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1、Languages:Chinese vs English语言：中文与英语语言：中文与英语Unit 1Written Chinese:Character Formation and the LayoutTopic 2formationfrmenn.组成;形成layoutleatn.布局，安排，设计;布置图Useful words about Chinese charactersstrokestrkn.笔画，划Scaffoldingscriptskrptn.字体，书写体铅字punctuationpktuenn.标点；强调标点符号Useful words about Chinese characte
2、rsScaffoldingTheoraclebonescript(甲骨文)inthelateShangDynastyBronzeware(brnzwe青铜器)scriptfoundonChineseritualbronzesduringtheWesternZhou dynastyandtheSpringandAutumnPeriodWritten ChineseDifferent scripts of Chinese characters Topic“ThesixcategoriesofChinesecharacters”(六书)intheWarringStatesPeriod古人把汉字的造字
3、方法归纳为六种，总称“六书”，即所谓“象形、指事、会意、形声、转注、假借”。Different scripts of Chinese characters Written ChineseTopicThe seal script(篆书篆书)Formedafterthebronzewarescriptwasembellishedandstylized.The clerical script(隶书隶书)DevelopedintheQindynastyDifferent scripts of Chinese characters Written ChineseThe running script(行书
4、行书)DevelopedinthelateEasternHandynastyandreacheditsprimeintheEasternJin dynastyTopicThe cursive script(草书草书)Thecharactersareoftenentirelyunrecognizablebytheircanonical(knnkl典型的)forms.The regular script(楷书楷书)The archetype(kitap 原 型)of Chinesewriting,in which each stroke of a character isclearlydrawno
5、utfromtheothers.Different scripts of Chinese characters Written ChineseTopicTwosetsofcanonicalformsincontemporary(kntemprri当代的)Chinesewrittenlanguage:TraditionalChinesecharacters(繁体字)currentlyusedinChinasHongKong,Macao,andTaiwanSimplifiedChinesecharacters(简体字)officiallyusedinthemainlandofChinaaswell
6、asinSingaporeandMalaysiaWritten ChineseTopicChinesecharactersarecomposedofstrokeswhichfallintoeightmaincategories:dot(点)horizontal(横)vertical(竖)left-falling(撇)Written ChineseTopicChinesecharactersarecomposedofstrokeswhichfallintoeightmaincategories:right-falling(捺)rising(提)turning(弯)hook(钩)Written C
7、hineseTopicTherearesevenbasicrulesofstrokeorderinwritingaChinesecharacter:Horizontalstrokesarewrittenbeforeverticalones(eg,十).Left-fallingstrokesarewrittenbeforeright-fallingones(eg,人).Characters are written from top tobottom(eg,亏).Characters are written from left toright(eg,孔).Written ChineseTopicI
8、facharacterisframedfromabove,theframeiscompletedfirst(eg,月).Ifacharacterisframedfrombelow,theframeiscompletedlast(eg,日).Inasymmetricalcharacter,themiddleisdrawnfirst,thenthesides(eg,小).Written ChineseTopicSupplementary(splmentri补充的)rules:“Character-spanning strokes last”:Verticalstrokes that pass th
9、rough many otherstrokesarewrittenafterthestrokesthroughwhichtheypass.“Dotsandminorstrokeslast”rulerequiringthatminorstrokesareusuallywrittenlast.Written ChineseTopicAllChinesecharactersarelogograms(lrm音文字):Pictographic(pktgrfk象形的)derivedfrompictographsinwhichthecharacterisagraphicaldepictionoftheobj
10、ectitdenotes(eg,木)Ideographic(,drfk会意的),inwhichthecharacterrepresentsanabstractnotion(eg,上),includingcompoundideographsinwhichtwoormorepartsareusedfortheirmeaning(eg,尘).林，会意字。两个木字并列，表示许多木长在一个地方，这些木就是“林”。林作偏旁的字：淋、琳、霖、惏、啉、崊、晽、麻等。Written ChineseTopic形声字形声字形声者，以事为名，形声者，以事为名，取譬相成，江河是也。取譬相成，江河是也。说文解字说文解字P
11、ictophonetic(pktfnetk形声字)characters:onepartindicatingthegeneralsemantic(smntk语义的)category,andtheotheranothercharacterusedforitsphoneticvalue(e.g.清).Phoneticloancharacters(假借字)a character is used for some entirely differentpurposesfrombefore(e.g.难)说文解字注:鸟也。今为难易字、而本义隐矣。形 声 字Written ChineseTopicChinese
12、charactersconformtoaroughlysquareframe.Traditionally,Chinesetextwaswritteninverticalcolumns(klmz竖 栏)read from top tobottom,righttoleft,stillusedforeffectorwherespacerequiresit,suchasforsignaturesoronspines(spanz书脊)ofbooks.TextwritteninclassicalChineseuseslittleornopunctuation(标点),so sentence and phr
13、asebreaks are determined by context and rhythm(rm节奏,韵律).Written ChineseThe layout of Chinese Characters TopicInmoderntimes,theleft-to-righthorizontallayoutofChinesehasbecomepopular.Thehorizontalrowsarereadfromlefttoright,thentopofthepagetothebottom.InmainlandChina,thegovernmentmandatedleft-to-rightw
14、ritinginthe1950s.Theuseofpunctuationhasalsobecomemorecommon,whetherthetextiswrittenincolumnsorrows.Written ChineseTopicChinesepunctuationmarksareinfluencedbytheirWesterncounterparts,thoughsomemarksareuniquetoChinese.Written ChineseTopicWritten ChineseAspectsofwrittenChineselanguage:TherulesforChinesecharacterformationThescriptsThelayoutSummaryChinese CalligraphyAvideoonChinesecalligraphy请从以下网址加入视频)https:/