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1、2023年11月份托福阅读真题及答案发布日期：2023-05-06 发表评论 信息来源： 竞学学习Questions 1-10As Philadelphia grew from a small town into a city in the first half of the eighteenthcentury, it became an increasingly important marketing center for a vast and growing agricultural hinterland. Market days saw the crowded city even mor
2、e crowded, as line fanners from within a radius of 24 or more kilometers brought their sheep, cows, pigs, vegetables, cider, and other products for direct sale to the townspeople. The High Street Market was continuously enlarged throughout the period until 1736, when it reached from Front Street to
3、Third. By 1745 New Market was opened on Second Street between Pine and Cedar. The next year the Callowhill Market began operation.Along with market days, the institution of twice-yearly fairs persisted in Philadelphia even after similar trading days had been discontinued in other colonial cities. Th
4、e fairs provided a means of bringing handmade goods from outlying places towould-be buyers in the city. Linens and stockings from Germantown, for example,were popular items.Auctions were another popular form of occasional trade. Because of the competition, retail merchants opposed these as well as t
5、he fairs. Althoughgovernmental attempts to eradicate fairs and auctions were less than successful, the ordinary course of economic development was on the merchants side, as increasing business specialization became the order of the day. Export merchants became differentiated from their importing cou
6、nterparts, and specialty shops began to appear in addition to general stores selling a variety of goods.One of the reasons Philadelphias merchants generally prospered was because thesurrounding area was undergoing tremendous economic and demographic growth.They did their business, after all, in the
7、capital city of the province. Not only did theycater to the governor and his circle, but citizens from all over the colony came to the capital for legislative sessions of the assembly and council and the meetings of thecourts of justice.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Philadelphias agric
8、ulture importance(B) Philadelphias development as a marketing center(C) The sale of imported goods in Philadelphia(D) The administration of the city of Philadelphia 2. It can be inferred from the passage that new markets opened in Philadelphia because(A) they provided more modem facilities than olde
9、r markets(B) the High Street Market was forced to close(C) existing markets were unable to serve the growing population(D) farmers wanted markets that were closer to the farms. 3. The word hinterland in line 3 is closest in meaning to(A) tradition(B) association(C) produce(D) region 4. The word it i
10、n line 6 refers to(A) the crowded city(B) a radius(C) the High Street Market(D) the period 5. The word persisted in line 9 is closest in meaning to(A) returned(B) started(C) declined(D) continued 6. According to the passage, fairs in Philadelphia were held(A) on the same day as market says(B) as oft
11、en as possible(C) a couple of times a year(D) whenever the government allowed it 7. It can be inferred that the author mentions Linens and stockings in line 12 to show that they were items that(A) retail merchants were not willing to sell(B) were not available in the stores in Philadelphia(C) were m
12、ore popular in Germantown man in Philadelphia(D) could easily be transported 8. The word eradicate in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) eliminate(B) exploit(C) organize(D) operate 9. What does the author mean by stating in line 17 that economic development was on the merchants side ?(A) Merchants
13、had a strong impact on economic expansion.(B) Economic forces allowed merchants to prosper.(C) Merchants had to work together to achieve economic independence(D) Specialty shops near large markets were more likely to be economicallysuccessful. 10. The word undergoing in line 22 is closest in meaning
14、 to(A) requesting(B) experiencing(C) repeating(D) includingQuestions 11-22Avicolturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learnedhow to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continueto look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve c
15、hick survival rates.line When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity of the(5) nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the birds skin to the top portionof the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. Thistemperature gra
16、dient may be vital to successful hatching. Nest construction cancontribute to this temperature gradient Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirtare cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material.(10) Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain
17、 to drain into the bottomsections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water. As thewater that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates, the water vapor rises and isheated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubationenvironment(15) In arti
18、ficial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrotsand incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat theeggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the birds method of naturalincubation, and perhaps reducing the viability and survivab
19、ility of the hatching chicks.When incubators are not used, aviculturists sometimes suspend wooden boxes outdoors(20) to use as nests in which to place eggs. In areas where weather can become cold aftereggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep foundation of nesting material toact as insu
20、lator against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the woodenbottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they can become chilled to a point wherethe embryo can no longer survive. Similarly, these boxes should be protected from(25) direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also
21、 fatal to the growing embryo.Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extremetemperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secureplace to rest. 11. What is the main idea of the passage?(A) Nesting material varies according to theparrots envi
22、ronment.(B) Humidity is an important factor inincubating parrots eggs.(C) Aviculturists have constructed the idealnest box for parrots.(D) Wild parrots nests provide informationuseful for artificial incubation. 12. The word They in line 2 refers to(A) aviculturists(B)birds(C)eggs(D) rates 13. Accord
23、ing to paragraph 2, when thetemperature of the sides and bottom of the eggare cooler than the top, then(A) there may be a good chance forsuccessful incubation(B) the embryo will not develop normally(C) the incubating parent moves the egg toa new position.(D) the incubation process is slowed down 14.
24、 According to paragraph 2, sticks, rocks, or dirt are used to(A) soften the bottom of the nest for the newlyhatched chick(B) hold the nest together(C) help lower the temperature at the bottom ofthe nest(D) make the nest bigger 15. According to paragraph 2, the construction of the nest allows water t
25、o(A) provide a beneficial source of humidityin the nest(B) loosen the materials at the bottom of thenest(C) keep the nest in a clean condition(D) touch the bottom of the eggs 16. All of the following are part of a parrotsincubation method EXCEPT(A) heating the water vapor as it rises from thebottom
26、of the nest(B) arranging nesting material at the bottom ofthe nest(C) transferring heat from the parent to the topof the eggshell(D) maintaining a constant temperature on theeggshell 17. The word suspend in line 19 is closest inmeaning to(A) build(B) paint(C)hang(D) move 18. The word fatal in line 2
27、5 is closest inmeaning to(A) close(B) deadly(C) natural(D) hot 19. The word secure in line 27 is closest inmeaning to(A) fiesh(B)diy(C)safe(D)warm 20. According to paragraph 3, a deep foundation of nesting material provides(A) a constant source of humidity(B) a strong nest box(C) more room for newly
28、 hatched chicks(D) protection against cold weather 21. Which of the following is a problem withcommercial incubators?(A) They lack the natural temperature changesof the outdoors.(B) They are unable to heat the eggs evenly(C) They do not transfer heat to the egg in thesame way the parent bird does.(D
29、) They are expensive to operate. 22. Which of the following terms is defined in thepassage?(A) Aviculturists (line I)(B) Gradient (line 8)(C) Incubation (line 15)(D) Embryo (line 24) Questions 23-33The mineral particles found in soil range in size from microscopic clay particlesto large boulders. Th
30、e most abundant particlessand, silt, and clayare the focusof examination in studies of soil texture. Texture is the term used to describe theline composite sizes of particles in a soil sample, typically several representative handfuls.(5) To measure soil texture, the sand, silt, and clay particles a
31、re sorted out by size andweight. The weights of each size are then expressed as a percentage of the sampleweight.In the field, soil texture can be estimated by extracting a handful of sod andsqueezing the damp soil into three basic shapes; (1) cast, a lump formed by squeezing(10) a sample in a clenc
32、hed fist; (2) thread, a pencil shape formed by rolling soil betweenthe palms; and (3) ribbon, a flatfish shape formed by squeezing a small sample betweenthe thumb and index finger. The behavioral characteristics of the soil when molded intoeach of these shapes, if they can be formed at all, provides
33、 the basis for a generaltextural classification. The behavior of the soil in the hand test is determined by the(15) amount of clay in the sample. Clay particles are highly cohesive, and when dampened,behave as a plastic. Therefore the higher the clay content in a sample, the more refinedand durable
34、the shapes into which it can be molded.Another method of determining soil texture involves the use of devices calledsediment sieves, screens built with a specified mesh size. When the soil is filtered(20) through a group of sieves, each with a different mesh size, the particles becomegrouped in corr
35、esponding size categories. Each category can be weighed to make atextural determination. Although sieves work well for silt, sand, and larger particles,they are not appropriate for clay particles. Clay is far too small to sieve accurately;therefore, in soils with a high proportion of clay, the fine
36、particles are measured on the(25) basis of their settling velocity when suspended in water .Since clays settle so slowly,they are easily segregated from sand and silt. The water can be drawn off andevaporated, leaving a residue of clay, which can be weighed. 23. What does the passage mainly discuss?
37、(A) Characteristics of high quality soil(B) Particles typically found in most soils(C) How a high clay content affects thetexture of soil(D) Ways to determine the texture of soil 24. The author mentions several representativehandrals in line 4 in order to show(A) the range of soil samples(B) the pro
38、cess by which soil is weighed(C) the requirements for an adequate soilsample(D) how small soil particles are 25. The phrase sorted out in line 5 is closest inmeaning to(A) mixed(B) replaced(C) carried(D) separated 26. It can be inferred mat the names of the threebasic shapes mentioned in paragraph 2
39、 reflect(A) the way the soil is extracted(B) the results of squeezing the soil(C) the need to check more than onehandful(D) the difficulty of forming differentshapes 27. The word dampened in line 15 is closest inmeaning to(A) damaged(B) stretched(C) moistened(D) examined 28. Which of the following c
40、an be inferred fromthe passage about a soil sample with little orno clay in it?(A) It is not very heavy.(B) It may not hold its shape when molded.(C) Its shape is durable(D) Its texture cannot be classified 29. The word they in line 23 refers to(A) categories(B) sieves(C) larger particles(D) clay pa
41、rticles 30. It can be inferred from the passage that thesediment sieve has an advantage over the handtest in determining soil texture because(A) using the sieve takes less time(B) the sieve can measure clay(C) less training is required to use the sieve(D) the sieve allows for a more exactmeasure 31.
42、 During the procedure described in paragraph3, when clay particles are placed into waterthey(A) stick to the sides of the water container(B) take some time to sink to the bottom(C) separate into different sizes(D) dissolve quickly 32. The word fine in line 24 is closest inmeaning to(A) tiny(B) many(
43、C) excellent(D) various 33. All of the following words are defined in thepassage EXCEPT(A) texture (line 3)(B) ribbon (line 11) (C) sediment sieves (line 19)(D) evaporated (line 27) Questions 34-43A number of factors related to the voice reveal the personality of the speaker.The first is the broad a
44、rea of communication, which includes imparting informationby use of language, communicating with a group or an individual, and specializedline communication through performance. A person conveys thoughts and ideas through(5) choice of words, by a tone of voice that is pleasant or unpleasant, gentle
45、or harsh, bythe rhythm that is inherent within the language itself, and by speech rhythms that areflowing and regular or uneven and hesitant, and finally, by the pitch and melody of theutterance. When speaking before a group, a persons tone may indicate unsureness orfright, confidence or calm. At in
46、terpersonal levels, the tone may reflect ideas and(10) feelings over and above the words chosen, or may belie them. Here the conversantstone can consciously or unconsciously reflect intuitive sympathy or antipathy, lack ofconcern or interest, fatigue, anxiety, enthusiasm or excitement, all of which
47、are .usuallydiscernible by the acute listener. Public performance is a manner of communicationthat is highly specialized with its own techniques for obtaining effects by voice and /or(15) gesture. The motivation derived from the text, and in the case of singing, the music, incombination with the performers skills, personality, and ability to create empathy willdetermine the success of artistic, political, or pedagogic communication.Second, th