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1、托福阅读长难句的逻辑关系托福阅读长难句的逻辑关系 王奇王奇在日常生活中,随处都可以看到浪费粮食的现象。也许你并未意识到自己在浪费,也许你认为浪费这一点点算不了什么四大逻辑关系四大逻辑关系对比转折关系对比转折关系 因果关系因果关系 比较关系比较关系否定关系否定关系在日常生活中,随处都可以看到浪费粮食的现象。也许你并未意识到自己在浪费,也许你认为浪费这一点点算不了什么因果关系(因果关系(显显性)性)因因:because,for,as,since,inthat+句子becauseof,onaccountof+名词或名词短语eg.Shewasfortunateinthatshehadfriendsto
2、helpher.Sheretiredearlyonaccountofillhealth.果果:so,sothat,therefore,thereby,asaresult,hence,thus,consequently,accordingly(用于句首)在日常生活中,随处都可以看到浪费粮食的现象。也许你并未意识到自己在浪费,也许你认为浪费这一点点算不了什么因果关系(因果关系(隐隐性)性)A.A.导致(因导致(因-果果):cause,reason,leadto,giveriseto,resultin,make,render,push,fuel,stimulate,spark,spurEg.Hisr
3、uderemarksfueledheranger.Thisaccidentalkillingsparkedmajorriotsinthecities.Theshockofthediscoveryrenderedhimspeechless.Thegirlslovingcarespurredhisrecovery.Unhygienicconditionsgiverisetodisease.在日常生活中,随处都可以看到浪费粮食的现象。也许你并未意识到自己在浪费,也许你认为浪费这一点点算不了什么因果关系(因果关系(隐隐性)性)B.由由而来(果而来(果-因因):resultfrom,derivefrom
4、,originatefrom,stemfrom,beattributabletoTheextremeseriousnessofdesertificationresultsfromthevastareasoflandandtremendousnumbersofpeopleaffected,aswellasfromthegreatdifficultyofreversingorevenslowingtheprocess.(句子转化)逻辑:因果逻辑:因果主干主干:SeriousnessresultsfromAandB,aswellasCorD.在日常生活中,随处都可以看到浪费粮食的现象。也许你并未意识
5、到自己在浪费,也许你认为浪费这一点点算不了什么解题要点Whichofthefollowingbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentence?Incorrectanswerchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.1.错误选项的特征:a.改变原意,通常与原句表达意思相反;b.遗漏原句的主要信息。2.抓住主要逻辑内容:逻辑关系+主要内容,优先考虑与原句逻辑 关系相同的选项。3.题目要求选择的是与原句主要意思相同的句子,意味着并不是
6、 原句中每一个微小细节都要在正确答案中得到复述。在日常生活中,随处都可以看到浪费粮食的现象。也许你并未意识到自己在浪费,也许你认为浪费这一点点算不了什么Desertificationisasignificantproblembecauseitissohardtoreverseandaffectslargeareasoflandandgreatnumbersofpeople.Slowingdowntheprocessofdesertificationisdifficultbecauseofpopulationgrowththathasspreadoverlargeareasofland.Thes
7、preadofdesertsisconsideredaveryseriousproblemthatcanbesolvedonlyiflargenumbersofpeopleinvariouscountriesareinvolvedintheeffort.Desertificationisextremelyhardtoreverseunlessthepopulationisreducedinthevastareasaffected.在日常生活中,随处都可以看到浪费粮食的现象。也许你并未意识到自己在浪费,也许你认为浪费这一点点算不了什么Desertificationisasignificantpr
8、oblembecauseitissohardtoreverseandaffectslargeareasoflandandgreatnumbersofpeople.在日常生活中,随处都可以看到浪费粮食的现象。也许你并未意识到自己在浪费,也许你认为浪费这一点点算不了什么Slowingdowntheprocessofdesertificationisdifficultbecauseofpopulationgrowththathasspreadoverlargeareasofland.(错误,遗漏重要信息。)在日常生活中,随处都可以看到浪费粮食的现象。也许你并未意识到自己在浪费,也许你认为浪费这一点点
9、算不了什么Thespreadofdesertsisconsideredaveryseriousproblemthatcanbesolvedonlyiflargenumbersofpeopleinvariouscountriesareinvolvedintheeffort.(错误,改变原意。)在日常生活中,随处都可以看到浪费粮食的现象。也许你并未意识到自己在浪费,也许你认为浪费这一点点算不了什么Desertificationisextremelyhardtoreverseunlessthepopulationisreducedinthevastareasaffected.(错误,遗漏重要信息。)
10、在日常生活中,随处都可以看到浪费粮食的现象。也许你并未意识到自己在浪费,也许你认为浪费这一点点算不了什么Desertificationisasignificantproblembecauseitissohardtoreverseandaffectslargeareasoflandandgreatnumbersofpeople.(正确,逻辑关系和主要内容与原句一致。)Slowingdowntheprocessofdesertificationisdifficultbecauseofpopulationgrowththathasspreadoverlargeareasofland.Thesprea
11、dofdesertsisconsideredaveryseriousproblemthatcanbesolvedonlyiflargenumbersofpeopleinvariouscountriesareinvolvedintheeffort.Desertificationisextremelyhardtoreverseunlessthepopulationisreducedinthevastareasaffected.在日常生活中,随处都可以看到浪费粮食的现象。也许你并未意识到自己在浪费,也许你认为浪费这一点点算不了什么对比转折关系对比转折关系对比对比:while,whereas,onth
12、eotherhand转折转折:but,however,yet,nevertheless,nonetheless,conversely,instead,onthecontrary,bycontrast在日常生活中,随处都可以看到浪费粮食的现象。也许你并未意识到自己在浪费,也许你认为浪费这一点点算不了什么转折(句子转化)转折(句子转化)Iftheporesarelarge,thewaterinthemwillexistasdropstooheavyforsurfacetensiontohold,anditwilldrainaway;butiftheporesaresmallenough,thewa
13、terinthemwillexistasthinfilms,toolighttoovercometheforceofsurfacetensionholdingtheminplace;thenthewaterwillbefirmlyheld.在日常生活中,随处都可以看到浪费粮食的现象。也许你并未意识到自己在浪费,也许你认为浪费这一点点算不了什么转折(句子转化)转折(句子转化)Iftheporesarelarge,thewaterinthemwillexistasdropstooheavyforsurfacetensiontohold,anditwilldrainaway;butifthepore
14、saresmallenough,thewaterinthemwillexistasthinfilms,toolighttoovercometheforceofsurfacetensionholdingtheminplace;thenthewaterwillbefirmlyheld.在日常生活中,随处都可以看到浪费粮食的现象。也许你并未意识到自己在浪费,也许你认为浪费这一点点算不了什么转折(句子转化)转折(句子转化)Iftheporesarelarge,thewaterinthemwillexistasdropstooheavyforsurfacetensiontohold,anditwilld
15、rainaway;butiftheporesaresmallenough,thewaterinthemwillexistasthinfilms,toolighttoovercometheforceofsurfacetensionholdingtheminplace;thenthewaterwillbefirmlyheld.在日常生活中,随处都可以看到浪费粮食的现象。也许你并未意识到自己在浪费,也许你认为浪费这一点点算不了什么Surfacetensionisnotstrongenoughtoretaindropsofwaterinrockswithlargeporesbutisstrongeno
16、ughtoholdontothinfilmsofwaterinrockswithsmallpores.Waterinrocksisheldinplacebylargeporesanddrainsawayfromsmallsizeporesthroughsurfacetension.Smallporesandlargeporesbothinteractwithsurfacetensiontodeterminewhetherarockwillholdwaterasheavydropsorasathinfilm.Iftheforceofsurfacetensionistooweaktoholdwat
17、erinplaceasheavydrops,thewaterwillcontinuetobeheldfirmlyinplaceasathinfilmwhenlargeporesexist.在日常生活中,随处都可以看到浪费粮食的现象。也许你并未意识到自己在浪费,也许你认为浪费这一点点算不了什么Surfacetensionisnotstrongenoughtoretaindropsofwaterinrockswithlargeporesbutisstrongenoughtoholdontothinfilmsofwaterinrockswithsmallpores.在日常生活中,随处都可以看到浪费粮
18、食的现象。也许你并未意识到自己在浪费,也许你认为浪费这一点点算不了什么Waterinrocksisheldinplacebylargeporesanddrainsawayfromsmallsizeporesthroughsurfacetension.(错误,与原句意思相反。)在日常生活中,随处都可以看到浪费粮食的现象。也许你并未意识到自己在浪费,也许你认为浪费这一点点算不了什么Smallporesandlargeporesbothinteractwithsurfacetensiontodeterminewhetherarockwillholdwaterasheavydropsorasathin
19、film.(错误,改变原意。)在日常生活中,随处都可以看到浪费粮食的现象。也许你并未意识到自己在浪费,也许你认为浪费这一点点算不了什么Iftheforceofsurfacetensionistooweaktoholdwaterinplaceasheavydrops,thewaterwillcontinuetobeheldfirmlyinplaceasathinfilmwhenlargeporesexist.(错误,与原句意思相反。)在日常生活中,随处都可以看到浪费粮食的现象。也许你并未意识到自己在浪费,也许你认为浪费这一点点算不了什么Surfacetensionisnotstrongenoug
20、htoretaindropsofwaterinrockswithlargeporesbutisstrongenoughtoholdontothinfilmsofwaterinrockswithsmallpores.(正确,逻辑关系和主要内容与原句一致。)Waterinrocksisheldinplacebylargeporesanddrainsawayfromsmallsizeporesthroughsurfacetension.Smallporesandlargeporesbothinteractwithsurfacetensiontodeterminewhetherarockwillhol
21、dwaterasheavydropsorasathinfilm.Iftheforceofsurfacetensionistooweaktoholdwaterinplaceasheavydrops,thewaterwillcontinuetobeheldfirmlyinplaceasathinfilmwhenlargeporesexist.在日常生活中,随处都可以看到浪费粮食的现象。也许你并未意识到自己在浪费,也许你认为浪费这一点点算不了什么比较关系比较关系A.同级比较同级比较:asasB.比较级比较级:morethan,-erthan,lessthanC.变化变化:change,alter,v
22、ary,modify,revise,increase,decrease,enhance,diminish,develop,progress,advance,improve,retreat,degenerate,continue,remainD.差异差异:different,distinguish,separate,similar,comparable,comparetoE.超越超越:surpass,exceed,excel,overF.最高级最高级:a.本身有最高级含义本身有最高级含义:maximum,minimum,peak,outstanding,topb.本身程度比较深本身程度比较深:a
23、mazing,surprising,astonishing,prohibitivelyhighc.否定否定+比较比较=最高级最高级 在日常生活中,随处都可以看到浪费粮食的现象。也许你并未意识到自己在浪费,也许你认为浪费这一点点算不了什么否定词加比较级1.cant/couldnt+比较级Icantagreewithyoumore.Theweathercouldntbeworse.2.not/no/never/nothing/+比较级Thiscouldgivehernogreaterpleasure.Shesneverbetter.再不过了在日常生活中,随处都可以看到浪费粮食的现象。也许你并未意识
24、到自己在浪费,也许你认为浪费这一点点算不了什么比较关系ThedestructioncausedbythevolcanicexplosionofMountSt.Helens,inthenorthwesternUnitedStates,forexample,palesincomparisontothedestructioncausedbyhumans.在日常生活中,随处都可以看到浪费粮食的现象。也许你并未意识到自己在浪费,也许你认为浪费这一点点算不了什么比较关系ThedestructioncausedbythevolcanicexplosionofMountSt.Helens,inthenorth
25、westernUnitedStates,forexample,palesincomparisontothedestructioncausedbyhumans.Apalesincomparisonto/withB相形见绌,显得逊色Lastyearsriotspaledincomparisonwiththislatestoutburstofviolence.在日常生活中,随处都可以看到浪费粮食的现象。也许你并未意识到自己在浪费,也许你认为浪费这一点点算不了什么否定关系否定关系显性否定显性否定:no,not,never,nor,none,neither隐隐性性否定否定:failto,refuse,r
26、emove,miss,reject,absenceof,lackof,morethan(just),farfrom否定前缀否定前缀:a-,ab-,dis-,il-,im-,in-,non-,un-(否定前缀是词汇题中经常出的一个考点,把握否定前缀可以帮助考生把握一些生词,依靠否定前缀对选项进行一个排除。)双重否定双重否定:这种句子形式上虽为否定,实则表示强烈的肯定!在日常生活中,随处都可以看到浪费粮食的现象。也许你并未意识到自己在浪费,也许你认为浪费这一点点算不了什么双重否定双重否定1.否定词 no/not等表示否定意义的形容词。Itisnotuncommonforstudentstodopart-timejobs.2.否定词 no/not/never等withoutWecannotsucceedwithoutyourhelp3.否定词 no/not/never/nobody/few等具有否定意义的 词或短语。Thereisnodenyingthetruth在日常生活中,随处都可以看到浪费粮食的现象。也许你并未意识到自己在浪费,也许你认为浪费这一点点算不了什么四大逻辑关系因果关系(因果关系(result from)对比转折关系(对比转折关系(but)比较关系(否定比较关系(否定+比较,比较,pale in comparison to)否定关系否定关系 (双重否定)(双重否定)