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1、阅读方法与技巧阅读中主旨大意题的题型分类阅读中主旨大意题的题型分类标题类：标题类：体现概括性体现概括性,避免远离主题避免远离主题(1)Thebesttitleforthispassageis.(1)Thebesttitleforthispassageis.(2)Thesuitableheadlineforthispassagemaybe(2)Thesuitableheadlineforthispassagemaybe(3)Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideaofthepassageis.(3)Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideaofthe
2、passageis.(4)Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleofthispassage?(4)Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleofthispassage?段落主旨：段落主旨：体现针对性体现针对性,避免张冠李戴避免张冠李戴(1)Themainideaofthesecondparagraphprobablyisthat.(1)Themainideaofthesecondparagraphprobablyisthat.(2)Whatisthelastparagraphchieflyconcernedwith?(2)What
3、isthelastparagraphchieflyconcernedwith?(3)WhichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizeParagraphone?(3)WhichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizeParagraphone?(4)Whatsthemainideadiscussedinthefirstparagraph?(4)Whatsthemainideadiscussedinthefirstparagraph?文章主旨：文章主旨：体现全面性体现全面性,避免以偏概全避免以偏概全(1)Whatisthepassagemainlyabout
4、?(1)Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?(2)Thepassagetalksabout.(2)Thepassagetalksabout.(3)Thepassagetellsusthat.(3)Thepassagetellsusthat.(4)Thispassagemainlydealswith.(4)Thispassagemainlydealswith.(5)Whatsthemainidea/topicofthepassage?(5)Whatsthemainidea/topicofthepassage?主题句在段首主题句在段首一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后的句子则
5、是论证性细节。Smokingcigarettesisharmfultoyourhealth.ExperimentsSmokingcigarettesisharmfultoyourhealth.Experimentsshowthatcigarettesmokingcancausecancer.Besidestheshowthatcigarettesmokingcancausecancer.Besidesthemostseriousandterriblediseaseillness),cancer,cigarettemostseriousandterriblediseaseillness),can
6、cer,cigarettesmokingalsocancauseotherhealthproblems.Forsmokingalsocancauseotherhealthproblems.Forexample,itcangiveonea“smokerscough”.Finally,example,itcangiveonea“smokerscough”.Finally,studieshaveshownitiseasyforcigarettesmokerstocatchstudieshaveshownitiseasyforcigarettesmokerstocatchcolds.Whetheryo
7、ugetanunimportantcoldorterriblekiller,colds.Whetheryougetanunimportantcoldorterriblekiller,cancer,smokingisharmful.Isitworthit?cancer,smokingisharmful.Isitworthit?What is the main idea?A.cigarette smoking can cause cancerB.smoking can cause the most serious and terrible disease(illness)C.smoking als
8、o can cause other health problemsD.smoking is harmful.On26January,AustraliaDay,inover200locationsacrossthenation,morethan9,000peoplewillbecomeAustraliancitiziens.“Bythesecitizenshipceremonieswewelcomethosewhohavecomefromoverseasfrommanydifferentculturalandsocialbackgroundsintoourcommunitiesandournat
9、ion,”saidtheMinisterforCitizenshipandMulticulturalAffairs.“AustraliaDaycelebrationsthatincludepeoplefromsomanybirthplacesareanezcellentwaytoencouragetolerance,respectandfriendshipamongallthepeopleofAustralia.”Mostcitizenshipceremonieswillbefollowedbydisplaysofsinginganddancingfrommanyofthemigrantsho
10、melandsandthetastingoffoodfromallovertheworld.OnAustraliaDay,_.A.peoplesinganddancetogetherB.peopleenjoyAustraliafoodC.somepeoplefromoverseaswereacceptedasthecitizensinAustraliaD.peoplecantravelalloverAustraliaReadingtodogsisanunusualwaytohelpchildrenimprovetheirliteracyskills(读写能力).Withtheirshining
11、browneyes,waggingtails,andunconditionallove,dogscanprovidethenonjudgmentallistenersneededforabeginningreadertogainconfidence(自信心),accordingtoIntermountainTherapyAnimals(ITA)inSaltLakeCity.Thegroupsaysitisthefirstprograminthecountrytousedogstohelpdevelopliteracyinchildren,withtheintroductionofReading
12、EducationAssistanceDogs(READ).TheSaltLakeCityPublicLibraryissoldontheidea.“Literacyspecialistsadmitthatchildrenwhoreadbelowtheleveloftheirfellowpupilsareoftenafraidofreadingaloudinagroup,oftenhavelowerself-respect,andregardreadingasaheadache,”saidLisaMyron,managerofthechildrensdepartment.LastNovembe
13、rthetwogroupsstarted“DogDayAfternoon”inthechildrensdepartmentofthemainlibrary.About25childrenattendedeachofthefourSaturday-afternoonclasses,readingforhalfanhour.Thosewhoattendedthreeofthefourclassesreceiveda“pawgraphed”bookatthelastclass.TheprogramwassosuccessfulthatthelibraryplanstorepeatitinApril,
14、accordingtoDanaThumpowsky,publicrelationsmanager.Whatismainlydiscussedinthetext?A.Childrensreadingdifficulties.B.Advantagesofraisingdogs.C.Serviceinapubliclibrary.D.Aspecialreadingprogram 有些文章或段落无明显的主题句有些文章或段落无明显的主题句,只是暗示性地体现主题只是暗示性地体现主题.这就要求在阅读过这就要求在阅读过程中根据文中所叙述的程中根据文中所叙述的事实事实或提供的或提供的线索线索来概括总结主旨大意来
15、概括总结主旨大意Ifyouwereplanningtobuyatelevisionset,thefollowingadvertisementwouldcertainlydrawyourattention:“ColorTV.Only79.Twodayssale.Hurry.”However,whenyougotothestorereadytobuy.Youmaydiscoverthattheyaresoldout.Buttheshopassistantisquicktotellyouthathehasanothermodel.Amuchbettersetwhichis“justrightfory
16、ou”Itcosts395.Thissalesmethodiscalled“baitandswitch”.Buyersarebaitedwithasalesadvertisement,andthentheyareswitchedtoanothermoreexpensiveone.Buyingthingsonsaleneedscarefulconsiderationofthegoodsandthereasonforthesale.Theparagraphcouldbeentitled_.A.BuyingATVSetB.ASellingMethodC.BuyerBewareD.TVOnSale 有
17、些文章或段落无明显的主题句有些文章或段落无明显的主题句,只是暗示性地体现主题只是暗示性地体现主题.这就这就要求在阅读过程中根据文中所叙述的要求在阅读过程中根据文中所叙述的事实事实或提供的或提供的线索线索来概括总来概括总结主旨大意结主旨大意TomstudiedfouryearsattheUniversityofParisanddecidedtoleavebeforehisgraduation.HetransferredtotheUniversityofBerlinandgraduatedwithhonors.HarvardLawSchooland,later,BostonCollegeprovi
18、dedhimwithanexcellentlegalbackground.HeispresentlyacorporationlawyerinMiami,Florida.Themainideaofthisparagraphisthat_.A.Tom,whohadstudiedatParisUniversitiesforfouryears,movedtoanotheruniversity.B.TombecamealawyersincehisgraduationfromHarvardLawSchoolandlaterfromBostonCollege.C.Tomwasanexcellentstude
19、ntwhenhestudiedatBerlinuniversity.D.Tomreceivedanexcellenteducation.任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词Aneweight-kilometerroadisunderconstructionthatlinkstheportareawithmotorwaysystem.Itisexpectedtocarry20,000trucksandc
20、arsaday,whichgreatlyreducestheovercrowdedtrafficinthecenterofthecity.Aspartoftheproject,twofour-kilometerroadtunnelsarebeingbuiltbelowthecentralareaofthecity,onefortraffictothenorthandtheotherforthetraffictothesouth.Thetwotunnelsareabout20metersbelowthesurfaceandare12meterswide,providingfortwolaneso
21、ftrafficineachdirection.Intheupperpartofthetunneltwoair-conditioningpipesremovethewastegasoftrucksandcarsandkeepthequalityofairinsidethetunnel.Thelightingisatthetopofthetunnel,practicallyatitshighestpoint.Therewillalsobeelectricsignsatfrequentintervals.Theyshowtrafficconditionsaheadandcanbeseenclear
22、lybydrivers.Thewallismadeupoffourmainelements,whichincludeawaterproofingcoveringand,ontheinsideofthetunnel,aconcretelining.Eachtunnelisroughlyroundandthelowerpartofthetunnelissomewhatflat.Thesurfaceoftheroadliesonthebase,whichismadeofconcreteandsteel.Thedrainagesystem,justbelowtheroadsurfaceononesid
23、e,removesanyextraliquid,particularlywater.Intheeventoffire,thefiremain,whichismadeofsteel,pipeswatertomanyfirehydrantstationsatregularintervalsalongthelengthofthetunnel.Thefiremainisatthesideofthetunnelandattheleveloftheroadsurface.Othersystemsinthetunnelwillincludeemergencyphones.Thepassageismainly
24、about_.A.theconstructionofaroadB.thedesignofaroadC.theconstructionoftwotunnelsD.thedesignoftwotunnels 猜测词义类根据因果关系进行判断根据因果关系进行判断根据因果关系进行判断根据因果关系进行判断根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。因。（NMET2001，A篇）篇）Biggest power failure in the citys historyAll of our ice-cream and frozen foods melted根据转折或对
25、比关系进行判断根据转折或对比关系进行判断根据上下句的连接词根据上下句的连接词，如：，如：but，however，otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。分号（；）还可以表示转折、一句的含义。分号（；）还可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。对比或不相干的意义。He has been getting better，but during the night his condition deteriorated 根据上下文解释做出判断：其方法主要有：根据上下文解释做出判断：其方法主要有：
26、根据上下文解释做出判断：其方法主要有：根据上下文解释做出判断：其方法主要有：1 1根据文中的定义、解释猜生词根据文中的定义、解释猜生词根据文中的定义、解释猜生词根据文中的定义、解释猜生词 。例如：例如：Skimming means looking over a passage quickly to get the main idea before you begin to read it carefully 2 2利用事例或解释猜生词利用事例或解释猜生词利用事例或解释猜生词利用事例或解释猜生词 。例如例如：The doctor is studying glaucoma and other di
27、seases of the eye 3 3利用重复解释的信息猜生词利用重复解释的信息猜生词利用重复解释的信息猜生词利用重复解释的信息猜生词 。例如例如：Mr.Smith always arrives home punctually，neither early nor late解题技巧1.1.比较原则比较原则比较原则比较原则：如果：如果A A选项能够证明选项能够证明B B选项成立，那么证明选项成立，那么证明B B比比A A好，依次类推，直接得出答案。注意：该原则只能用在选好，依次类推，直接得出答案。注意：该原则只能用在选项有共同点，且待选选项都与原文沾边，但是较难排除的情项有共同点，且待选选项都
28、与原文沾边，但是较难排除的情况况例例1 1：ThispassageismainlyaboutThispassageismainlyaboutAATeacheroftheYear2004intheUnitedStatesTeacheroftheYear2004intheUnitedStates（描述（描述一个老师）一个老师）B BMsMellorsEnglishteachinginstructionMsMellorsEnglishteachinginstruction（他是英语老（他是英语老师）师）C CMsMellorsteachingskillsoflearningEnglishMsMell
29、orsteachingskillsoflearningEnglish（教英（教英语技巧的老师）语技巧的老师）D DpraisestoMsMellorfromotherteacherspraisestoMsMellorfromotherteachers（得到表扬（得到表扬的老师）的老师）我们看我们看BCDBCD选项都能证明选项都能证明A A对（描述一个老师），那么对（描述一个老师），那么就直接选就直接选A A，我们不要管为什么，也不必从原文去验证。，我们不要管为什么，也不必从原文去验证。从范围最大角度上说，从范围最大角度上说，A A的范围最大，所以也选的范围最大，所以也选A A。用信。用信息为零
30、原则来看，当把共同点去了（老师），息为零原则来看，当把共同点去了（老师），A A选项信息选项信息为零，所以为零，所以A A放在任何文章都能成立。放在任何文章都能成立。例2：（题目不用看了）A.如何使用幽默B.演讲中加入幽默C.不同的幽默战术ABC三个选项都是与原文沾边的待选答案，那么按A推B原则，BC都可说明A“如何使用幽默”，但A并不能证明使用幽默代表着在演讲中加入，或者变成战术，所以直接选A。范围最大原则范围最大原则范围最大原则范围最大原则：答案中描述的范围越大，表达的越虚幻，则更加正确，所谓选项虚就是它：答案中描述的范围越大，表达的越虚幻，则更加正确，所谓选项虚就是它不特定指什么条件，而
31、是放在哪都说的通，从而无从挑出毛病。因为英语表述中越实在，不特定指什么条件，而是放在哪都说的通，从而无从挑出毛病。因为英语表述中越实在，哪怕和原文语句一致，也只能表示他描述的越片面。哪怕和原文语句一致，也只能表示他描述的越片面。ParentsshouldstopblamingthemselvesbecausetheresnotalottheycandoParentsshouldstopblamingthemselvesbecausetheresnotalottheycandoaboutit.Imeantheteenagerproblem.Whateveryoudoorhoweveryouabo
32、utit.Imeantheteenagerproblem.Whateveryoudoorhoweveryouchoosetodealwithit,atcertaintimesawonderful,reasonableandhelpfulchildchoosetodealwithit,atcertaintimesawonderful,reasonableandhelpfulchildwillturnintoaterribleanimal.willturnintoaterribleanimal.Iveseenfriendsdealwithitinallkindsofdifferentways.On
33、estrictmotherIveseenfriendsdealwithitinallkindsofdifferentways.Onestrictmotherinsistedthatherson,rightfromachild,shouldstandupwheneveranyoneinsistedthatherson,rightfromachild,shouldstandupwheneveranyoneenteredtheroom,opendoorsandshakehandslikeagentleman.Isawhimlastenteredtheroom,opendoorsandshakehan
34、dslikeagentleman.IsawhimlastweekwhenIcalledround.Sprawlinghimself(weekwhenIcalledround.Sprawlinghimself(懒散地躺）懒散地躺）onthesofainfullonthesofainfulllength,hemadenoattempttoturnofftheloudTVhewaswatchingasIwalkedlength,hemadenoattempttoturnofftheloudTVhewaswatchingasIwalkedin,andhisgreetingwasnomorethanaq
35、uickglanceatme.Hismotherwasin,andhisgreetingwasnomorethanaquickglanceatme.Hismotherwasashamed.“Idontknowwhattodowithhimthesedays,”shesaid.“Hesashamed.“Idontknowwhattodowithhimthesedays,”shesaid.“Hesforgottenallthemannerswetaughthim.”forgottenallthemannerswetaughthim.”Hehasntforgottenthem.Hesjustdeci
36、dedthathesnotgoingtousethem.Hehasntforgottenthem.Hesjustdecidedthathesnotgoingtousethem.Sheconfessed(Sheconfessed(坦白）坦白）thatshewouldliketocomeupbehindhimandthrowthatshewouldliketocomeupbehindhimandthrowhimdownfromthesofaontothefloor.himdownfromthesofaontothefloor.Anothergoodfriendofminelethertwodaug
37、htersclimballoverthefurniture,Anothergoodfriendofminelethertwodaughtersclimballoverthefurniture,reachacrossthetable,stareatmeandsay,“Idontlikeyourdress;itsugly.”reachacrossthetable,stareatmeandsay,“Idontlikeyourdress;itsugly.”Oneofthedaughtershasrecentlybeendrivenoutofschool.TheotherhasleftOneofthed
38、aughtershasrecentlybeendrivenoutofschool.Theotherhaslefthome.home.“Wheredidwegowrong?”herparentsarenowverysad.Probablynowhere“Wheredidwegowrong?”herparentsarenowverysad.Probablynowheremuch.Atleast,nomorethantherestofthatunfortunaterace,parents.much.Atleast,nomorethantherestofthatunfortunaterace,pare
39、nts.71.Thistextismostprobablywrittenby_.71.Thistextismostprobablywrittenby_.A.anexpertinteenagerstudiesB.aheadmasterofamiddleschoolA.anexpertinteenagerstudiesB.aheadmasterofamiddleschoolC.aparentwithteenagechildrenD.adoctorformentalhealthproblemsC.aparentwithteenagechildrenD.adoctorformentalhealthpr
40、oblems若有两个选项意思相反，必有一个正确若有两个选项意思相反，必有一个正确若有两个选项意思相反，必有一个正确若有两个选项意思相反，必有一个正确（两个相反选项合起（两个相反选项合起来的内容就是包含全部内容）来的内容就是包含全部内容）绝对词否决法绝对词否决法绝对词否决法绝对词否决法 答案项中有绝对语气词的一般不是正确答案项。这些语气词有答案项中有绝对语气词的一般不是正确答案项。这些语气词有答案项中有绝对语气词的一般不是正确答案项。这些语气词有答案项中有绝对语气词的一般不是正确答案项。这些语气词有:must,always,never,the most,all,only,have to,any,
41、no,very,must,always,never,the most,all,only,have to,any,no,very,completely,none,hardlycompletely,none,hardly等等等等。怀疑词判断法怀疑词判断法怀疑词判断法怀疑词判断法 选项中含有不十分肯定的语气词一般是正确答案项。这些语气词有选项中含有不十分肯定的语气词一般是正确答案项。这些语气词有选项中含有不十分肯定的语气词一般是正确答案项。这些语气词有选项中含有不十分肯定的语气词一般是正确答案项。这些语气词有can,could,may,should,usually,might,most(can,co
42、uld,may,should,usually,might,most(大多数大多数大多数大多数),more or),more or less,relatively,be likely to,possible,whether or,not less,relatively,be likely to,possible,whether or,not necessarily necessarily 等。等。等。等。关键词对应法关键词对应法关键词对应法关键词对应法 选项中照抄原文的一般不是答案项，而同义替换的一般是选项。选项中照抄原文的一般不是答案项，而同义替换的一般是选项。选项中照抄原文的一般不是答案项，
43、而同义替换的一般是选项。选项中照抄原文的一般不是答案项，而同义替换的一般是选项。篇章能力训练：如何快速读懂文章方向1 1、段首句：注重关系词，如（、段首句：注重关系词，如（thisthis、it it、suchsuch、asaresultasaresult等明显和上文有关联的）等明显和上文有关联的）2 2、转折：如果原文第一句话描述一个观点，第、转折：如果原文第一句话描述一个观点，第二句话开始做论据，接着来个转折词，如二句话开始做论据，接着来个转折词，如howeverhowever等描述第三句话也是表达一个观点，必等描述第三句话也是表达一个观点，必然会推翻第一句话的观点，因此转折后的句子是然会
44、推翻第一句话的观点，因此转折后的句子是我们所要的内容。如果转折词后的句子也是一个我们所要的内容。如果转折词后的句子也是一个论据，那么代表它是由反面意思来证明第一句的论据，那么代表它是由反面意思来证明第一句的观点是正确的，大家要注意有所区分。观点是正确的，大家要注意有所区分。3 3、带因果词的句子：带有这些词的句子多包含、带因果词的句子：带有这些词的句子多包含观点。观点。4 4、文章最后的一句话：转折较多的文章，必须、文章最后的一句话：转折较多的文章，必须得看最终的定论得看最终的定论读懂文章方向适合的题型多为读懂文章方向适合的题型多为mainideamainidea题及题及观点题，或者问一个通篇
45、都是的内容，即使不能观点题，或者问一个通篇都是的内容，即使不能立即得出答案，也能排除选项。立即得出答案，也能排除选项。（20092009福建卷，福建卷，B B篇）篇）61.Theforeigndrivers61.Theforeigndriverswhobreakthetrafficlawanddonotpayonthewhobreakthetrafficlawanddonotpayonthespotarelikelytobefinedupto_.spotarelikelytobefinedupto_.A.A.60B.60B.300C.300C.900D.900D.980980Foreigndr
46、iverswillhavetopayon-the-spotForeigndriverswillhavetopayon-the-spotfinesofuptofinesofupto900forbreakingthetrafficlawto900forbreakingthetrafficlawtobecarriedoutnextmonth.Iftheydonothavebecarriedoutnextmonth.Iftheydonothaveenoughcashoraworkingcreditcard,theirenoughcashoraworkingcreditcard,theirvehicleswillbeclampedvehicleswillbeclamped（扣留）（扣留）untiltheypayuntiltheypayandtheywillfaceanadditionalfeeofandtheywillfaceanadditionalfeeof80for80forgettingbacktheirvehicles.gettingbacktheirvehicles.