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1、官方真题Official4托福阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析(原TPO) 现在大家在进行托福备考时官方真题Official托福模考软件信任是大家用的最多的工具了，对于托福成果的提升是特别有帮助的。托福听力可以说是整个托福考试当中比较重要的一个部分，如何利用现有资料官方真题Official模考软件来提升大家的托福成果呢?今日我在这里整理了官方真题Official4托福阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析来共享给大家，希望对大家托福听力备考有帮助。 官方真题Official4托福阅读Passage1原文文本 Deer Populations of the Puget Soun
2、d Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer,
3、in earlier times was common in the open prairie country; it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River. Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of a deer's diet. Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow
4、 plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weather feeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy? One compensationfor not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate.
5、 Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder. The numbers of deer have fluctua
6、ted markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. Famous explorers of the north American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at
7、 the mouth of the Columbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly starved circumstances. They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk. To keep 40 people alive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk
8、and 20 deer. And when game moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return east rather than face possible starvation. Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company, deer populations conti
9、nued to fluctuate. David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832. A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once pictur
10、esquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone in 1832, hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops. Reduction in numbers of game should have boded ill for their survival in later times. A worsening of the plight of deer was to be expected as settlers encroached on the land, logging,
11、 burning, and clearing, eventually replacing a wilderness landscape with roads, cities, towns, and factories. No doubt the numbers of deer declined still further. Recall the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer, now in a protected status. But for the black-tailed deer, human pressure has had just
12、 the opposite effect. Wildlife zoologist Helmut Buechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time, says that "since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximat
13、ely 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period." The causes of this population rebound are consequences of other human actions. First, the major predators of deerwolves, cougar, and lynxhave been greatly r
14、educed in numbers. Second, conservation has been insured by limiting times for and types of hunting. But the most profoundreason for the restoration of high population numbers has been the fate of the forests. Great tracts of lowland country deforested by logging, fire, or both have become ideal fee
15、ding grounds of deer.In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive. The protein content of shade-grown vegetation,
16、 for example, was much lower than that for plants grown in clearings. 官方真题Official4托福阅读Passage1题目 Question 1 of 14 According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound? A. It is native to lowlands and marshes. B. It is more closely related to the mule deer
17、 of eastern Washington than to other types of deer. C. It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open prairie. D. It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once occupied. Question 2 of 14 It can be inferred from the discussion in paragraph 2 that winter conditions A. cause some d
18、eer to hibernate B. make food unavailable in the highlands for deer C. make it easier for deer to locate understory plants D. prevent deer from migrating during the winter Question 3 of 14 The word "inhibits " in the passage is closest in meaning to A. consists of B. combines C. restricts
19、D. establishes Question 4 of 14 The phrase "in the same breath " in the passage is closest in meaning to A. impatiently B. humorously C. continuously D. immediately Question 5 of 14 The author tells the story of the explorers Lewis and Clark in paragraph 3 in order to illustrate which of t
20、he following points? A. The number of deer within the Puget Sound region has varied over time. B. Most of the explorers who came to the Puget Sound area were primarily interested in hunting game. C. There was more game for hunting in the East of the United States than in the West. D. Individual expl
21、orers were not as successful at locating games as were the trading companies. Question 6 of 14 According to paragraph 3, how had Fort Vancouver changed by the time David Douglas returned in 1832? A. The fort had become the headquarters for the Hudson's Bay Company. B. Deer had begun populating t
22、he meadows around the fort. C. Deer populations near the fort had been destroyed. D. Crop yields in the area around the fort had decreased. Question 7 of 14 Why does the author ask readers to recall “the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer ” in the discussion of changes in the wilderness landsca
23、pe? A. To provide support for the idea that habitat destruction would lead to population decline B. To compare how two species of deer caused biotic changes in the wilderness environment C. To provide an example of a species of deer that has successfully adapted to human settlement D. To argue that
24、some deer species must be given a protected status Question 8 of 14 The phrase “indefinite period ” in the passage is closest in meaning to period A. whose end has not been determined B. that does not begin when expected C. that lasts only briefly D. whose importance remains unknown Question 9 of 14
25、 Which of the following statements about deer populations is supported by the information in paragraph 4? A. Deer populations reached their highest point during the 1940s and then began to decline. B. The activities of settlers contributed in unexpected ways to the growth of some deer populations in
26、 later times. C. The cleaning of wilderness land for construction caused biotic changes from which the black-tailed deer population has never recovered. D. Since the 1940s the winter populations of deer have fluctuated more than the summer populations have. Question 10 of 14 The word “rebound ” in t
27、he passage is closest in meaning to A. decline B. recovery C. exchange D. movement Question 11 of 14 Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential informa
28、tion. A. Arthur Einarsens longtime family with the Pacific Northwest helped him discover areas where deer had an increase in suitable browse. B. Arthur Einarsen found that deforested feeding grounds provided deer with more and better food. C. Biologist like Einarsen believe it is important to find a
29、dditional open areas with suitable browse for deer to inhabit. D. According to Einarsen, huckleberry and vine maple are examples of vegetation that may someday improve the nutrition of deer in the open areas of the Pacific Northwest. Question 12 of 14 Which of the following is NOT mentioned in parag
30、raph 5 as a factor that has increased deer populations? A. A reduction in the number of predators B. Restrictions on hunting C. The effects of logging and fire D. Laws that protected feeding grounds of deer Question 13 of 14 Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could b
31、e added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?There food is available and accessible throughout the winter. Question 14 of 14 Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer that express the mos
32、t important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Deer in the Puget Sound area eat a wide variety of foods and migrate seasonally to find food.
33、 A.The balance of deer species in the Puget Sound region has changed over time, with the Columbian white-tailed deer now outnumbering other types of deer. B.Deer populations naturally fluctuate, but early settlers in the Puget Sound environment caused an overall decline in the deer populations of th
34、e areas at that time. C.In the long term, black-tailed deer in the Puget Sound area have benefitted from human activities through the elimination of their natural predators, and more and better food in deforested areas. D.Because Puget Sound deer migrate, it was and still remains difficult to determ
35、ine accurately how many deer are living at any one time in the western United States. E.Although it was believed that human settlement of the American West would cause the total number of deer to decrease permanently, the opposite has occurred for certain types of deer. F.Wildlife biologists have lo
36、ng been concerned that the loss of forests may create nutritional deficiencies for deer. 官方真题Official4托福阅读Passage1解析 Question 1 of 14 正确答案：D 题目解析：以White-tailed deer做关键词定位至最终一句：The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country; it is now restr
37、icted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.说白尾鹿过去是什么什么地方的，现在是什么什么地方的，也就是它们的生活环境发生了改变，所以D不再在原来的地方生活正确。A说反，white-tailed deer现在生活在lowlands和marshes，而不是A说的来源于;B的比较关系原文无提及;C的replace没有提及。 Question 2 of 14 正确答案：B 题目解析：段落倒数其次句“Deer may move from high-elevation browse are
38、as in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall.”意思是：深秋时，鹿可能会从夏天高海拔吃草地区迁移到低地地区。深秋也就是快到冬天了，因为高地食物不够了，所以才去低地。对应B选项。许多同学会错选C，这部分同学应当是定位到了最终一句话：Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arb
39、oreal fodder.说即使有雪覆盖地面，高的understory会暴露(understory指的是林下植被)，而且还说风会leafy branches吹下来。C虽然提到了understory，但是easier说法和原文不符，原文说的是高的understroy在会曝露出来，有肯定局限性，也没体现出比起以前更简洁。A在原文物体及;D说冬天迁徙与上文的late fall冲突，也错。 Question 3 of 14 正确答案：C 题目解析：inhibit: 阻挡，阻拦。A是组成;B是结合;C是限制，约束;D是建立。依据词意，C正确。对应原文：Where the forest inhibits
40、the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb.后半句说鹿吃别的东西去了，说明没有这种草，也就是这种草没长起来，之前说森林怎么样了这种草的生长，当然是阻挡，A组成B结合意思差不多，都不对。D建立完全不靠谱。 Question 4 of 14 正确答案：D 题目解析：in the same breath从表面意思上说就是在同一个呼吸的时候，其实能够猜出文中的意思应
41、当是同时或者立即之意，所以D的immediately对。A是没有耐性的;B是幽默的;C是连绵不断地;D是马上地。对应原文：The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal.带回原文，说那些人知道1800年头有许多鹿，但怎么样他们又因为没有鹿而难受，A没耐性B不幽默都不靠谱，C持续不能表达当时人们悲观的心情，而且原文也没有信息说持续难受，
42、不对。 Question 5 of 14 正确答案：A 题目解析：功能目的题，往前看，这两个人明显是早期探险家的一个例子，读前句说他们知道原本有许多鹿的但又没找到，很明显这句话不足以作为一个观点，往前看本段中心句： The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. 本段中心句说鹿的数量改变很大，对应A选项的varied，所以A正确。BCD都没有提及。 Question 6 of 14 正确答案：C 题目解析：以人名和时间做关键词定位至最终一句：A
43、 recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone in 1832, hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops." 说那些鹿gone了，还有被hunt了，所以应当是没有鹿了，B说反，C对;作者只是说把鹿打死为了爱护农作物，没说农作物的产量上升，D不对;A没说。 Question 7 of 14 正确答案：A 题目解析：功能目的题，往前
44、看，前句说the numbers of deer declined still further，鹿的数量进一步下降，然后才让读者recall哥伦比亚白尾鹿的例子，也就是说白尾鹿就是人类破坏生存环境导致鹿群数量下降的一个证明，所以答案A正确。 Question 8 of 14 正确答案：A 题目解析：A indefinite: 不定的。indefinite period: 没有限制的时间段。B没有如期起先，C特别短，D不重要都和不定没关系，不靠谱，A答案说这段时间的末端还没定下来，含有不定的意思，正确。 Question 9 of 14 正确答案：B 题目解析：B 问整个第四段，看首句，而且首句
45、说reduction in numbers，与问题中的deer population重合，说鹿数量的下降预示它们的生存变得艰难，但看选项发觉没有与之重合的选项，于是可以接着往下看，下面就说到有的鹿群完蛋了，但同时也有的鹿群繁盛了，众多答案中只有B说到鹿的数量增加，所以答案是B。当然也可以解除法，A选项关于1940s原文说early 1940s，跟答案说的1940s不一样，错;C说黑尾鹿没有了，刚好和原文黑尾鹿数量增加相反，错;原文没有冬夏对比，D错。 Question 10 of 14 正确答案：B 题目解析：B rebound: 反弹。A是下降;B是复原;C是交换;D是移动。依据词意，正确答
46、案就是B。 Question 11 of 14 正确答案：B 题目解析：B : in addition那部分和后面like举的那两个例子，都是特别次要的信息，可以忽视不看。主干部分缩略一下，去掉一些修饰成分后就变成：AE发觉了browse in open areas更加有养分。longtime那里是对这个人的一个修饰(同位语成分)。B选项将主要内容复述了出来。A错在随意篡改语句的留意，原句根本没提到这个人的family;C错在biologist like E，这变更了原文的主语，而且it is important原句没有说;D把原文的非主干部分提升成改写之后句子的主干，结构变更，而且遗漏了主干
47、内容，错。 Question 12 of 14 正确答案：D 题目解析：D，解除法，原文第一句就说这段主要就在说鹿群数量增加的缘由，然后分别用first，second和but the most表明白三个缘由，分别对应选项A/B/C选项，所以D是没说的，选D。 Question 13 of 14 正确答案：B 题目解析：B 有三个点，一是副词there指一个地点，所以在正确插入点之前必需存在一个地点，按这个来看，只有B和D有可能;其次和第三个点是待插入句当中的两个名词food和winter，根据上下句出名词重叠的原则，B对D错。 Question 14 of 14 正确答案：BCE 题目解析：The balance选项前半句是对的，但后半句与第一段的最终两句说反，应当是黑多，错 Deer populations选项对应原文第三段首句和第四段其次三句，正确。in th