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1、2.The Development of English Vocabulary1.The Indo-European language family2.A historical overview3.Growth of Present-day English vocabulary4.Modes of vocabulary developmentThe Indo-European language familynThe eastern setnBalto-slavic(Prussian,Lithuanian,Polish,Czech,Bulgarian,Slovenian,Russian,etc.
2、)nIndo-Iranian(Persian,etc.)nArmeniannAlbanianThe Indo-European language familynThe western setnCeltic(Scottish,Irish,Welsh,Breton,etc.)nItalicLatin (Portuguese,Spanish,French,Italian,Romanian)nHellenic(Greek)nGermanic(Norwegian,Icelandic,Danish,Swedish,German,Dutch,Flemish,English)The Indo-European
3、 language familynInflected alphabetic languages:various forms of a given word showed its relationship to other words in a sentence.nDialects changed so much that they became separate languages.nAll these languages have some influence on English to a greater or lesser extent because each has lent wor
4、ds into the English vocabulary.A historical overviewnCelts(the first people):CelticnThen the Roman Legions(55 BC):LatinnThe Germanic tribes:Anglo-Saxon.The Celts were driven to the north.A number of place names have remained:Avon,Kent,London,Thames,etc.A historical overviewnOld English(450-1150)nMid
5、dle English(1150-1500)nModern English(1500-up to now)Old English(450-1150)nThe Germanic tribes:Angles,Saxons and Jutes.nThe land was called England(the land of Angles)and their language known as Anglo-Saxonreferred to as old English.nLatin-speaking Roman missionaries came to spread Christianity and
6、brought many words into English(candle,altar,amen,etc.).nThe land was invaded by Norwegian and Danish vikings.nOld English has a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words.Middle English(1150-1500)nNormans,led by William the Conqueror,invaded England from France in 1066.nThe Norman conquest started
7、a continual flow of French words into English.nThe English were reduced to an inferior people,and so was their language.nBy the end of 13th century,English gradually came back into literacy,esp.thanks to Wycliffs translation of the Bible and the writings of Chaucer and others.Modern English(1500-pre
8、sent)nBegan with printing invented by William Caxton.nThe Renaissance:a new upsurge of learning Greek and Roman classics.Translators borrowed heavily.nIn the mid-17th century,Bourgeois RevoluationIndustrial Revolutioncolonization helped absorb words from all major languages.nWorld-war IIadvances of
9、science and technology.Growth of Present-day English VocabularynRapid development of modern science and technology breeds new words.nGreen revolution,astrobiology,astrochemistry,space shuttle,earthrise,moon walk,smart bomb,etc.Growth of Present-day English VocabularynSocial,economic and political ch
10、anges bring about an increasing number of new words.nFast food,TV dinner,disco,punk rock,talk show,family movies,petropolitics,Watergate,stagflation,etc.Growth of Present-day English VocabularynThe influence of other cultures and languages can be felt in many different fields.nMao jacket,kungfu,kowt
11、ow,black belt,etc.Modes of vocabulary developmentnCreationnSemantic changenBorrowingnReviving archaic or obsolete wordsnOld words falling out of useModes of vocabulary developmentnCreationnFormation of new words by using existing materials,namely roots,affixes and other elements.nWill be discussed i
12、n detail when we come to word formation.Modes of vocabulary developmentnSemantic changenOld words take on new meanings to meet the new need.nRadiation vs.concatenation.Modes of vocabulary developmentnFace(radiation)nThe front of the head(the core)nA surface of a thingnThe surface that is marked,as of a clock,playing card,domino,etc.nThe appearance;outward aspect;resemblancenDignity,self-respect,prestige,as in lose/save faceModes of vocabulary developmentnCandidate(concatenation)nWhite-robednOffice seeker in white gownsnA person who seeks an officenA person proposed for a place,award,etc.