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1、Elevator System Based on PLCComposed by the order of relay control system is a realization of the first elevatorcontrol method。However，to enter the nineties,with the development of science andtechnology and the widespread application of computer technology，the safety of elevators,reliability of the
2、increasingly high demand on the relay control weaknesses are becomingevident。Elevator control system relays the failure rate high,greatly reduces the reliability andsafety of elevators，and escalators stopped often to take with the staff about theinconvenience and fear.And the event rather than takin
3、g the lift or squat at the end of the liftwill not only cause damage to mechanical components,but also personal accident may occur.Programmable Logic Controller（PLC)is the first order logic control in accordance withthe needs of developed specifically for industrial environment applications to opera
4、te theelectronic digital computing device。Given its advantages，at present,the relay control thelift has been gradually replaced by PLC control。At the same time,AC variable frequencymotor speed control technology,the way the lift drag speed has been a gradual transition formDC to AC frequency convert
5、er。Thus，PLC control technology increases VVVF Elevatormodern technology has become a hot industry。1。PLC elevator control advantages：(1)Used in elevator control PLC,with so ware for automatic control of lift operation，reliability greatly increased.(2)Layer was removed and majority of the relay，the co
6、ntrol system structure is simple,simplify the external circuit.(3)PLC can be a variety of complex control system，easy to add or change controlfunctions.（4)PLC can be automated fault detection and alarm display to improve the operation ofsecurity and ease of maintenance.(5)For the group control the a
7、llocation and management，and improve the efficiency ofelevator operation。(6）Do not need to change the control scheme changes when the hardware connection.2。VVVF elevator control characteristics。With the power electronics,microelectronics and computer technology to control therapid development of tec
8、hnology,communication technology VVVF also a very rapid rate。AC variable frequency motor speed control technology is the power to improve the process inorder to improve product quality and improving the environment and promoting technologicalprogress as a primary means。Frequency of its excellent per
9、formance and the speed brakefrom a smooth performance，high efficiency,high power factor and power-saving of a broadscope of application and many other advantages of being at home and abroad recognized asthe most promising approach speed。Exchange characteristics of VVVF Elevator:(1)low energy consump
10、tion.（2)low load circuit,the re emergency power supply device of small.In the acceleration stage,the required start-up current of less than 2.5 times the ratedcurrent.Peak starting current and time is short.Since the starting current is drastically reduced,so power consumption and power supply cable
11、 diameter can be reduced a lot。Required foremergency power supply devices are also relatively small size。(3）high reliability and long service life。(4)good comfort。Elevator operation is best to follow the speed curve of a given operation。Theircharacteristics can be adapted to human feelings，and to en
12、sure that noise operation，smoothbrake Ping layer and high precision。（5）stable noisefree。(6)In the car,the engine room and adjacent areas to ensure that noise.Because theirsystems use a high clock frequency.Always produce a true sine wave power supply currentyet.Motor torque ripple does not appear。Th
13、erefore，to eliminate vibration and noise。3.Elevator control technology。The so-called elevator control technology refers to the elevator drive system andelectrical control system of automatic control.70 as the 20th century in Chinas elevator weremarked by the exchange of two speed elevator。Its speed
14、is used to change the elevatortraction motor of the very few，two or mutelevel approach to the number of windings,veryfew of them as high-speed winding of the winding，a very few number of windings as the1low-speed winding。Windings for high-speed elevatorspeed startup and running,low-speed windings fo
15、r braking and the maintenance of elevators。The early 80s，VVVF inverter controlled variable lift system available。It uses ACmotor drivers,are able to reach the level of DC motor，control the speed of the current hasreached 6 m/sec。Its small size，light weight，high efficiency,energy saving，inc1udingthe
16、past almost all the advantages of the lift.Is the latest elevator drive systemOperation in vertical lift，there is also the starting point of the terminus station.Formore than three-story elevator buildings，the starting point of the terminal stations and stopsbetween the had not,the starting point fo
17、r these stations at the first floor of the terminallocated at the highest floor.Starting point in the first floor of the station known as basestations,known as the starting point at both ends of the terminal stations and stations at bothends of intermediate stops between stations。Outside the station
18、 has a call box,box set are used by staff for elevator call button ortouch the call button,the general ends of the lift stations in the call box on the Settings buttonor touch of a button.1iddle layer of the station set up the call box button or touch button 2.Nodrivers for the control of elevators，
19、at various stations are set up calls me on a button ortouch button.Elevator car and the internal settings（except for debris elevator)to manipulateme。Control box switch on the handle or set up stations and the corresponding layer ofbuttons or touch-button control box on the touch-control button or co
20、mmand button or touchthe city button。Outside the command button or touch-button issue as the signal outside thecommand signal,within the command button or touchbutton issue within the signal as acommand signal.80 In the mid20th century,the touch button has been replaced bymicrobutton.As the elevator
21、 call box outside the base station，in addition to set up a call button ortouch button,but a1so set a key switch in order to work the elevator clearance。Drivers ormanagement staff to open the elevator to the base station can wriggle through a dedicated keyto the key switch.Close the elevator in place
22、 to autocratically cut off the elevator controlpower supply or power supply.4。PLC Control Elevator Design。With the continuous development of urban construction，the increasing high-risebuildings，elevators and life in the national economy has a broad application。Elevator2high-rise buildings as a means
23、 of transport in the vertical run of daily life have beeninextricably linked with people。In fact the lift is based on external call control signals,aswell as the laws of their own，such as running，and the cal1 is random，the lift is actuallya manmachine interactive control system，simple to use control
24、 or logic control order cannot meet the control requirement,and therefore,elevator control system uses a random controllogic.Elevator control is current1y generally used in two ways，first，the use of computer asa signal control unit，the completion of the lift signal acquisition,operation and function
25、 ofthe se，to achieve the lift and set the autocratic scheduling function to run the election,dragthe control from inverter to complete;the second control mode with programmable logiccontroller（PLC)to replace the computer control signal sets the election。From the controland performance，these two type
26、s of methods and there is no significant difference.Most ofthe domestic manufacturers to choose the second approach,because the smaller scale ofproduction there design and manufacture of high cost of computer control devices;and PLChigh reliabi1ity，convenient and flexible program design，antiinterfer
27、ence ability,stableand reliable operation of the characteristics of Therefore，the elevator control system is nowwidely used to realize programmable control。5.Lift control system.Lift control system is used to manipulate each control process by managing suchcommands as running direction，car call，land
28、ing call，load signal，landing indication，safety protection.Lifts in different applications have different load，speed and drive/control modes。Lifts in same application may also have different control mode。Whatever control mode isadopted，the objective is the same，to be specific，according to car call an
29、d landing call,lift control system will execute automatic logic judgment to determine which lift will receivesignal,which direction lift will run towards and complete programmed control objectivethrough electrical automatic system based on command。Types of lift control system。Control system developm
30、ent chronicle indicates that there has appeared many controlmodes，such as such as relay control，PLC,single computer control,multiplecomputercontrol。Prevailing in different era，these control modes are still employed in lifts now dueto massive integrated circuit and computer technology development。3PL
31、C control system。As abbreviation of programmable logic controller,PLC is an electronic system featuringdigital computation.It adopts programmable EPROM to execute logic computation,ordercontrol，timing，number counting，arithmetic computation,besides，it can input andoutput through digital or analogy mo
32、des.The mechanism of PLC control is as follows:input of PLC includes such commandsignals，as power key to home landing，car call，landing call，various safety switches，position signal，while output of PLC includes contactor,relay，indicators of car/landingsand communication unitary,indicators inside car a
33、ndswitch,position signal，are input toPC,while other executing com。Programming principle is determined by lift control mode。Programming can either bemade according to relay logic control circuit or individually in different phases according tolift control functions after completely separating from re
34、lay control circuit.Based on theready made control circuit，the former is simple and easy to master,while the latter involvesless programs by integrating programs of small function.Used in lift control system,PLC has such advantages,as high reliability,stability，easyprogramming,user-friendliness,conv
35、enient maintenance&inspection.Nowadays,there is a wide range and series of programmable logic controllers.Input/output points range from 30 to 8000 or above,so asto meet lift control requirements withdifferent landing number。4PLCPLC 控制下的电梯系统控制下的电梯系统由继电器组成的顺序控制系统是最早的一种实现电梯控制的方法.但是，进入九十年代,随着科学技术的发展和计算
36、机技术的广泛应用，人们对电梯的安全性、可靠性的要求越来越高，继电器控制的弱点就越来越明显.电梯继电器控制系统故障率高，大大降低了电梯的可靠性和安全性，经常造成停梯，给乘用人员带来不便和惊忧。且电梯一旦发生冲顶或蹲底,不但会造成电梯机械部件损坏，还可能出现人身事故。可编程序控制器（PLC)最早是根据顺序逻辑控制的需要而发展起来的，是专门为工业环境应用而设计的数字运算操作的电子装置.鉴于其种种优点，目前电梯的继电器控制方式己逐渐被 PLC 控制所代替。同时，由于电机交流变频调速技术的发展，电梯的拖动方式己由原来直流调速逐渐过渡到了交流变频调速.因此,PLC 控制技术加变频调速技术己成为现代电梯行业
37、的一个热点。1。PLC 控制电梯的优点:（1）在电梯控制中采用了 PLC 用软件实现对电梯运行的自动控制，可靠性大大大提高。（2）去掉了选层器及大部分继电器，控制系统结构简单,外部线路简化.（3）PLC 可实现各种复杂的控制系统，方便地增加或改变控制功能。（4）可进行故障自动检测与报警显示，提高运行安全性,并便于检修.（5）用于群控调配和管理,并提高电梯运行效率。(6）更改控制方案时不需改动硬件接线.2.电梯变频调速控制的特点：随着电力电子技术、微电子技术和计算机控制技术的飞速发展，交流变频调速技术的发展也十分迅速。电动机交流变频调速技术是当今节电、改善工艺流程以提高产品质量和改善环境、推动技
38、术进步的一种主要手段。变频调速以其优异的调速性能和起制动平稳性能、高效率、高功率因数和节电效果，广泛的适用范围及其它许多优点而被国内外公认为最有发展前途的调速方式。交流变频调速电梯的特点:（1）能源消耗低.（2）电路负载低，所需紧急供电装置小。在加速阶段，所需起动电流小于 2。5 倍的额定电流。且起动电流峰值时间短。由于起动电流大幅度减小，故功耗和供电缆线直径可减小很多。所需的紧急供电装置的尺5寸也比较小。(3)可靠性高，使用寿命长。(4)舒适感好.电梯运行是跟随最佳给定的速度曲线运行的.其特性可适应人体感受,并保证运行噪声小，制动平稳。（5）平层精度高。（6）运行平稳无噪声在轿厢内,机房内及
39、邻近区域确保噪声小。因为其系统中采用了高时钟频率。始终产生一个不失真的正弦波供电电流。电动机不会出现转距脉动。因此，消除了振动和噪声.3。电梯控制技术。所谓电梯控制技术是指电梯的传动系统及操纵系统的电气自动控制.作为我国 2 0世纪 70 年代电梯的主要标志是交流双速电梯。其调速方法是采用改变电梯牵引电动机的极对数，两种或两种不同级对数的绕组，其中极数少的绕组称为高速绕组，极数多的绕组称为低速绕组。高速绕组用于电梯的起动及稳速运行，低速绕组用于制动及电梯的维修。80 年代初，VVVF 变频变压系统控制的电梯问世。它采用交流电动机驱动，却可以达到直流电动机的水平，目前控制速度已达 6 米/秒。它
40、的体积小，重量轻，效率高,节省能源等几乎包括了以往电梯的所有优点。是目前最新的电梯拖动系统。电梯在垂直运行过程中，有起点站也有终点站。对于三层楼以上的建筑物的电梯，起点站和终点站之间还没有停靠站，起点站设在一楼，终点站设在最高楼。设在一楼的起点站称为基站，起点站和终点站称为两端站，两端站之间称为中间站。各站厅外设有召唤箱，箱上设置有供乘用人员召唤电梯用的召唤按钮或触钮，一般电梯在两端站的召唤箱上各设置一只按钮或触钮。中间层站的召唤箱各设置两只按钮或触钮。对于无司机控制的电梯，在各层站的召唤箱上均设置一只按钮或触钮。而电梯的轿厢内部设置有（杂物电梯除外)操纵箱。操纵箱上设置有手柄开关或与层站对应
41、的按钮或触钮，操纵箱上的按钮或触钮城内指令按钮或触钮。外指令按钮或触钮发出的电信号称为外指令信号，内指令按钮或触钮发出的电信号成为内指令信号。20 世纪 80 年代中期后，触钮已被微动按钮所取代。作为电梯基站的厅外召唤箱，除设置一只召唤按钮或触钮外，还设置一只钥 匙开关，以便下班关电梯时。司机或管理人员把电梯开到基站后，可以通过专用钥匙扭动该钥匙开关。把电梯的厅门关闭妥当后，自动切断电梯控制电源或动力电源.64。PLC 控制电梯的设计.随着城市建设的不断发展，高层建筑不断增多，电梯在国民经济和生活中有着广泛的应用。电梯作为高层建筑中垂直运行的交通工具已与人们的日常生活密不可分。实际上电梯是根据
42、外部呼叫信号以及自身控制规律等运行的,而呼叫是随机的，电梯实际上是一个人机交互式的控制系统，单纯用顺序控制或逻辑控制 是不能满足控制要求的，因此，电梯控制系统采用随机逻辑方式控制。目前电梯 的控制普遍采用了两种方式，一是采用微机作为信号控制单元，完成电梯信号的采集、运行状态和功能的设定，实现电梯的自动调度和集选运行功能，拖动控制则由变频器来完成;第二种控制方式用可编程控制器（PLC）取代微机实现信号集选控制。从控制方式和性能上来说，这两种方法并没有太大的区别。国内厂家大多选择第二种方式，其原因在于生产规模较小，自己设计和制造微机控制装置成本较高；而 PLC 可靠性高，程序设计方便灵活，抗干扰能
43、力强、运行稳定可靠等特点，所以现在的电梯控制系统广泛采用可编程控制器来实现。5。电梯控制系统。电梯的控制主要是指对电梯在运行过程中的运行方向、轿内指令、层站召唤、负载信号、楼层显示、安全保护等指令信息进行管理，操纵电梯实行每个控制环节的方式和手段。电梯的用途不同，可以有不同的载荷，不同的速度及不同的驱动方式和控制方式。即使相同用途的电梯,也可采用不同的操纵控制方式.但电梯不论使用何种控制方式,所要达到的目标是相同的，即根据轿厢内指令信号、层站召唤信号而自动进行逻辑判定，决定出哪一台电梯接受信号，自动定出电梯的运行方向，并按照指令要求通过电气自动控制系统完成预定的控制目的。电梯控制系统分类.从控
44、制系统的实现方法来看，电梯的控制系统经历了继电器电梯控制、可编程序控制器(PC 机)、单片微机控制、多微机控制多种形式,这些控制方式代表了不同时期电梯控制系统的主流，并且随着大规模集成电路和计算机技术的发展而逐步推陈出新，这些控制系统在目前的在用电梯中都有存在。PLC 控制系统：PLC 是可编程序控制器的简称，它是一种数字运算操作的电子系统。它采用可编程序的存储器存储执行逻辑运算、顺序控制、定时、计数和算术运算等操作指令，并可通过数字式或模拟式输入和输出。用 PLC 控制电梯的方法是，将电梯中发出的指令信号诸如基站的电源钥匙、轿内选层指令、层站召唤、各类安全开关、位置信号等都作为PLC 的输入，而将其它的执行元7件如接触器、继电器、轿内和层站指示灯、通讯设施等作为 PLC 的输出部分。根据电梯的操纵控制方式,确定程序的编制原则.程序设计可以按照继电器逻辑控制电路的特点来完成，也可以完全脱离继电器控制电路重新按电梯的控制功能进行分段设计。前者程序设计简单,有现成的控制线路作依据,易掌握;后者可以使相同功能的程序集中在一起,程序占用量少。PLC 用于电梯的控制系统具有可靠性高，稳定性好;编程简单，使用方便；维护检修方便等优点。现在 PLC 产品,品种齐全,已成系列化,输入输出点数从 30 点一直到 8 千多点乃至更多。完全可以满足不同层高的电梯控制要求。8