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1、Chapter 2CultureChapter OutlineCulture and Society in a Changing WorldComponents of CultureTechnology,Cultural Change,and DiversityA Global Popular Culture?Sociological Analysis of CultureCulture in the FutureQuestions for YouThink about your definition of culture.How would you describe your culture
2、 to someone who is not familiar with your culture?What values,traditions,beliefs,holidays,celebrations,and material objects are important in your culture?What have you learned based on your culture?CultureThe knowledge,language,values,customs,and material objects that are passed from person to perso
3、n and from one generation to the next in a human group or society.CultureCulture is essential for survival and communication with other people.Culture is learned through interaction,observation and imitation.Culture is fundamental for the survival of societies.Culture is the“essence”of human social
4、interaction.CultureMaterial culturePhysical or tangible creations(such as clothing shelter,and art)that members of a society make,use,and share.Nonmaterial cultureAbstract or intangible human creations of society(such as attitudes,beliefs,and values)that influence peoples behavior.True or False?Chee
5、se is a universal food enjoyed by people of all nations and cultures.How Much Do You Know About Global Food and Culture?How Much Do You Know About Global Food and Culture?False.Although cheese is a popular food in many cultures,most of the people living in China find cheese very distasteful and pref
6、er delicacies such as duck feet.How Much Do You Know About Global Food and Culture?True or False?Giving round-shaped foods to the parents of new babies is considered to be lucky in some cultures.How Much Do You Know About Global Food and Culture?True.Round foods such as pears,grapes,and mooncakes ar
7、e given to celebrate the birth of babies,because the shape of the food is believed to symbolize family unity.Gestures with Different Meanings in Other Societies“Hook em Horns”or“Your spouse is unfaithful”Gestures with Different Meanings in Other Societies“Okay”Or“Ill kill you”Cultural UniversalsExam
8、ples:Appearance(bodily adornment,hairstyles)Activities(sports,dancing,games,joking)Social institutions(family,law,religion)Practices(cooking,folklore,gift giving)SymbolAnything that meaningfully represents something else.LanguageSymbols that express ideas and enable people to communicate.Components
9、of CultureValuesCollective ideas about what is right or wrong and good or bad.NormsEstablished rules of behavior or standards of conduct.Components of CultureSapir-Whorf HypothesisAccording to this theory,language shapes the view of reality of its speakers.If people are able to think only through la
10、nguage,then language must precede thought.Male TermFemale TermNeutral TermTeacherTeacherTeacherWorker/employeeWorking motherWorker/employeeJanitor/maintenance manMaid/cleaning ladyCustodial attendantLanguage and GenderLanguageTotal EstimatedNumber of SpeakersEnglish only227,365,507Spanish34,559,894C
11、hinese2,465,761French1,332,633German1,122,014Tagalog1,488,385Languages Spoken in US HouseholdsLanguageTotal EstimatedNumber of SpeakersVietnamese1,225,036Italian782,097Korean1,051,641Russian864,069Navajo170,621Arabic786,210Languages Spoken in US HouseholdsTen Core American Values1.Individualism2.Ach
12、ievement and Success3.Activity and Work4.Science and Technology5.Progress and Material ComfortTen Core American Values6.Efficiency and Practicality7.Equality8.Morality and Humanitarianism9.Freedom and Liberty10.Racism and Group SuperiorityPolling QuestionDo you favor or oppose an amendment to the U.
13、S.Constitution that would make English the official language of the United States?A.FavorB.OpposeC.No opinionNormsNorms are established rules of behavior or standards of conduct.Prescriptive norms state what behavior is appropriate or acceptable.Proscriptive norms state what behavior is inappropriat
14、e or unacceptable.Formal and Informal NormsFormal norms are written down and involve specific punishments for violators.Laws are the most common type of formal norms.Informal norms are unwritten standards of behavior understood by people who share a common identity.When individuals violate informal
15、norms,people may apply informal sanctions.FolkwaysEveryday customs that may be violated without serious consequences within a particular culture.In the United States,folkways include:using deodorantbrushing our teethwearing appropriate clothing for a specific occasionMoresStrongly held norms with mo
16、ral and ethical connotations that may not be violated without serious consequences.Taboos are mores so strong that violation is considered extremely offensive and even unmentionable.The incest taboo,which prohibits sexual relations between certain kin,is an example of a nearly universal taboo.LawsFo
17、rmal,standardized norms that have been enacted by legislatures and are enforced by formal sanctions.Civil law deals with disputes among persons or groups.Criminal law deals with public safety and well-being.Changes in technology continue to shape the material culture of society.Cultural lag is a gap
18、 between the technical development of a society and its moral and legal institutions.Technology,Cultural Change,and DiversityCultural differences between and within nations are caused by:Natural circumstances Climate,geographySocial circumstancesTechnology,composition of the populationCultural Diver
19、sityCultural Diversity of U.S.Society:ReligionCultural Diversity of U.S.Society:IncomeCultural Diversity of U.S.Society:Race and EthnicityHigh Culture Classical music,opera,ballet,live theater,and other activities patronized by members of the upper-middle and upper classes,with time,money,and knowle
20、dge assumed necessary for its appreciation.Popular CultureActivities,products,and services that are assumed to appeal primarily to the middle and working classes.These include rock concerts,spectator sports,movies,and television.Polling QuestionWhich cultural background do you identify with the most
21、?Choose only one.A.Anglo(white,non-Hispanic)B.HispanicC.African American,blackD.Native American(American Indian)E.AsianF.OtherThe Old Order Amish Subculture Strong faith in God.Rejection of worldly concerns.Rely on horse and buggy for transportation.Examples of CounterculturesBeatniks of the 1950sFl
22、ower Children of the 1960sDrug Enthusiasts of the 1970sCulture Shock,Ethnocentrism,and Cultural RelativismCulture shock refers to the anxiety people experience when they encounter cultures radically different from their own.Ethnocentrism is the assumption that ones own culture is superior to others.
23、Cultural relativism views and analyzes another culture in terms of that cultures own values and standards.FunctionalistCulture helps people meet biological,instrumental and expressive needs.ConflictIdeas can be used by the ruling class to affect members of other classes.Sociological Analysis of Cult
24、ureSymbolic InteractionistPeople create,maintain,and modify culture during their everyday activities.PostmodernCulture is based on simulation of reality rather than reality itself.Sociological Analysis of CultureQuick Quiz 1._ consists of the physical or tangible creations that members of a society
25、make,use,and share.A.Nonmaterial cultureB.Cultural universalsC.Material cultureD.High cultureAnswer:CMaterial culture consists of the physical or tangible creations that members of a society make,use,and share.2.Language,beliefs,values,rules of behavior,family patterns,and political systems are exam
26、ples of:A.material cultureB.high cultureC.nonmaterial cultureD.cultural universalsAnswer:CLanguage,beliefs,values,rules of behavior,family patterns,and political systems are examples of nonmaterial culture.3.An example of a symbol is:A.a doveB.all of the choicesC.a heartD.Nazi swastikaAnswer:BA dove
27、,a heart,and a Nazi swastika,are all examples of symbols.3.According to the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis:A.reality is objective and is easily understood by humans.B.language shapes the view of reality of its speakers.C.reality is based on the interactions of individuals.D.with more knowledge,a person mini
28、mizes the influence of language.Answer:BAccording to the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis,language shapes the view of reality of its speakers.4.According to Karl Marx,and Marxist theorists:A.none of the choices.B.ideas are used by agents of the wealthy to affect the thoughts and actions of members of other cl
29、asses.C.ideas are effective for the working classes to motivate the wealthy.D.ideas have little impact on the relations between the wealthy and poor in societies.Answer:BAccording to Karl Marx,and Marxist theorists,ideas are used by agents of the wealthy to affect the thoughts and actions of members of other classes.5.Sanctions are only punishments when behavior or attitudes are deviant.A.FalseB.TrueAnswer:ASanctions are not only punishments when behavior or attitudes are deviant.Positive sanctions reward and reinforce normative behavior.