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1、英语语法英语语法二二:句子的种类句子的种类08年12月句子是具有一定的语法结构，表达一个独立完整意义的语言单位。口头表达中，句与句之间略有停顿。书面上，这种停顿用标点符号表示，如句号、逗号、分号或感叹号。句子简单来说就是动作和动作的发出者组成，也就是有主语和谓语构成。并不一定要有宾语。（一一）按使用目的可分为按使用目的可分为 陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。1）陈述句（Declarative Sentences）：说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。Light travels faster than sound.光比声速度快。（说明事实）The film is rather boring.这部电影很乏
2、味。（说明看法）2）疑问句（Interrogative Sentences）：提出问题。有以下四种：a.一般疑问句（General Questions）：Can you finish the work in time?你能按时完成工作吗？b.特殊疑问句（W Questions;H Questions）：Where do you live?你住那儿？How do you know that?你怎么知道那件事？c.选择疑问句（Alternative Questions）：Do you want tea or coffee?你是要茶还是要咖啡？d.反意疑问句（Tag-Questions）：He do
3、esnt know her,does he?他不认识她，对不对？3）祈使句（Imperative Sentences）：提出请求，建议或发出命令，Sit down,please.请坐。Dont be nervous!别紧张！4）感叹句（Exclamatory Sentences）：表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪，What good news it is!多好的消息啊！（二）句子按其结构可以分为以下（二）句子按其结构可以分为以下三类：三类：简单句，并列句，主从复合句1）简单句（Simple Sentences）：只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句，She is fond of collecting
4、 stamps.她喜欢集邮。(主)(谓)2）并列句（Compound Sentences）：包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句，句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接，例如：The food was good,but he had little appetite.(主)(谓)(主)(谓)食物很精美，但他却没什么胃口。3）复合句（Complex Sentences）：包含一个主句从句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句，从句由从属连词引导，The film had begun when we got to the cinema.主句 从句 我们到达电影院的时候，电影已经开演了。（三）基本句型（三）
5、基本句型（Basic Sentence Patterns）英语中千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化而来的：I 句子成分句子的组成成分叫句子成分。在句子中，词与词之间有一定的组合关系，按照不同的关系，可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。句子成分由词或词组充当。英语的基本成分有六种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）和状语(adverbial)。基本句型一：（主谓）基本句型二：（主谓表）基本句型三：（主谓宾）基本句型四：（主谓间宾直宾）基本句型五：（主谓宾宾补）基本句型 一 （主谓
6、）此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等 2 基本句型 二 （主谓表）此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。be,look,keep,seem，get,grow,become,turn等This is an English-Chinese dictionary.这是本英汉辞典。The dinner smells good.午餐的气味很好。Everything looks different
7、.一切看来都不同了。He is growing tall and strong.他长得又高又壮。Our well has gone dry.我们的井干枯了。His face turned red.他的脸红了。3 基本句型 三 （主谓宾）此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。（及物动词）1.Who knows the answer?谁知道答案？2.He has refused to help them.他拒绝帮他们的忙。3.He enjoys reading.他喜欢看书。4.T
8、hey ate what was left over.他们吃了剩饭。5.He said Good morning.他说：早上好！4 基本句型 四 （主谓间宾直宾）此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接，当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时，这一介词往往被省略。（及物）（多指人）（多指物）1.She ordered herself a new dress.她给自己定了一套新衣裳2.She cooked her husband a delicious meal.她给
9、丈夫煮了一餐美馔。3.He brought you a dictionary.他给你带来了一本字典。4.I showed him my pictures.我给他看我的照片。5.I gave my car a wash.我洗了我的汽车此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还 不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。（及物）（宾语）（宾补）1.They appointed him manager.他们任命他当经理。2.They painted the door green.他们把门漆成绿色。3.This set them thinking.这使得
10、他们要细想一想。4.What makes him think so?他怎么会这样想？5.He asked me to come back soon.他要我早点回来。6.I saw them getting on the bus.我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车。注意：以上只是五个基本句型，但是我们在阅读中碰到的是血肉更丰满的句子。下面以基本句型五为例一个句子来扩充一个句子，我们可以加上适当的定语，状语等，使之更血肉丰满：We found the hall full.我们发现礼堂坐满了。We found the great hall full of students and teachers.我们发现
11、大礼堂坐满了学生和教师。We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report.我们发现大礼堂坐满了在听一个重要报告的学生和教师。We found the great hall full of students and teachers listeing to an important report made by a comrade from the Peoples Daily on current affairs in East Europe.我们发现大礼堂坐满了在听人民日
12、报的一位同志作有关东欧局势的重要报告的学生和教师。我们知道按照句子的结构我们可以把句子分为简单句，并列句和复合句。下面我们对三种句式作一说明，以帮助我们对英语句子有更好的理解。1、简单句不管是我们阅读还是写作，构造和理解简单句都是最基本的技能。在这个技能中，记住一点是十分重要的。也就是说：在英语简单句中，只能有而且（一般情况下）必须有一个谓语部分。英语的简单句只有五种基本句型，也就是我们上面提到的五中基本句型，所有的英语句子都不能离开这五种基本句型，所以我们把它们谙熟于心是非常重要而且大有裨益的。再重复一下，这五种句型是：SV,SVC,SVO,SVOC,SVOiOd。其中S=Subject，也
13、就是主语；V=Verbal phrase，也就是谓语部分；C=Complement，表示跟在系动词之后的补语；O=Object，也就是句子的宾语，在最后一种句型中包括间接宾语和直接宾语。2、并列句（compound sentence）英语的并列句一般情况下引不起巨大的阅读障碍，因为在分句之间往往有固定的连接词说明前后分句的关系。这样的连接词有以and为代表的表示意义延伸的并列连词、以or为代表的表示选择概念的并列连词、以but为代表的表示转折的并列连词和表示原因的for四个类型。对此我们分别举例句来说明问题：第一种and型,(and,both A and B,not only A but al
14、so B,neither A nor B)1.The camera takes good picyures,and the price is reasonable.2.He doesnt care for money,nor does he care for fame.第二种or型 （or,either.or）1.The children can go with us,or they can stay at home.2.Take a map with you,or you will be lost.第三种but型 (but,while)He doesnt earn much,but he s
15、pends money freely.Some people waste food,while others have none.第四种for型1.He must have done something wrong,for the teacher called him to the office.2.It must have rained last night,for the ground is wet.3、复合句（complex sentence）如果一个句子充当另一个句子的组成部分，如主语、宾语、表语、同位语、定语、状语等，具有这样结构的句子称为主从复合句。充当某一成分的句子称为从句，带着
16、从句的句子称为主句。从句对主句的关系是从属关系。住句和从句之间有一定的连接词加以连接。从属关系的复合句包括名词性从句(Nominal Clauses)（包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句）、定语从句（Relative Clauses）、状语从句（Adverbial Clauses）。下面我们分别来探究一下什么是名词性从句，定语从句，状语从句。下面我们分别来探究一下什么是名词性从句，定语从句，状语从句。名词性从句：在句子中充当主语、宾语、表语与同位语的句子分别叫做主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句，这些从句统称为名词性从句。（一）主语从句在复合句中用作主语的从句叫主语从句。Tha
17、t you are leaving is a pity.你要走，真遗憾。What matters is how you live.重要的是你如何生活。Where he lives is not clear.他住哪儿不清楚。Who will stay makes no difference.谁留下来都一样。Whether the football game will be played depends on the weather.足球比赛是否举行将视天气而定。注意：J主语从句中的连接词（引导词）为：从属连词 that，if，whether连接代词 who，whom，whose，which，wh
18、at连接副词 when，where，how，whya.所有wh-疑问词引导的主语从句不仅起连接主句与从句的作用，而且还在从句中担任各类成分及具有词汇意义，而that在从句中仅起连接作用，没有词汇意义，但 that引导的主语从句时，that不可以省.b.主语从句表示是否只能用whether引导。c.主语从句的语序是陈述句的语序J但是大部分主语从句都可以用it作形式主语，这主要是为了保持句子平衡，主语从句常用it作形式主语，将主语从句后置。用it作形式主语的主语从句结构有如下几种：a.It is+名词+that从句b.It is+形容词+that从句c.It+动词+that从句d.It is+过去
19、分词+that从句a.It is+名词+that从句Its a pity that we cant go.很遗憾我们不能去。It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.英语正在被人们接受为一种国际语言，这是一个事实。b.It is+形容词+that从句It is certain that she will do well in her exam.毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。It is probable that he told her everything.很可能他把一切都告诉她了c.It+动词
20、+that从句It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all.艾丽丝似乎不来参加晚会。It happened that I was out that day.碰巧我那天外出了。(=I happened to be out that day.)d.It is+过去分词+that从句It is said that Mr.Green has arrived in Beijing.据说格林先生已经到了北京。It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite i
21、nto orbit.据报道中国又成功地发射了一颗人造地球卫星。用形式主语it引导的主语从句相当多，有些已形成固定的语法和译法。常见的有：It is said that.据说 It is reported that.据报导 It is well known that.众所周知 It is announced that.据宣布 It is believed that.人们相信 It is thought that.人们认为 It is understood that.自不待言 It must be pointed out that.必须指出 It must be admitted that.必须承
22、认 其他情况 It doesnt matter whether she will come or not.她是否来这无关紧要。It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting.我们在哪里开会毫无区别。It suddenly occurred to her that she had forgotten to lock the door.她突然想到她忘记锁门了。并且当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时，宜用it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。Is it possible that they may complete the task a
23、head of time?他们有可能提前完成任务吗？Does it matter much that he wont be able to come tomorrow?他明天来不了很要紧吗？此外连接代词what,whoever,whatever,whichever等引导的主语从句不宜用it作形式主语。Is what he told us really true?他所告诉我们的的确是真的吗？Whichever of you want to come to our party will be welcome.你们中任何想来参加我们晚会的人都欢迎。J使用虚拟语气的主语从句在It is suggest
24、ed,ordered,requested,insisted,etc.+that从句中，谓语部分用should+动词原形，should常被省略。It is suggested that we(should)do the experiment a second time.有人建议我们再做一次实验。在It is important,natural,necessary,funny,strange,surprising,a pity,a shame,no wonder etc.+that从句中，谓语部分常用should+动词原形，should常被省略。It is important and necess
25、ary that we(should)keep the balance of nature.我们要维持生态平衡，这是重要而且必不可少的。It is a pity that you(should)miss such a good chance.真遗憾你竟然失去这么好的机会。（二）宾语从句宾语从句 The Object Clause，在复合句中作主句的宾语，它属于名词性从句。它可以作主句谓语动词的宾语，也可以作介词的宾语。宾语从句以从句的句式来决定连接词。宾语从句有四步曲1.连接词（引导词）相同于主语从句 从属连词 that，if，whether连接代词 who，whom，whose，which，
26、what连接副词 when，where，how，why2.语序：从句的词序用陈述语序（主+谓）3.时态：如主句的时态如果是过去时，从句的时态应以过去时为基础作相应的变化。一般来说宾语从句的时态作以下相应的变化a.从现在时间推移到过去时间：一般现在时 一般过去时现在进行时 过去进行时现在完成时 过去完成时现在完成进行时 过去完成进行时 b.从过去时间推移到过去的过去时间一般过去时 过去完成时过去完成时 过去完成时 c.从将来时间推移到过去将来时间一般将来时 一般过去将来时4.人称：要根据句中的意义作相应的变化注意：1使用宾语从句还有一个要注意的问题是在think,believe,suppose,
27、expect等动词所跟的宾语中，如果从句谓语是否定的，一般要将否定词移到主句谓语上，而将从句的谓语变为肯定形式。I dont think he has time to play football with you.我想他没有时间和你踢足球。I dont suppose it is the rush hour yet.我估计现在未到（交通）高峰时间。（三）表语从句表语从句放在连系动词之后，充当复合句中的表语。1可接表语从句的连系动词有be,look,seem,ound,appear等。China is no longer what she used to be.今日的中国不再是过去的中国了。Th
28、e question remains whether they will be able to help us.问题还是他们能否帮我们。At that time,it seemed as if I couldnt think of the right word anyhow.当时，我似乎怎么也想不出一个恰当的字眼来。注意：表语从句中的连接词如主语从句，宾语从句，但是同主语从句一样连词that引导的表语从句中that不可以省，表语语从句表示是否只能用whether2使用虚拟语气的表语从句在表示建议、劝告、命令含义的名词后的表语从句，谓语动词需用should+动词原形表示，should可省略。常见
29、的词有：advice,suggestion,order,proposal,plan,idea等。My suggestion is that we(should)start early tomorrow.我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。His proposal was that they(should)challenge the other classes to a friendly competition.他的提议是挑战别的班级进行一场友谊竞赛。（四）同位语从句同位语从句用于对前面的名词作进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容。同位语从句一般由that引导，但也可以由whether以及连接代词和连接副词
30、引导。1同位语从句一般跟在名词的后面同位语从句一般跟在名词fact,hope,idea,news,doubt,suggestion,information,opinion,decision,discovery,truth,promise,statement,problem,rule等后面。They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.对你生病这件事，他们都很焦虑。Where did you get the idea that I could not come?你在哪儿听说我不能来？状语从句：状语从句Adverb
31、ial Clause，从句用作状语称为状语从句。根据用途，状语从句可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、方式、让步、结果、目的、比较等状语从句。（一）时间状语从句（二）地点状语从句（三）.原因状语从句（四）条件状语从句（五）.方式状语从句六）让步状语从句(七)结果状语从句（八）目的状语从句（九）比较状语从句（一）时间状语从句时间状语从句表示时间，常用的关联词有when,until,as,after,before,once,since,as soon as,whenever,no soonerthan,hardly/scarcely/barelywhen,the moment,every time等等。
32、1)When you cross a main road,you must be careful.2)He went out to play football after he had finished his homework.3)Wait until you are called.4)I cant recognize you.You are so changed since last we met.5)He is so terrible once he is drunk.（二）地点状语从句地点状语从句表示地点，常用的关联词有where,wherever等。1)Put it where yo
33、u found it.2)Sit down wherever you like.（三）.原因状语从句原因状语从句表示原因或理由，常用的关联词有because,as,since,for,now that,considering that(由于考虑到)等。1)I eat ice-cream so much because I like sweet food.2)As I didnt know the way,I asked a policeman.3)Since you wont help me,Ill ask someone else.（四）条件状语从句条件状语从句表示真实的或现实的条件，引导从
34、句所用的关联词有if,unless,suppose,in case(that),in the event(that),as(so)long as，provided/providing that,on condition that等等。1.If it snows tomorrow,we will build a snowman.2.Youll be late,unless you hurry.3.Suppose we are late,what will he say?(suppose从句必须放在主句之前)我们如果迟到了，他会说什么？4.In the event that our team wi
35、ns,there will be a party.5.In case it rains,do not expect me.如果下雨，就不要等我了。6.He will do anything as(so)long as it is interesting.只要好玩，他什么都愿意做。（五）.方式状语从句方式状语从句表示动作的方式，回答How的问题，常用关联词as,as if,as though,the way(that),in the way(that)等引导，一般置于主语之后。Do as I say.I did just as you told me.照我说的去做。我就是照你说的去做的。He a
36、cts as if/as though he were the owner.他行为举止好象是这儿的主人似的。They did it in a way that I had never seen before.他们以我从没见过的方式行事。I was never allowed to sing the way I wanted to.我从未被允许用自己想用的方式唱歌。（六）让步状语从句让步状语从句表示“虽然、尽管、即使”等概念，使句子具有对比的因素。常用的关联词有although,though,even if,even though,whether,as,however,while,no matt
37、er+特殊疑问词，特殊疑问词+ever1)Although you feel very ill right now,this is still a common disease.2)We intend to go U.S.,even if air fares are expensive.3)I wouldnt go to see the new movie no matter who recommends it.(七)结果状语从句结果状语从句表示结果，常由连词sothat,such(a/an)that,so that,such that等引导，置于主语之后。1)She was so frigh
38、tened about the dog that she cried.2)The news worried him so much that he didnt sleep at all for the whole night.3)They are such wonderful players that no one can beat them.4)We arrived early,so that we got good seats.（八）目的状语从句目的状语从句表示目的，回答what for或for what purpose的问题，常用关联词so that,in order that，lest
39、等引导，一般置于主语之后。目的状语从句中的谓语动词常由“情态动词+动词原形”构成1)We arrived early so that we could get good seats.2)Ships carry lifeboats so that people can escape if the ship sinks.3)They wrote the notice in several languages so that foreigners could understand it.（九）比较状语从句常用的关联词有as,than,asas,not soas,the morethe more1)A
40、ir is to men as water is to fish.2)The more civilized a man becomes,the less he is limited by the disadvantage of his environment.定语从句定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词有：who,whom,whose,that,which等。关系副词有：when,where,why等（一）关系代词引导的定语从句（二）关系副
41、词引导的定语从句（三）.限制性和非限制性定语从句（四）.先行词和关系词二合一（五）注意：that和what的用法一）关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语、表语等成分。1）先行词指人，关系代词用who,whom,that，这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从
42、句中作宾语）2）先行词指物，关系代词用which,that，它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，The package(which/that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。(which/that在句中作宾语)3)Whose用来指人或物，(只用作定语,若指物，它还可以同of which互换），They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。Please pass me the book whose
43、 cover is green.=Please pass me the bok the cover of which is green.=Please pass me the book of which the cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。4)只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况a)在there be句型中，只用that，不用which。b)在不定代词，如：anything,nothing,the one,all,much,few,any,little等作先行词时，只用that，不用 which。c)先行词有the only,the very修饰时，只用that。
44、d)先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。e)先行词既有人，又有物时,只用that。（二）关系副词引导的定语从句先行词是指时间、地点或理由的名词，引导词可用关系副词并在从句中作状语。1）when,where,why是关系副词，它们的含义相当于介词+which结构，因此常常和介词+which结构交替使用.There are occasions when(on which)one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。Beijing is the place where(in which)I was born.北京是我的出生地。Is this the reason why
45、(for which)he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？2）怎样判断关系代词与关系副词方法一：用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面跟宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词后不跟宾语，则要求用关系副词。This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where,when联系在一起。方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中
46、的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例1.Is this museum _ you visited a few days age?A.whereB.that C.on which D.the one2.Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held？A.whereB.that C.on whichD.the one答案：例1 D，例2 A例1变为肯定句：This museum is _ you visited a few days ago.例2变为肯定句：This is the museum _ the exhibition
47、 was held.在句1中，所缺部分为表语（也是先行词），而where,that,on which都不能起到先行词的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，而关系代词在宾语从句中作宾语，我们就可以省略关系代词，所以应选D而句2中,主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in+which引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on用的不对，所以选A。所以关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词(who,whom,that,which,whose)；先行词在从句中做状语时，应选
48、择关系副词(where地点状语，when时间状语，why原因状语)。（三）.限制性和非限制性定语从句1)定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，This is the house which we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）The house,which we bought last month,is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）2)非限制性定语从句出了能修饰一个
49、先行词外，还能将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，关系代词多用which或as.He seems not to have grasped what I meant,which greatly upsets me.他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。Liquid water changes to vapor,which is called evaporation.液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。注意：Jas,which引导非限定性定语从句，相当于and this或and that，As一般放在句首，which在句中。As we know,smoking is har
50、mful to ones health.The sun heats the earth,which is very important to u J as可引导非限制性从句，常含有正如的意思。As we know,smoking is harmful to ones health.As is known,smoking is harmful to ones health.（四）.先行词和关系词二合一 我们还会碰到一些先行词和关系词合二为一的情况，如：1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.(划线部分为主语从句 但Whoever可以用 an