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1、The Passive Voice 英语动词有两种语态，主动语态和被动语态。英语动词有两种语态，主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如：示主语是动作的承受者。如： They will build a new bridge over the river. (主动主动) A new bridge will be built over the river. (被动被动) 汉语中常用汉语中常用“被被”、“给给”、“由由”、“受受”等词用来表示被动，而英语用：等词用来表示被动，而英语用： 构成。构成。 She wa
2、ters the flowers every day.The flowersWhat does she do every day?every day.are watered by her主动句与被动句之间的转换 We bought some books. 主语 谓语动词主动语态的过去式 宾语 Some books were bought ( by us ) 主语 谓语动词被动语态的过去分词 介词+ 宾语 My mother sweeps the floor every day.The floor is swept by my mother every day.jacketThe jacket
3、is used for keeping warm.The jacket is made in Guangzhou.Guangzhoukeeping warmsummary 英语中动词有主动语态和被动语态英语中动词有主动语态和被动语态两种语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的两种语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者受者, 在被动语态中动作的执行者有时在被动语态中动作的执行者有时用用by短语表示出来短语表示出来.一般现在时一般现在时(simple present)：S(主语主语)+am/is/are +过去分词过去分词(done)一般过去时一
4、般过去时(simple past)：S+was/were +过去分词过去分词(done) Ann can take good care of the cats The cats can be taken good care of by Ann.情态动词情态动词(model verb)： S+ can/must/should等情态动词等情态动词 + be+过去分词过去分词 主要体现在主要体现在be的变化上，其形式与系动词的变化上，其形式与系动词be的变化形式完全的变化形式完全一样。以一样。以 为例，列表如下：为例，列表如下： 一般现在时：一般现在时： 一般过去时：一般过去时： 一般将来时：一般将
5、来时： 含有情态动词含有情态动词 现在进行时：现在进行时： 过去进行时：过去进行时： 现在完成时：现在完成时： 过去完成时：过去完成时： 将来完成时：将来完成时： 过去将来完成时：过去将来完成时： am / is / are + done was / were + done shall / will + be done should / would + be done am / is / are + being + done was / were + being + done have / has + been + done had + been + done shall / will + h
6、ave been + done should / would + have been + done 主动句变为被动句所遵循的4个步骤：1 把原主动句中的宾语变为被动句的主语。2 把动词变为被动形式即be +过去分词，并注意其人称和数随主语的变化，而动词的时态则保持不变。3 原主动句的主语如需要则放在by后面以它的宾格形式出现（注代词的宾格），如不需要则可省略。4 其它的成分（定语、状语）不变。被动语态的几种句型1 肯定句 主语 + be + 过去分词 + (by)A sweet song was sung by her on the stage.2 否定句 主语 + be + not +过去分
7、词 + (by)3 一般疑问句 Be + 主语 +过去分词 + (by) A sweet song wasnt sung by her on the stage.Was a sweet song sung by her on the stage?4 特殊疑问句 疑问词 + be + 主语 +过去分词 + (by)Where was a sweet song sung by her? 1. 一般现在时：一般现在时： (1)People grow rice in the south of the country. (2)The school doesnt allow us to enter the
8、 chemistry lab without a teacher. 2. 一般过去时：一般过去时： (1)They agreed on the building of a new car factory last month. (2)The students didnt forget his lessons easily. 3. 一般将来时：一般将来时： (1)They will send cars abroad by sea. (2)They will give plenty of jobs to school-leavers. 4. 过去将来时：过去将来时： (1)The manager
9、said they would complete the project by the end of the year. (2) The workers told me they would mend the car as soon as possible. 5. 现在进行时：现在进行时： (1)The radio is broadcasting English lessons. (2) We are painting the rooms. 6. 过去进行时：过去进行时： (1)The workers were mending the road. (2)This time last year
10、we were planting trees here. 7. 现在完成时：现在完成时： (1)Someone has told me (2)He has brought his book here. 8. 过去完成时：过去完成时： (1)When I got to the theatre, I found (2) The whole country was very sad at the news of his death; ( (四）四） 含有情态动词的被动语态：含有情态动词的被动语态： 含有情态动词的被动语态是由含有情态动词的被动语态是由“情态动词情态动词+ be+ 及物动词的过去分词及
11、物动词的过去分词”构成。构成。 (1)You must hand in your compositions after class. (2)He can write a great many letters with the computer. 1.1.当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，常用被动语态，这时当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，常用被动语态，这时往往不用往往不用by 短语。短语。 2.2.突出或强调动作的承受者，如果需要说出动作的执行者，用突出或强调动作的承受者，如果需要说出动作的执行者，用by 短语。短语。 3.3.当汉语句子的主语既不是动作的执行者，也不是动作的承受者时，
12、当汉语句子的主语既不是动作的执行者，也不是动作的承受者时，这时常用这时常用in + + 名词作状语，而代替名词作状语，而代替 by 短语。短语。 （1） My aunt invited me to her dinner party. 主语主语 谓语谓语 宾语宾语 I was invited (by my aunt ) to her dinner party. 主语主语 谓语谓语 宾语宾语（2） The school set up a special class to help poor readers. A special class to help poor readers was set
13、up in the school. 1. 1. 把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。 We have bought a new computer. A new computer has been bought. (正确正确) A new computer have been bought. (错误错误) 2. 2. 含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个
14、不动，一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。 My uncle gave me a present on my birthday. I was given a present on my birthday. 如果把直接宾语如果把直接宾语( (指物指物) )改为主语，则在间接宾语改为主语，则在间接宾语( (指人指人) )前加适前加适当的介词，如上句还可以说：当的介词，如上句还可以说： A present was given to me yesterday. 一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词词 toto，如：如：
15、bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell 等。等。 (1) The book was showed to the class. (2) My bike was lent to her. 2.一般一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词 forfor, , 如：如： build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing
16、 等。等。 (1) A new skirt was made for me. (2) The meat was cooked for us. (3) Some country music was played for us. 3. 由动词由动词+ + 介词或副词构成的短语动词，要把它们作为整体看，介词或副词构成的短语动词，要把它们作为整体看，即把它们看成一个及物动词，介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。这类动即把它们看成一个及物动词，介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。这类动词有：词有： agree to, ask for, laugh at, operated on, listen to, look after
17、, think of, talk about 等。等。 bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put off, think over, turn down, work out, turn out 等。等。 4. 4. 带复合宾语带复合宾语( (宾语宾语+ + 宾补宾补) )的动词改为被动语态时，一的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如：语动词后面。如：
18、 (1) We always keep the classroom clean. The classroom is always kept clean. (2) She told us to follow her instructions. We were told to follow her instructions. 在在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带 to，但但改成被动语态后都带改成被动语态后都带to，这时不定式为主语补足语，也这时
19、不定式为主语补足语，也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to 的问题。的问题。 We often hear him play the guitar. He is often heard to play the guitar. 5. 当主动句的主语是当主动句的主语是nobody, no one等含有否定意等含有否定意义的不定代词时，被动句中将其变为义的不定代词时，被动句中将其变为anybody, 作作by的宾语，并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态。的宾语，并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态。如：如： Nobody can answer this question. 误：
20、误：The question can be answered by nobody. 正：正： 6. 当否定句中的宾语是当否定句中的宾语是anything, anybody, anyone等不定等不定代词时，在被动句中应将其分别变为代词时，在被动句中应将其分别变为nothing, nobody, no one作主语，并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态。如：作主语，并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态。如： They havent done anything to make the river clean. 误：误：Anything hasnt been done to make the river cle
21、an. 正：正：7. 以以who为主语开头的疑问句，变被动时，用为主语开头的疑问句，变被动时，用by whom放放在句首：在句首： Who wrote the story? 误：误：Who was the story written? 正：正： 8. 有些动词既是及物又是不及物，当它们和有些动词既是及物又是不及物，当它们和well, badly, easily等副词连用时，表示主语内在品质或性能，是不及等副词连用时，表示主语内在品质或性能，是不及物动词，用主动表示被动，这时不用被动语态，常见的有：物动词，用主动表示被动，这时不用被动语态，常见的有：write, read, clean, sel
22、l, wash, cook 等。等。如：如： (1)The cloth washes easily. 这布很好洗。这布很好洗。 (2)The new product sells well. 这新产品很畅销。这新产品很畅销。 对比：对比： The books sell well. (主动句主动句) The books were sold out. (被动句被动句) The meat didnt cook well. (主动句主动句) The meat was cooked for a long time. (被动句被动句) 第一，感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义，如：第一，感官系动词一般用主
23、动形式表示被动意义，如：feel，look, seem, taste, sound, remain等。等。 (1) Do you like the material? Yes, it feels very soft. 误：误：It is felt very soft. (2)The food tastes delicious. 误：误：The food is tasted delicious. (3)The pop music sounds beautiful. 误：误：The pop music is sounded beautiful. 第二，谓语是及物动词第二，谓语是及物动词leave,
24、 enter, reach, suit, have, benefit, lack, own等。如：等。如： He entered the room and got his book. 误：误：The room was entered and his book was got. She had her hand burned. 误：误：Her hand was had burned. 10. 10. 在汉语中，有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可在汉语中，有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构来表示，例如：用被动结构来表示，例如： 据说据说It is said that 据报导据报导It is reported that 据推测据推测It is supposed that 希望希望It is hoped that 众所周知众所周知 It is well known that 普遍认为普遍认为 It is generally considered that 有人建议有人建议 It is suggested that 1) It is reported that it is going to rain tomorrow. 2) It is well known that Thomas Edison invented the electric lamp.