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1、胡壮麟语言学教程名词解释课后答案 Define the following terms:1.design feature:are features that define our human languages,such as arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission,etc.2.function:the use of language tocommunicate,to think,functions inclucle imformative function,interpersonal functi
2、on,performative function,interpersonal function,performative function,emotive function,phatic communion,recreational function and metalingual function.3.etic:a term in contrast with emic which originates from American linguist Pikes distinction of phonetics and etic mans making far too many,as well
3、as behaviously inconsequential,differentiations,just as was ofter the case with phonetic analysis in linguistics proper.4.emic:a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pike s distinction of phonetics and emic set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as
4、meaningful via final resource to the native members of a speech communith rather than via qppeal to the investigators ingenuith or intuition alone.:a kind of description which takes a fixed instant(usually,but not necessarily,the present),as its point of grammars are of this kind.:study of a languag
5、e is carried through the course of its history.:the study of a language is carried through the course of its history.8.prescriptive:a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be,down rules for language use.:a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described.:on
6、e design feature of human language,which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.11.duality:one design feature of human language,which refers to the property of having two levels of are composed of elements of the and each of the two levels
7、 has its own principles of organization.12.displacement:one design feature of human language,which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present c in time and space,at the moment of munion:one function of human language,which refers to the soc
8、ial interaction of language.14.metalanguage:certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and description of particular studies.:he interacting study between language and language-related disciplines such as psychology,sociology,ethnograph,science of law and artificial intelligence of
9、macrolinguistics include psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics,anthropological linguistics,et petence:language users underlying knowledge about the system of rules.17.performance:the actual use of language in concrete situation.18.langue:the linguistic competence of the speaker.19.parole:the actual phe
10、nomena or data of linguistics(utterances).20Articulatory phonetics:the study of production of speechsounds.21 Coarticulation:a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved.Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and persevera
11、tive coarticulation.22 Voicing:pronouncing a sound(usually a vowel or a voiced consonant)by vibrating the vocal cords.23 Broad and narrow transcription:the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broa
12、d transcription;while,the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription.24 Consonant:are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert,impede,or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.
13、25 Phoneme:the abstract element of sound,identified as being distinctive in a particular language.26 Allophone:any of the different forms of a phoneme(eg.is an allophone of/t/in /t/occurs in words like step,it is unaspirated.Bothand are allophones of the phoneme/t/.27 Vowl:are sound segments produce
14、d without such obstruction,so no turbulence of a total stopping of the air can be perceived.28 Manner of articulation;in the production of consonants,manner of articulation refers to the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the way in which the air passes through certain parts of th
15、e vocal tract.29 Place of articulation:in the production of consonants,place of articulation refers to where in the vocal tract there is approximation,narrowing,or the obstruction of air.30 Distinctive features:a term of phonology,property which distinguishes one phoneme from another.31 Complementar
16、y distribution:the relation between tow speech sounds that never occur in the same of the same phoneme are usually in complementary distribution.32 IPA:the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet,which is devised by the International Phonetic Association in 1888 then it has undergong a numbe
17、r of is a comprised system employing symbols of all sources,such as Roman small letters,italics uprighted,obsolete letters,Greek letters,diacritics,etc.33 Suprasegmental:suprasegmental featuresare those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound principal supra-segmental features aresylla
18、ble,stress,tone,and intonation.34 Suprasegmental:aspects of speech that involve more than single sound principle suprasegmental features are syllable,stress,tone,and intonation.35.morpheme:the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content,a unit that cannot be div
19、ided into further small units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning,whether it is lexical or poundoly morphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes,such as classroom,blackboard,snowwhite,etc.37.inflection:the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of
20、 inflectional affixes,such as number,person,finiteness,aspect and case,which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached.38.affix:the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem).39.derivation:differe
21、nt from compounds,derivation shows the relation between roots and affixes.40.root:the base from of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total lass of identity.41.allomorph:;any of the different form of a example,in English the plural mortheme is but it is pronounced differently in differen
22、t environments as/s/in cats,as/z/in dogs and as/iz/in s/,/z/,and/iz/are all allomorphs of the plural morpheme.42.Stem:any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.43.bound morpheme:an element of meaning which is structurally dependent on the world it is added
23、to,.the plural morpheme in“dogs”.44.free morpheme:an element of meaning which takes the form of an independent word.45.lexeme:A separate unit of meaning,usually in the form of a word.”dog in the manger”)46.lexicon:a list of all the words in a language assigned to various lexical categories and provi
24、ded with semantic interpretation.47.grammatical word:word expressing grammatical meanings,such conjunction,prepositions,articles and pronouns.48.lexical word:word having lexical meanings,that is,those which refer to substance,action and quality,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and verbs.49.open-class:
25、a word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and many adverbs.50.blending:a relatively complex form of compounding,in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word,or by joining the init
26、ial parts of the two words.51.loanvoord:a process in which both form and meaning are borrowed with only a slight adaptation,in some cases,to eh phonological system of the new language that they enter.52.loanblend:a process in which part of the form is native and part is borrowed,but the meaning is f
27、ully borrowed.53.leanshift:a process in which the meaning is borrowed,but the form is native.54.acronym:is made up form the first letters of the name of an organization,which has a heavily modified headword.55.loss:the disappearance of the very sound as a morpheme in the phonological system.56.back-
28、formation:an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a long form already in the language.57.assimilation:the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound,which is more specifically called.”contact”or”contiguous”assimil
29、ation.58.dissimilation:the influence one sound segment upon the articulation of another,so that the sounds become less alike,or different.59.folk etymology:a change in form of a word or phrase,resulting from an incorrect popular nation of the origin or meaning of the term or from the influence of mo
30、re familiar terms mistakenly taken to be analogous 60.category:parts of speech and function,such as the classification of words in terms of parts of speech,the identification of terms of parts of speech,the identification of functions of words in term of subject,predicate,etc.61.concord:also known a
31、s agreement,is the requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories.62.syntagmatic relation between one item and others in a sequence,or between elements which are all present.63.paradigmatic relation:a relation hold
32、ing between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure,or between one element present and he others absent.64.immediate constituent analysis:the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents-word groups(or phrases),which are in trun analyzed into the im
33、mediate constituents of their own,and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.65.endocentric construction:one construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent,or approaching equivalence,to one of its constituents,which serves as the centre,or head,of the an endocent
34、ric construction is also known as a headed construction.66.exocentric construction:a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any to any of its constituents.67.deep structure:the abstract representation of the syntactic properties of a construction,underlying level of struct
35、ural relations between its different constituents,such sa the relation between,the underlying subject and its verb,or a verb and its object.68.surfacte structure:the final stage in the syntactic derivation of a construction,which closely corresponds to the structural organization of a construction p
36、eople actually produce and receive.69.c-command:one of the similarities,or of the more general features,in these two government relations,is technically called constituent command,c-command for short.70.government and binding theory:it is the fourth period of development Chomskys TG Grammar,which co
37、nsists of X-bar theme:the basis,or the starting point,of the municative dynamism:the extent to which the sentence element contributes to the development of the communication.72.ideational function:the speakers experience of the real world,including the inner world of his own consciousness.73.interpe
38、rsonal function:the use of language to establish and maintain social relations:for the expression of social roles,which include the communication roles created by language itself;and also for getting things done,by means of the interaction between one person and another.74.textual function:the use o
39、f language the provide for making links with itself and with features of the situation in which it is used.75.conceptual meaning:the central part of meaning,which contains logical,cognitive,or denotative content.76.denotation:the core sense of a word or a phrade that relates it to phenomena in the r
40、eal world.77.connotation:a term in a contrast with denotation,meaning the properties of the entity a word denotes.78.reference:the use of language to express a propostion,meaning the properties of the entity a word denotes.79.reference:the use of anguage to express a proposition,.to talk about thing
41、s in context.80.sense:the literal meaning of a word or an expression,independent of situational context.81.synonymy:is the technical name for the sameness plentary antonymy:members of a pair in complementary antonymy are complementary to each field completely,such as male,female,absent.83.gradable a
42、ntongymy:members of this kind are gradable,such as long:short,big;small,fat;thin,etc.84.converse antonymy:a special kind of antonymy in that memembers of a pair do not constitute a positive-negative opposition,such as buy;sell,lend,borrow,above,below,etc.85.relational opposites:converse antonymy in
43、reciprocal social roles,kinship relations,temporal and spatial are always two entities presupposes the other.The shorter,better;are instances of relational opposites.86.hyponymy:a relation between tow words,in which the meaning of one word(the superordinate)is included in the meaning of another word
44、(the hyponym)87.superordinate:the upper term in hyponymy,class superordinate usually has several animal,for example,there are cats,dogs,pigs,etc,88.semantic component:a distinguishable element of meaning in a word with two values,positionality:a principle for sentence analysis,in which the meaning o
45、f a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined.90.selection restriction:semantic restrictions of the noun phrases that a particular lexical item can take,requires a human subject.91.prepositional logic:also known as prepositional calculus or sentential ca
46、lculus,is the study of the truth conditions for propositions:how the truth of a composite propositions and the connection between them.92.proposition;what is talk about in an utterance,that part of the speech act which has to do with reference.93.predicate logic:also predicate calculus,which studies
47、 the internal structure of simple.94.assimilation theory:language(sound,word,syntax,etc)change or process by which features of one element change to match those of another that precedes or follows.95.cohort theory:theory of the perception of spoken words proposed in the saaumes a“recognition lexicon
48、”in which each word is represented by a full and independent”recognistion element”.When the system receives the beginning of a relevant acoustic signal,all elements matching it are fully acticated,and,as more of the signal is received,the system tries to match it independently with each of them,Wher
49、ever it fails the element is deactivated;this process continues until only one remains active.96.context effect:this effect help people recognize a word more readily when the receding words provide an appropriate context for it.97.frequency effect:describes the additional ease with which a word is a
50、ccessed due to its more frequent usage in language.98.inference in context:any conclusion drawn from a set of proposition,from something someone has said,and so includes things that,while not following logically,are implied,in an ordinary sense,a specific context.99.immediate assumption:the reader i