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1、高中英语阅读讲座（一）高中英语阅读讲座（一）主讲：主讲：六合高级中学六合高级中学周有美周有美2006-03-27讲座主要内容讲座主要内容谈谈高中英语阅读谈谈高中英语阅读1、常见题材、常见题材2、常见体裁、常见体裁3、测试要求、测试要求第一讲：阅读中的细节型试题第一讲：阅读中的细节型试题第二讲：阅读中的生词词义猜测第二讲：阅读中的生词词义猜测高中英语阅读常见题材高中英语阅读常见题材天文地理、科学技术天文地理、科学技术政治历史、文化教育政治历史、文化教育风土人情、生活常识风土人情、生活常识人物传记、新闻报道、人物传记、新闻报道、高中英语阅读常见体裁高中英语阅读常见体裁1、记叙文、记叙文2、说明文、
2、说明文3、应用文、应用文4、议论文、议论文5、图表、图表、高中英语阅读测试要求高中英语阅读测试要求 1、直接题、直接题 事实细节文中找事实细节文中找 切莫自己凭想象切莫自己凭想象 2、间接题、间接题 词语结构同义换词语结构同义换 生词上下文中猜生词上下文中猜 高中英语阅读测试要求高中英语阅读测试要求3、推理判断题、推理判断题 事物发展合逻辑事物发展合逻辑 文中寓意细领会文中寓意细领会4、主旨大意题、主旨大意题 段落大意需归纳段落大意需归纳 中心思想领全文中心思想领全文 第一讲：阅读中的细节题第一讲：阅读中的细节题 明确中心内容，把握辨证关系，明确中心内容，把握辨证关系，体会作者意图，判断文章主
3、题。体会作者意图，判断文章主题。细节孤立无意义，全文呼应有精彩，细节孤立无意义，全文呼应有精彩，正确答案文中藏，错误选择怪猜想。正确答案文中藏，错误选择怪猜想。细节型试题常见提问形式细节型试题常见提问形式*Accordingtothepassage,when(where,why,how,what,which,howmany,howoften)*Whichofthestatementsistrue?*Whichofthestatementsisnottrue?*Whichofthestatementsisnotmentionedinthepassage?*Inthepassagethewrite
4、rstatesthat*Whatistherightorderoftheevent?细节型试题的几种解答方法细节型试题的几种解答方法1、词、句转换法词、句转换法不不可可否否认认，细细节节题题在在文文章章中中一一定定能能找找到到答答案案，但但是是正正确确选选项项与与文文中中原原句句往往往往不不会会一一模模一一样样，命命题题者者常常以以释释义义（paraphrase)或或重重述述（restatement)的的形形式式来来设设计计题题目目。因因此此，熟熟记记近近义义词词及及词词组组，熟熟悉悉句句型型转转换换是是正正确确解解答此类题的关键。答此类题的关键。例例1：AccordingtoDr.Wendy
5、GambleoftheuniversityofArizona,kidsdontneedanyinstructionsinlying.Itcomesnaturallytothem.Q:Howdochildrenlearnhowtolie?A.InstructionsfromparentsB.SchooleducationC.SocialexperiencesD.Basicinstinct According to Dr.Wendy Gamble of theuniversity of Arizona,kids dont need anyinstructions in lying.It comes
6、 naturally tothem.“It is not parents or teachers that teachchildrenhowtolie.”从从最最后后一一句句更更清清楚楚的的知知道道说说谎谎是是天天生生的的，是是一一 种种 本本 能能，所所 以以 正正 确确 答答 案案 是是 D。“instinct”即即“本能的本能的”的意思。的意思。According to Dr.Wendy Gamble of theuniversity of Arizona,kids dont need anyinstructionsinlying.Itcomesnaturallytothem.Q:How
7、dochildrenlearnhowtolie?A.InstructionsfromparentsB.SchooleducationC.SocialexperiencesD.Basicinstinct例例2：Sallyarrivedearly.Asshewalkedaroundtheoldhouse,shecouldnthelpfeelingsadbecauseofwhatwasabouttohappen.Itwasalmostayear since her dear grandmother had passedawayinthishouseattheageofninety-two.Thefa
8、milyhadverymuchwantedtokeepallherthings.Unfortunately,thefamilybusinesshadfailedandleftthemwithheavydebts.Thebanknow forced them to have an auction sale torepaytheirdebts.Theauctionwastobeheldtoday.Q:WhydidSallyfeelsadwhenshecametotheoldhouse?A:Becausehergrandmotherhaddied.B:Becauseherfamilywereinhe
9、avydebts.C:Becausesheknewshecouldpayforthequilt.D:Becauseherfamilyhadtosellhergrandmasbelongings.Sallyarrivedearly.Asshewalkedaroundtheoldhouse,shecouldnthelpfeelingsadbecauseofwhatwasabouttohappen.Itwasalmost a year since her dear grandmotherhadpassedawayinthishouseattheageofninety-two.The family h
10、ad very muchwantedtokeepallherthings.Unfortunately,thefamilybusinesshadfailedandleftthemwithheavydebts.Thebanknowforcedthemtohaveanauctionsaletorepaytheirdebts.Theauctionwastobeheldtoday.Sallysgrandmotherhadpassedawayandsheleftallherbelongings.Sallysfamilysbusinesshadfailedandtheywereinheavydebts.Th
11、eyhadnochoicebuttosellwhatSallysgrandmahadlefttowhoeverofferedthemostmoneyforit.anauctionsell=sellingsomethingtoapersonwhooffersthemostmoneyforit.Sallyfeltverysad.Q:WhydidSallyfeelsadwhenshecametotheoldhouse?A:Becausehergrandmotherhaddied.B:Becauseherfamilywereinheavydebts.C:Becausesheknewshecouldpa
12、yforthequilt.D:Becauseherfamilyhadtosellhergrandmasbelongings.2、排除式结构、排除式结构 仔仔细细阅阅读读4个个选选项项，带带着着选选项项的的内容再去阅读短文。内容再去阅读短文。一一旦旦遇遇到到与与选选项项相相似似的的信信息息，马马上上在在这这些些信信息息下下划划线线作作为为排排除除的的内内容。容。排排除除3项项与与原原文文有有关关的的内内容容后后，所所剩剩选选项项的的内内容容确确定定在在原原文文中中找找不不到相应信息，即是正确答案。到相应信息，即是正确答案。常见的排除式结构的提问方式：常见的排除式结构的提问方式：1.Accordi
13、ngtothepassage,allofthefollowingaretrueexceptthat2.Inthepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisnottrue?3.Whatisnotmentionedinthepassage?4.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat例例3：EveryAugustontheislandofHeimaey,offthesoutherncoastofIceland,youngpeopleoftentakeawalkalongthestreetsthroughoutthenight.Whatsmore,
14、theirparents allow them to stay out.Why?The children of Heimaey are going tosave young puffinssmall black andwhiteseabirds.Thecliffsabovethetownarehometoalargegroupofpuffins.Thebirdsdigholesallaroundthecliffs.Theseholesaretheirhomes.Theyoungbirdsstayintheholesforaboutsevenweeks.Thentheybegin to leav
15、e.Some move slowly on theirundevelopedwingsandfeetdowntothenorthernAtlanticOceanthatsurroundHeimaey.There,theyswim,whichtheycandonaturally,andlearntodivefor fish.Others,however,may lose their way atnightandfindthemselvesinthetowninstead.Onthe ground,the young seabirds are in trouble.Because their wi
16、ngs are not fully developed,theycannottakeoffquicklytoseaandsafety.Thebirdsthenbecomeagoodmealforcatsandotheranimals.For many years,islanders have helped the youngpuffins.EarlyatnightinthelateAugust,childrencarryingthickpaperboxesandlightshurrytotheseashoretocatchpuffins.Theyspendmostofthenightrunni
17、ngafterthebirds.Theyputthebirdstheyvecaughtinboxesandtakegoodcareofthem.Thenextmorningthechildrentakethepuffinstotheoceanandsetthemfree.Thebirdswillliveatseauntiltheyareatleasttwoyearsold.Thentheywillreturntothecliffstobuildhomesoftheirownfortheirfamilies.Will the children of Heimaey always come to
18、savepuffins?“Yes,”answertheboys.“Welookforwardtoit.Thebesttimeforusissettingthebirdsfree.”Q:Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisnottrue?A.Onceinayearthechildrenareallowedtostayouttohaveagoodtimewithbirds,cats,andanimals.B.Theearliesthomefortheyoungpuffinsisinthecliffs,notinthesandsofbeaches.C
19、.Someyoungpuffinsmaketheirwaydowntotheoceanwhentheyareaboutsevenweeksold.D.Theyoungbirdsthatgettotheseawillstaythereforatleasttwoyears.Thecliffsabovethetownarehometoalargegroupofpuffins.Thebirdsdigholes all around the cliffs.These holesaretheirhomes.Theyoungbirdsstayinthe holes for about seven weeks
20、.Thentheybegintoleave.Somemoveslowlyontheirundevelopedwingsandfeetdownto the northern Atlantic Ocean thatsurroundHeimaey.There,they swim,which they can donaturally,and learn to dive for fish.Others,however,may lose their way atnight and find themselves in the towninstead.On the ground,the youngseabi
21、rds are in trouble.Because their wings are not fully developed,they cannot take off quickly to sea and safety.The birds then become a good meal for cats and other animals.Thenextmorningthechildrentakethe puffins to the ocean and set themfree.Thebirdswillliveatseauntiltheyareatleasttwoyearsold.Thenth
22、eywillreturn to the cliffs to build homes oftheirownfortheirfamilies.WillthechildrenofHeimaeyalwayscome to save puffins?“Yes,”answertheboys.“Welookforwardtoit.Thebest time for us is setting the birdsfree.”Q:Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisnottrue?A.Onceinayearthechildrenareallowedtostayou
23、ttohaveagoodtimewithbirds,cats,andanimals.B.Theearliesthomefortheyoungpuffinsisinthecliffs,notinthesandsofbeaches.C.Someyoungpuffinsmaketheirwaydowntotheoceanwhentheyareaboutsevenweeksold.D.Theyoungbirdsthatgettotheseawillstaythereforatleasttwoyears.例例4：In the past 200 years,Australia has lost 19 sp
24、ecies of animals and 76 species of plants.The Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service estimates that between 100 and 250 million species of animals and plants have lived on Earth since life began about 3.5 million years ago.Today,there are 5 and 10 million species,of which up to 1 million spe
25、cies could be extinct by the year 2000.The first species to disappear after the European arrival in Australia were the lesser stick-nest rat,the big-eared hopping mouse and the Darling Downs hopping-mouse.This occurred in about 1840.Today the council of state and federal ministers responsible for co
26、nservation has produced a list of currently endangered fauna,which includes a range of bettors,wallabies,and the numbest.Three species of whale,various birds,a number of frogs,snakes and fish are also on the list.But there is some cause for optimism.Several species previously believed extinct have r
27、eappeared in recent years.Recently,survey parties in remote areas have even found new species of marsupials,and reptile species are regularly discovered.This could mean that other“extinct”species may yet surfaceeven the Tasmanian tiger,which some authorities believe still exist in the remote regions
28、 of Tasmania.Q:Which of the following is not true?A.During the past two centuries,19 species of animals have disappeared in Australia.B.Life on Earth is about 3.5 million years old.C.At least 250 million species of animals and plants could live on earth.D.By the end of 2000 about 1 million species c
29、ould become extinct.Inthepast200years,Australiahaslost19 species of animals and 76 species ofplants.The Australian National Parks andWildlife Service estimates that between100and250millionspeciesofanimalsandplantshavelivedonEarthsincelifebeganabout3.5millionyearsago.Today,thereare5and10millionspecie
30、s,ofwhichupto1 million species could be extinct by theyear2000.Q:Whichofthefollowingisnottrue?A.Duringthepasttwohundredcenturies,19speciesofanimalshavedisappearedinAustralia.B.LifeonEarthisabout3.5millionyearsold.C.Atleast250millionspeciesofanimalsandplantscouldliveonEarth.D.Bytheendof2000,about1mil
31、lionspeciescouldbecomeextinct.3、长句结构法、长句结构法为为提提高高试试题题难难度度，命命题题人人就就“事事实实与与细细节节”命命题题时时，经经常常针针对对句句子子结结构构比比较较复复杂杂的的长长句句来来设设计计问问题题。在在面面对对这这种种题题设设时时，学学生生应应首首先先找找出出原原文文中中长长句句的的主主干干成成分分：主主、谓谓、宾宾；分分清清次次要要成成分分，如如：定定语语、状状语语、插插入入语语等等，然然后后对对照照选选项项来来进进行行选选择择，判判断断该该问问题题加加上上正正确确选项能否准确地表达原句的信息值。选项能否准确地表达原句的信息值。例例5：T
32、wentystudentshadjustclimbedtheirwaytothetoprungoutoffourmillion students taking part in theFifth National Hua Luogeng GoldCupMathematicsContestonTuesdayevening at Jintan County,JiangsuProvince.Q:Thisnewsstoryismainlyabout_.A.WhentheconteststartedB.HowthecontestgotitsnameC.The20pupilswhohavewongoldme
33、dalsinthecontestD.TheFifthNationalHuaLuogengGoldCupMathematicsContest.通通过过分分析析细细节节的的办办法法来来理理解解第第一一句句话话的的语语法法结结构构，再再联联系系全全文文，问问题题也也就就迎刃而解了。迎刃而解了。Twentystudentshadjustclimbedtheirway to the top rung out of four millionstudentstakingpartintheFifthNationalHua Luogeng Gold Cup MathematicsContest on Tuesd
34、ay evening at JintanCounty,JiangsuProvince.首先，全句可缩略成：首先，全句可缩略成：“Theyclimbedtheirwaytothetoprung.”细节部分如下：细节部分如下：Howmany:twentyoutoffourmillionWhatthing:theFifthNationalHuaLuogengGoldCupMathematicsContestDoingwhat:takingpartinthecontestWhen:TuesdayeveningWhere:JintanCounty,JiangsuProvinceQ:Thisnewssto
35、ryismainlyabout_.A.WhentheconteststartedB.HowthecontestgotitsnameC.The20pupilswhohavewongoldmedalsinthecontestD.TheFifthNationalHuaLuogengGoldCupMathematicsContest.例例6：KenRobertsfoundoutthatKitWilliamshadspenthischildhoodnearAmpthillinBedfordshireandthoughthemusthaveburiedthegoldhareinaplaceheknewwe
36、llbuthestillcouldnotseetheconnectionwithKatherineofAragon,thefirstofHenryVIIIssixwives,untilonedayhecameacrosstwostonecrossesinAmpthillParkandlearntthattheyhadbeenbuiltinherhonorin1773.Q:ThestonecrossesinAmpthillwerebuilt_A.totellaboutwhathappenedin1773B.toshowrespectforHenryVIIIsfirstwifeC.toservea
37、saroadsigninAmpthillParkD.toinformpeoplewherethegoldharewasKenRobertsfoundoutthatKitWilliamshadspenthisSV（宾语从句）宾语从句）OchildhoodnearAmpthillinBedfordshireandthoughtVthathemusthaveburiedthegoldhareinaplaceheknew（宾语从句）宾语从句）O（定语从句）定语从句）wellbuthestillcouldnotseetheconnectionwithKatherineSV（宾语从句）宾语从句）OofAr
38、agon,thefirstofHenryVIIIssixwives,untiloneday（同位语）同位语）AhecameacrosstwostonecrossesinAmpthillParkandlearntthattheyhadbeenbuiltinherhonorin1773.（时间状语从句）时间状语从句）通过正确分析句子结构可以正确理解通过正确分析句子结构可以正确理解句子大意句子大意 KenRoberts发现发现KitWilliams曾在曾在Bedfordshire的的Ampthill度过了自己的童度过了自己的童年，并以为他必定是把他的金兔藏在了年，并以为他必定是把他的金兔藏在了一个他
39、很熟悉的地方，但一个他很熟悉的地方，但Ken仍然不明仍然不明白这和白这和Aragon的的Katherine有什么关系？有什么关系？直到有一天他偶尔在直到有一天他偶尔在Ampthill公园看到公园看到两个石制的十字架，才得知它们是于两个石制的十字架，才得知它们是于1773年为纪念年为纪念Katherine而建造的。而建造的。KenRobertsfoundoutthatKitWilliamshadspenthischildhoodnearAmpthillinBedfordshireandthoughthemusthaveburiedthegoldhareinaplaceheknewwellbuth
40、estillcouldnotseetheconnectionwithKatherineofAragon,thefirstofHenryVIIIssixwives,untilonedayhecameacrosstwostonecrossesinAmpthillParkandlearntthattheyhadbeenbuiltinherhonorin1773.Q:ThestonecrossesinAmpthillwerebuilt_A.totellaboutwhathappenedin1773B.toshowrespectforHenryVIIIsfirstwifeC.toserveasaroad
41、signinAmpthillParkD.toinformpeoplewherethegoldharewas4、查阅法、查阅法 学生从文中获得所需信息，有时不需学生从文中获得所需信息，有时不需要阅读整篇文章，而只需找出能包含所需要阅读整篇文章，而只需找出能包含所需信息的那部分，然后加以仔细阅读就行。信息的那部分，然后加以仔细阅读就行。查阅过程中应注意查阅过程中应注意文章的结构及顺序排列。文章的结构及顺序排列。弄清文章的排列顺序能帮助学生在回答细弄清文章的排列顺序能帮助学生在回答细节问题时做到高效省时，准确无误，所以节问题时做到高效省时，准确无误，所以学生必须掌握学生必须掌握扫读扫读的本领，在最短
42、的时间的本领，在最短的时间内找到所需的答案。内找到所需的答案。查阅法典型题型查阅法典型题型1、数据推算题、数据推算题要要求求学学生生按按文文章章提提供供的的数数据据，以以及及数数据据与与文文中中其其他他信信息息的的关关系系做做简简单单的的计计算和推算。算和推算。*要抓住并正确理解与数据有关的信息的含义。要抓住并正确理解与数据有关的信息的含义。*弄清众多信息中哪些属于有用信息，哪些属于弄清众多信息中哪些属于有用信息，哪些属于干扰信息。干扰信息。*不要孤立看待数字信息，而要抓住一些关键不要孤立看待数字信息，而要抓住一些关键用语的意义。用语的意义。例例7：Thefilm“Titanic”receiv
43、ed14nominationsforthe70thAcademyAwardanditisnottheonlyonethathasbeengivensuchanhonor.Thefollowingisalistof films receiving 12 or more AcademyAward nominations and the number ofOscarstheyendedupwinning:“Titanic”(1997),14nominations,11awards.“All About Eve”(1950),14 nominations,6awards.“Gone with the
44、Wind”(1939),13 nominations,8awards.“MaryPoppins”(1964),13nominations,5awards.“Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf”(1966),13nominations,5awards.“ForestGump”(1994),13nominations,6awards.“On the Waterfront”(1954),12nominations,8awards.“Ben-Hue”(1959),12nominations,11awards.“MyFairLady”(1964),12nominations,8a
45、wards.“Dances with Wolves”(1990),12 nominations,7awards.“Schindlers List”(1993),12nominations,7awards.“The English Patient”(1996),12 nominations,12awards.Q1:Fromthispassage,welearnthattheAcademyAwardcameintobeingin_.A.1928B.1919C.1927D.1898The film“Titanic”received 14 nominationsforthe70thAcademyAwa
46、rdanditisnottheonlyone that has been given such an honor.Thefollowing is a list of films receiving 12 or moreAcademy Award nominations and the number ofOscarstheyendedupwinning:“Titanic”(1997),14nominations,11awards.1997年年的的“Titanic”是是70届届，199770=1927，由由此此得得出出结结论论该该奖奖项项从从1927年年开开始始。所所以以“C”是是正正确确答答案。
47、案。Q2:Thelistshowsthat_.A.“Titanic”receivesmoreawardsthananyotherfilm.B.“Forest Gump”receives the fewest awards.C.“Ben=Hur”must have been very successful.D.Thenominationsareunfair.“Titanic”(1997),14nominations,11awards.“All About Eve”(1950),14 nominations,6awards.“GonewiththeWind”(1939),13nominations
48、,8awards.“MaryPoppins”(1964),13nominations,5awards.“Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf”(1966),13nominations,5awards.“ForestGump”(1994),13nominations,6awards.“On the Waterfront”(1954),12nominations,8awards.“Ben-Hue”(1959),12 nominations,11awards.“MyFairLady”(1964),12nominations,8awards.“Dances with Wolves
49、”(1990),12 nominations,7awards.“Schindlers List”(1993),12nominations,7awards.“TheEnglishPatient”(1996),12nominations,12awards.Q2:Thelistshowsthat_.A.“Titanic”receivesmoreawardsthananyotherfilm.B.“Forest Gump”receives the fewest awards.C.“Ben=Hur”must have been very successful.D.Thenominationsareunfa
50、ir.2、图、表解意题、图、表解意题 要求学生通过图表、插图等信息，要求学生通过图表、插图等信息，对文字作进一步的理解。对文字作进一步的理解。把文章与图示结合起来，图文互相把文章与图示结合起来，图文互相参照，互相验证。参照，互相验证。例例8：“Haveapartyathomeusuallyrequiresalotofrunning around on the part of the parents,andoften the birthday boy or girl gets lost in wildexcitement.But it really doesnt have to be thatw