谓语动词是单数第三人称形式，故把 have has。6.集体名词 family,class,crowd,committee,population,audience 等，指整体时，用单数；指集体的成员时，用复数。His family is a happy one.T
45、he whole family are watching TV.The population of China is 1400 million.(人口)One third of the population here are workers.(人)people,cattle,police 作主语时，谓语动词用复数。7.由 a lot of,lots of,plenty of,the rest of,the majority of 名词，或者是分数/百分数名词构成的短语作主语，谓语动词的数由名词的单复数决定。The rest of the lecture is wonderful.A lot o
46、f time is wasted.A lot of people take part in the meeting.2/3 water is drunk by him.2/3 students are absent.8.倒装句中，谓语 v.的数与其后的主语一致。On the wall are many pictures.Such is the result.Such are the facts.二、意义一致原则 1.表示时间、度量、长度、价值等的复数名词作主语，因为其在概念上是一个整体，谓语动词用单数。Twenty minutes is enough for the work.One hund
47、red dollars is stolen from the ATM.15 2.如果是书名，片名，格言，剧名，报名，国名等的复数形式作主语，谓语动词用单数。The Arabian Nights is an interesting story book.one and a half 复数 n.，谓语动词用单数。One and a half apples is left on the table.3.算是中表示数目通常用单数（加减乘除）4.表示学科的以ics 结尾的名词作主语，用单数。Physics is an important subject in middle schools.Mathema
48、tics is the study of numbers.Politics,economics,athletics 等。5.复数形式的单复数同形的名词作主语，意义一致。The glass works was built up in 1980.These glass works are near the railway station.6.由两部分组成的名词，trousers,glasses,shorts,scissors 等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。a pair of 等量词时，视情况而定。7.The adj.表示一类人，作主语时用复数。The young are usually very a
49、ctive.The old are lonely.三、就近一致原则 就近一致：在英语句子中，有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。1.当两个主语由 either or，neither nor，whether or，not only but also 连接时，谓语动词和邻 近的主语一致。Neither his parents nor I am able to persuade him to change his mind.他的父母和我都不能说服他改变注意。2.there be 句型的 be 动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由 and 连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个 主语保持一致。T
50、here are two pens，a book and three pencils on the desk.书桌上有两支钢笔，一本书和三支铅笔。There is a book，two pens and three pencils on the desk.书桌上有一本书，两支钢笔和三支铅 16 笔。3.在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。Here is a map and a handbook for you.这是一张你的地图和一本手册。Such are the facts.事实就是如此。4.就远原则：谓语动词与前面主语一致。主语后面接连接性短语时，这种结构并不影响主语和谓语的关系，即