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1、Think and DiscussViewing the WorldExploring the ThemeAnalytical ListeningSharing Your IdeasEngagingFurther ListeningContent第1页/共153页Think and DiscussUnit 7 Mind and Memory第2页/共153页QuestionsIn Thailand,an elephant uses a paint brush and his trunk to paint a picture.1.How do animals show intelligence?
2、Give examples.2.What are some ways that humans show intelligence?3.Do you think you have a good memory?Why or why not?第3页/共153页Example Answers Animals show intelligence when they learn new behaviors such as opening jars or using sign language.Some apes use simple tools to achieve things,and animals
3、learn and remember lessons based on positive or negative results.Questions1.How do animals show intelligence?Give examples.第4页/共153页Example Answers Humans show intelligence by not repeating mistakes,by learning languages,by using tools and inventing new things,and by making complex calculations.Ques
4、tions2.What are some ways that humans show intelligence?第5页/共153页Example Answer 1I do think I have a good memory because I can rememberthings from the past that my friends or family members mayhave forgotten.Im also good at remembering information fortests.Questions3.Do you think you have a good mem
5、ory?Why or why not?第6页/共153页Example Answer 2I dont think I have a good memory because I often forget tobuy things at the store,and its hard for me to remember phonenumbers.Questions3.Do you think you have a good memory?Why or why not?第7页/共153页Exploring the ThemeUnit 7 Mind and Memory第8页/共153页A|Look
6、at the photos and read the captions.Then discuss the questions.The human brain is able to hold incredible amounts of information.Scientists believe that most memories are stored in the hippocampus,shown here in orange.Mind and Memory第9页/共153页There is no doubt that animals have brains,but are they in
7、telligent?Scientists are researching this subject and have discovered that some animals may be smarter than we think.For example,this giant octopus can use tools.These canaries can grow new brain cells to learn new songs.Mind and Memory第10页/共153页Alexandra Pauly practices her violin for only 45 minut
8、es a day,but she can play most of the music from her memory.“I feel good when I can play a challenging pieceby heart,”she says.Mind and Memory第11页/共153页Discuss the questions.1.Which information on these pages is most interesting to you?Why?2.What other animals may use tools?3.How do humans use their
9、 memories?Give some examples.Mind and Memory第12页/共153页Example Answer 1Its interesting to me that memories are stored in thehippocampus,which is only a small part of the brain,because memories are so important to us for learning.Mind and Memory1.Which information on these pages is most interesting to
10、 you?Why?第13页/共153页Example Answer 2Its interesting to me that animals such as the octopus or thecanary show signs of intelligence because some animalbehaviors do seem quite clever.Mind and Memory1.Which information on these pages is most interesting to you?Why?第14页/共153页Example Answer 3Its interesti
11、ng to me that the violin player can memorizeher music in such a short time because I play a musicalinstrument too,but it takes me much longer to memorize apiece of music.Mind and Memory1.Which information on these pages is most interesting to you?Why?第15页/共153页Example AnswersChimpanzees use stone ha
12、mmers to open nuts and twigs toextract termites.Gorillas use walking poles to measurewater depth.Elephants use branches to scratch their backsor swat flies away.Dolphins use sponges to uncover preyon the ocean floor and also to protect their beaks fromgetting hurt.Mind and Memory2.What other animals
13、 may use tools?第16页/共153页Example Answers Humans use their memories in a number of ways.Some examples include learning skills,remembering people and places,and telling stories.Mind and Memory3.How do humans use their memories?Give some examples.第17页/共153页Analytical ListeningUnit 7 Mind and Memory第18页
14、/共153页Listening 1 underestimate v.低估；看轻Diane Willberg 黛安娜维尔贝格（人名）bird-brained a.笨的；愚蠢的Samantha Bean 萨曼莎比恩（人名）adjacent a.邻近的Matthew Leonard 马修伦纳德（人名）第19页/共153页Listening 1 Ren Descartes(15961650):a French mathematician,philosopher,and writer.He promoted the development of a new science grounded in obs
15、ervation and experiment.His works on both mathematics and philosophy persist to the present day.He is often called the“father of modern philosophy”.勒内笛卡尔第20页/共153页Predicting Content.Discuss the questions with a partner.Listening 1 1.You are going to hear about the two animals in the photos on page 1
16、01.In what ways do you think these animals demonstrate their intelligence?2.You are also going to hear about an intelligent animal that has a brain larger than a humans brain.What animal do you think it is?Betsy,the Border Collie(边境柯利牧羊犬)Alex,the African Gray Parrot第21页/共153页Listening 1 Example Answ
17、ersThe parrot may have learned to talk,or it may recognize certain people.The dog may know how to herd sheep,or it may obey commands from its owner.1.You are going to hear about the two animals in the photos on page 101.In what ways do you think these animals demonstrate their intelligence?第22页/共153
18、页Listening 1 Example AnswersThe intelligent animal with a brain larger than a humans might be an elephant or a whale.2.You are also going to hear about an intelligent animal that has a brain larger than a humans brain.What animal do you think it is?第23页/共153页A|Listening for Main Ideas.Read the quest
19、ions and answer choices.Then listen to a TV show about intelligent animals and choose the correct answers.A TV ShowListening 1 1.Which statement best describes recent ideas regarding animal intelligence?a.Scientists are comparing intelligent animals to machines.b.Scientists no longer want to study a
20、nimal intelligence.c.Scientists are no longer underestimating animal intelligence.c第24页/共153页A|Listening for Main Ideas.Listening 1 2.According to Diane Willberg,how do parrots and crows demonstrate intelligence?a.Parrots can speak,and crows can understand abstract concepts.b.Crows can make tools,an
21、d parrots can understand abstract concepts.c.Parrots can see colors,and crows can recognize tools.b第25页/共153页A|Listening for Main Ideas.Listening 1 3.According to Samantha Bean,how does her dog Betsy demonstrate intelligence?a.Betsy is able to recognize objects in pictures.b.Betsy is able to recogni
22、ze herself in pictures.c.Betsy is able to recognize objects adjacent to their pictures.a第26页/共153页A|Listening for Main Ideas.Listening 1 4.According to Matthew Leonard,what animals have self-awareness?a.Humans,elephants,apes,dolphins.b.Humans,apes,dolphins,dogs.c.Humans,elephants,birds,dogs.a第27页/共1
23、53页B|Note-Taking.Listen again and complete the notes with information from the TV show.Beliefs about animal intelligence:Descartes:Animals are _ _ Scientists today believe _ _ Exs.of mental skills of animals:Good memory,_ _ _Listening 1 beings without minds/biological machines humans have beenundere
24、stimating animalsthe ability to understand symbols,awareness of self,understanding others motives,imitating voices,and showing creativity第28页/共153页B|Note-Taking.Diane Willberg:Parrots:_1.Shows parrot 2 green objects.Parrot says _2.Shows parrot 2 balls.Parrot says _ Crows lab experiment:1.D.W.puts a
25、_ in a bottle2.The crow _Listening 1 understand abstract conceptscolorshapepiece of meatmakes a hook from metal wire to get meat第29页/共153页B|Note-Taking.Samantha Bean:In one room _In another room _S.B.shows Betsy _Betsy _ S.B.believes this shows _Listening 1 200 pictures200 objectsa picturegets the c
26、orresponding objectabstract thinking第30页/共153页B|Note-Taking.Matthew Leonard:Self-awareness is _ _ Exs.of self-awareness:humans,_ _Listening 1 ability to recognize self inthe mirror elephants,dolphins,apes第31页/共153页Listening 1 A|Critical Thinking.Form a group with another pair of students.Discuss the
27、 questions.1.Who do you think funds studies about animal intelligence?Do you think these studies are useful?Why or why not?2.Do you believe that the animals described in the TV show are truly intelligent?Why or why not?第32页/共153页Listening 1 Example Answer 1I think studies about animal intelligence a
28、re probably funded by universities or perhaps by animal conservation groups.I do think these studies are useful because increasing ourknowledge about animals could have a positive effect onthe way theyre treated by humans.1.Who do you think funds studies about animal intelligence?Do you think these
29、studies are useful?Why or why not?第33页/共153页Listening 1 Example Answer 2I dont think these studies are useful because they donthelp people in any way.1.Who do you think funds studies about animal intelligence?Do you think these studies are useful?Why or why not?第34页/共153页Listening 1 Example Answer 1
30、I do believe that the animals described in the TV show are truly intelligent because they are using reasoning.Theyre not simply trained to do tricks.2.Do you believe that the animals described in the TV show are truly intelligent?Why or why not?第35页/共153页Listening 1 Example Answer 2I dont believe th
31、at the animals described in the TV show are truly intelligent because they dont have nearly the amount of intelligence as humans,so they dont invent anything new and theyre not creative.2.Do you believe that the animals described in the TV show are truly intelligent?Why or why not?第36页/共153页Listenin
32、g 1 Critical Thinking Focus Questioning ResultsAt times,we may hear information that we think is not believable or reliable.In these situations,we should question the results or conclusions of the speaker.We can ask ourselves these questions:Who completed this research?Could this person be biased?Ar
33、e the researchers conclusions logical?Do the results make sense?Did the experiment follow proper scientific procedures?第37页/共153页Narrator:The French philosopher Ren Descartes,who lived in the first half of the 17th century,believed that animals were beings without minds.According to his philosophy,a
34、nimals were simply biological machines,that ismachines that could live and breathe,but not think on their own.In recent years,however,weve seen a move away from this idea.Today many scientists believe humans have been underestimating animals.New studies show that animals have a variety of mental ski
35、lls,such as a good memory,the ability to understand symbols,and an awareness of self.Some animals can even understand others motives,imitate voices,and show creativity.How do scientists prove whether animals have the capacity to think intelligently?To be continued Listening 1 第38页/共153页Narrator:On t
36、odays program,Amazing Science interviewed three people who work with some of the worlds most intelligent animals.Diane Willberg is a scientist who has done important research involving birds and thinking.Most people think that birds are,well,bird-brained,which is to say not very smart.But do birds h
37、ave higher mental skills?Diane:Well,for one thing,Ive found that crows are able to use tools,and they can actually make the tools themselves.For another,my research shows that parrots understand abstract concepts such as shapes and colors.Each of my parrots is very special.Perhaps the most intellige
38、nt one is named Alex.When I show him two green objects and say the two words“What same?”,he answers“color”.To be continued Listening 1 第39页/共153页Diane:If I show him a basketball and a baseball and ask“What same?”,he says“shape”.I think this illustrates the ability to use the abstract concepts of sha
39、pe and color.Crows are also very intelligent animals,too.In my laboratory,we conduct an interesting experiment.In a bottle,just out of reach of the crow,we put a piece of meat.Beside the bottle we put a thin piece of metal about the length of a pen.The metal is flexible,and the crows first bend it t
40、o shape it into a kind of hook,which they then use to pull the meat from the bottle.Its really clear from research that these birds are learningtheyre showing clear signs of intelligence,and they know how to figure things out.To be continued Listening 1 第40页/共153页Narrator:A wide range of animal stud
41、ies confirms that animals can learn and change.This skill is best illustrated by dogs.Samantha Bean owns a Border Collie named Betsy.Betsy can remember and recognize over 200 objects,and frequently performs on television.But how did the dog learn to do this?Samantha:Well,in one room we have pictures
42、 of 200 objects,and in an adjacent room we have the 200 objects themselves.First,I show Betsy a picture,then she goes into the next room,chooses the corresponding object,and then brings it back to me.She can do this for all 200 objects.Recognizing an object in a picture is clearly a type of abstract
43、 thinking.To be continued Listening 1 第41页/共153页Narrator:Theres one animalthe dolphinwho has a brain thats even larger than a human brain.But does that mean that they are more intelligent than humans?Researcher Matthew Leonard explains.Matthew:I dont think theyre smarter than humans,but all of our d
44、olphins are very intelligent.Along with humans,elephants,and apes,dolphins exhibit self-awareness.That is to say,when they look at themselves in a mirror,they see the image and can interpret that they are looking at themselves.To be continued Listening 1 第42页/共153页Narrator:Whether or not animals are
45、 intelligent is a question that scientists will study for years to come.But after hearing about the amazing things that animals can do,its clear that were only just beginning to learn about the animals on our planet.Coming up next on Amazing Science Listening 1 第43页/共153页Listening 2 aptitude n.（尤指学习
46、方面的）天资，资质virtually ad.几乎；差不多unprecedented a.空前的，前所未有的Connecticut 康涅狄格州（美国东北部州）epilepsy n.癫痫ethical a.合乎道德的loci n.（locus 的复数形式）（某事存在或发生的）地点，场所第44页/共153页Listening 2 William Scoville(19061984):a brain surgeon in the U.S.state of Connecticut.In 1953,he attempted to relieve Henry Gustav Molaisons epileps
47、y with brain surgery,but instead caused damage to Molaisons brain which resulted in a memory disorder.威廉斯科维尔第45页/共153页Listening 2 Sherlock Holmes:a character in a series of crime stories.He was created in 1887 by Arthur Conan Doyle,a Scottish doctor and author.The character is famous for his work as
48、 a“consulting detective”,a private citizen who could solve crimes and other problems with his brilliant observation and reasoning skills.The character has featured in many books,movies,and television shows.夏洛克福尔摩斯第46页/共153页Listening 2 This artist helps solve crimes by drawing pictures of criminals.S
49、he bases her drawings on memories of people who saw the crime happen.第47页/共153页Self-Reflection.Form a group with two or three other students and discuss the questions.Listening 2 1.What are some of your earliest childhood memories?Do the memories seem clear to you or not?2.When was the last time you
50、 had something to eat?What did you eat?What about the time before that?Continue and see how far back you can remember.3.Do you have any tricks to help you remember things?What are they?第48页/共153页Example Answer 1Some of my earliest childhood memories took place in the apartment where my family lived.