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1、Chapter 11Families and Intimate RelationshipsQuestions for youWhat have been some of the most significant changes in marriages and families within the United States during your lifetime?What social events can account for these changes?What are some current trends that are affecting marriage and fami
2、ly relationships today?How might families of the future be organized?Chapter OutlineFamilies in Global PerspectiveTheoretical Perspectives on FamiliesDeveloping Intimate Relationships and Establishing FamiliesChild-Related Family Issues and ParentingTransition and Problems in FamiliesFamily Issues i
3、n the FutureTraditional Definition of FamilyA group of people who are related by blood,marriage,or adoption,live together,are an economic unit,and bear and raise children.How might the definition of family be changing today to reflect current social norms and realities?New Definition of Family Relat
4、ionships in which people live together with commitment,form an economic unit and care for any young,and consider their identity to be significantly attached to the group.6FamilyEconomicsMediaEducationPoliticsSocial Factors that Influence Family Forms and FunctionsHow Much Do You Know About Contempor
5、ary Trends in U.S.Family Life?True or False?Most U.S.family households are composed of a married couple with one or more children under age 18.How Much Do You Know About Trends in U.S.Family Life?False.Less than 25 percent of all family households are composed of married couples with one or more chi
6、ldren under age 18.How Much Do You Know About Trends in U.S.Family LifeTrue or False?Recent studies have found that adult children of divorced parents are more likely to dissolve their own marriages than they were two decades ago.How Much Do You Know About Trends in U.S.Family Life?False.Adult child
7、ren of divorced parents are less likely to dissolve their own marriages than they were two decades ago.Family Structure and CharacteristicsKinship refers to a social network of people based on common ancestry,marriage,or adoption.Family of orientation is the family into which a person is born and in
8、 which early socialization usually takes place.Family of procreation is the family a person forms by having or adopting children.Family Structure and CharacteristicsAn extended family is composed of relatives in addition to parents and children who live in the same household.A nuclear family is comp
9、osed of one or two parents and their dependent children,all of whom live apart from other relatives.Polling QuestionThe strength of the American family is declining.A.Strongly agreeB.Agree somewhatC.UnsureD.Disagree somewhatE.Strongly disagree Marriage Legally recognized arrangement between two or m
10、ore individuals that carries certain rights and obligations.Monogamy is the only form of marriage sanctioned by law in the United States.Establishes a system of descent so kinship can be determined.MonogamyA marriage between two partners,usually a woman and a man.Through a pattern of marriage,divorc
11、e,and remarriage,some people practice serial monogamya succession of marriages in which a person has several spouses over a lifetime but is legally married to only one person at a time.PolygamyThe concurrent marriage of a person of one sex with two or more members of the opposite sex.The most preval
12、ent form of polygamy is polygynythe concurrent marriage of one man with two or more women.Polyandry is the concurrent marriage of one woman with two or more men.Patterns of Unilineal DescentPatrilineal descent traces descent through the fathers side of the family.Matrilineal descent is a system of t
13、racing descent through the mothers side of the family.Bilineal DescentTracing kinship through both parents.The most common form is bilateral descent.A system of tracing descent through both the mothers and fathers sides of the family.Power and Authority in FamiliesA patriarchal family is a family st
14、ructure in which authority is held by the eldest male.A matriarchal family is a family structure in which authority is held by the eldest female.An egalitarian family is a family structure in which both partners share power and authority equally.Household Composition:1970 and 200019702000Married cou
15、ples with children40.3%24.1%Married couples without children30.3%28.7%Persons living Alone 17.1%25.5%Other family Households10.6%16%Other nonfamily households1.7%5.7%Residential PatternsPatrilocal residence refers to a married couple living in the same household as the husbands family.Matrilocal res
16、idence refers to a married couple living in the same household as the wifes parents.Neolocal residence refers to a married couple living in their own residence apart from the husbands and the wifes parents.Endogamy and ExogamyEndogamy is the practice of marrying within ones own group.In the United S
17、tates,most people marry people who come from the same social class,racialethnic group,religious affiliation,and other categories considered important within their own social group.Exogamy is the practice of marrying outside ones own social group or category.Theoretical Perspectives On Families Theor
18、yFocusFunctionalistRole of families in maintaining stability of society and individuals well-being.Conflict/feministFamilies as sources ofconflict and social inequality.Theoretical Perspectives On Families TheoryFocusInteractionistFamily dynamics,including communication patterns and the subjective m
19、eanings people assign to events.PostmodernistPermeability of families.Functionalist Perspective:Four Functions of Families1.Sexual regulation2.Socialization3.Economic and psychological support for members.4.Provision of social status and reputation.Conflict PerspectiveFamilies in capitalist economie
20、s are similar to workers in a factory.Women are dominated at home the same way workers are dominated in factories.Reproduction of children and care for family members reinforce subordination of women through unpaid labor.Symbolic Interactionist PerspectiveHow family problems are perceived and define
21、d depends on:Patterns of communication.The meanings people give to roles and events.Individual interpretations of family interactions.Postmodern PerspectiveFamilies are diverse and fragmented.Boundaries between workplace and home are blurred.Family problems are related to cyberspace and consumerism
22、in an age characterized by high-tech“haves and have-nots.”CohabitationRefers to two people who live together,and think of themselves as a couple,without being legally married.A recent study of 11,000 women found that there was a 70%marriage rate for women who remained in a cohabiting relationship fo
23、r at least 5 years.Of the women in that study who married their partner,40%became divorced within a 10-year period.Domestic PartnershipsHousehold partnerships in which an unmarried couple lives together in a committed,sexually intimate relationship and is granted the same rights and benefits as thos
24、e accorded to married heterosexual couples.Why People Get MarriedBeing in love.Desiring companionship and sex.Wanting to have children.Social pressure.Attempting to escape from their parents home.Believing they will have greater resources.HomogamyThe pattern of individuals marrying those who have si
25、milar characteristics,such as race/ethnicity,religious background,age,education,or social class.Housework and Child-Care ResponsibilitiesToday,more than 50%of all marriages in the United States are dual-earner marriagesmarriages in which both spouses are in the labor force.In 2004,more than 74%of em
26、ployed mothers with children under age 6 worked full timeMany married women work a full day then go home to perform hours of housework and child care.Sociologist Arlie Hochschild refers to this as the second shift.Deciding to Have ChildrenSociologists suggest fertility is linked not only to reproduc
27、tive technologies but also to womens beliefs about whether they have opportunities that are viable alternatives to childbearing.The desire not to have children often comes in conflict with our societys pronatalist bias,which assumes having children is the norm.InfertilityDefined as an inability to c
28、onceive after a year of unprotected sexual relations.Infertility affects nearly five million U.S.couples,or one in twelve couples in which the wife is between the ages of fifteen and forty four.AdoptionA legal process through which the rights and duties of parenting are transferred from a childs bio
29、logical and/or legal parents to a new legal parent or parents.This gives the adopted child all the rights of a biological child.Teen PregnancyThe United States has the highest rate of teen pregnancy in the Western industrialized world.In 2003 the total number of live births per 1,000 women ages 15 t
30、o 19 was 59.9.Primary Reasons for Teen Pregnancy:MicrolevelMany sexually active teens dont use contraceptives.Teenagers may receive little accurate information about the use of contraception.Some teenage males believe females should be responsible for contraception.Some teenagers view pregnancy as a
31、 way to gain adult status.Myths of Teenage Fathers1.They engage in sex early and often.2.They sexually exploit unsuspecting females.3.They have a need to prove their masculinity.4.They have few emotional feelings for the women they impregnate.5.They are rarely involved in caring for their children.S
32、ingle Parenting42%of white children and 86%of African American children spend part of their childhood in a single parent household.Lesbian and gay parents are often counted as single parents,however many share parenting with partner.Two-Parent HouseholdsParenthood in the United States is idealized,e
33、specially for women.Children in two-parent families are not guaranteed a happy childhood simply because both parents reside in the same household.Polling QuestionIt is better for everyone if the man is the achiever outside the home and the woman takes care of the home and family.A.Strongly agreeB.Ag
34、ree somewhatC.UnsureD.Disagree somewhatE.Strongly disagreeU.S.Marital Status:15 and over by RaceTwo Important Facts About Families1.Families are central to our existence.2.The reality of family life is far more complicated than the idealized image of families found in the media and in many political
35、 discussions.Characteristics of Those Likely to Get DivorcedMarriage at an early age.A short acquaintanceship before marriage.Disapproval of the marriage by relatives and friends.Limited economic resources.Characteristics of Those Likely to Get DivorcedHaving a high-school education or less.Parents
36、who are divorced or have unhappy marriages.The presence of children at the beginning of the marriage.DivorceThe legal process of dissolving a marriage that allows former spouses to remarry if they so choose.Recent studies have shown that 43%of first marriages end in separation or divorce within 15 y
37、ears.Blended FamiliesSome people become part of blended families,which consist of a husband and wife,children from previous marriages,and children(if any)from the new marriage.Quick Quiz 1.A social network of people based on common ancestry,marriage,or adoption is:A.family of orientation B.KinshipC.
38、familyD.ethnic groupAnswer:B A social network of people based on common ancestry,marriage,or adoption is kinship.2.A family composed of one or two parents and their dependent children,all of whom live apart from other relatives is called:A.nuclear familyB.sandwich familyC.boomerang familyD.extended
39、familyAnswer:AA family composed of one or two parents and their dependent children,all of whom live apart from other relatives is called a nuclear family.3.The concurrent marriage of one man with two or more women is:A.all of the choicesB.polyandryC.polygynyD.polygamyAnswer:CThe concurrent marriage
40、of one man with two or more women is polygyny.4.A family structure in which the authority is held by the eldest female is:A.a matriarchical familyB.a patriarchical familyC.a patrilocal familyD.a matrilocal familyAnswer:AA family structure in which the authority is held by the eldest female is a matr
41、iarchical family.5.Family that consists of a husband,wife,and children from previous marriages and children from the new marriage,(if any)is called a:A.boomerang familyB.reconstituted familyC.sandwich familiesD.blended familyAnswer:DFamilies that consist of a husband,wife,and children from previous
42、marriages and children from the new marriage,are called blended families.6.The family one is born into and which early socialization takes place is:A.the family of orientationB.the family of adoptionC.the family of procreationD.the family of originAnswer:AThe family one is born into and which early socialization takes place is the family of orientation(in cultures that practice neolocality).