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1、英汉互译(二)英汉互译(二)重庆师范大学外国语学院 余泽梅http:/ What do you think?Language is from communication,in communication and for communication.Last Semester:四、课程的基本内容四、课程的基本内容课程几大板块:概论:概论:英汉语言对比英汉语言对比英汉互译技巧英汉互译技巧汉英翻译步骤汉英翻译步骤提高篇提高篇实用文体的翻译实用文体的翻译In this semesterBasic Skills:Betterment:(Esp.C-E translation)Practical tran
2、slations:Listening:Translating:a lotDiscussing:板块三:翻译技巧Why this chapter?Translationese翻译腔/翻译症英译汉:欧化句子(Engnese)汉译英:中式英语(Chinglish)中式英语之鉴十分系统地探讨了中式英语这一非常普遍的现象。作者琼平卡姆是美国人,毕生人事翻译工作。她曾先后在外文出版社和中央编译工作过8年,专门给中国翻译工作者翻译的英译文作修改和润色。8年中她积累了大量的典型中式英语实例,她根据这些例子把中式英语的具体表现科学地加以分门别类。另:百度文库:中式英语之鉴100句http:/ Reasons f
3、or Translationese表达方表达方式不同式不同片面片面强调忠忠实如何解决?技能意识原文理原文理解不透解不透。A simple example:文章标题:Improve Your Study Habits改进你的学习习惯翻译腔中文一般说:改变习惯养成习惯改进方法改译:改进你的学习方法养成良好的学习习惯这里涉及到遣词的技巧问题The report noted proposals that eating less fat and more food with whole grain and other fibers can protect against cancers.这份报告特别提到
4、了少食脂肪,多吃含全面粉和其他纤维素的食物能预防癌症的那些建议。这份报告特别提到,有人建议少吃脂肪,多吃全粮食物和其他含纤维素的食物,能预防癌症。关键对proposal的处理这里涉及到改变词性的技巧。故本课程的技巧篇回顾:回顾:Are Books an Endangered Species?In the house where I grew up,we had a room we called the library.It wasnt a real library,of course,it was just a small den dominated by a television set.B
5、ut there were bookshelves built into all four walls,and hundreds of books-hardback books with spines of many colors-surrounded us in that room.The books,collected by my parents and grandparents throughout their lifetimes,were a part of my childhood.书籍是即将灭绝的物种吗?在我成长的房子里有一间屋子,我们把它称作图书馆。当然,那不是个真正的图书馆,它
6、仅仅是由电视机占据了主要位置的一间书斋。但是它四面墙上全部装修了嵌入式书架,上面摆了数百本书籍那些精装本的书脊呈现着各种颜色,它们在那间屋里把我们团团围住。这些书是我父母和祖父母花了毕生的精力收集来的,它们成为我童年的一部分。书籍即将绝迹灭绝吗?在我成长的房子里有一个房间,我们把它称作书房。当然,那不是真正意义上的书房,只不过是电视机占据了主要位置的小房间而已,但是四面墙上全部是嵌入式书架,上面立着好几百本精装书,书脊五颜六色,把我们团团围住。这些书是我父辈和祖辈毕生的收藏,是我童年的一部分。My generation-the generation that came of age in th
7、e 1950s and 1960s-may be the last one to know that feeling,the feeling of being surrounded by millions of words;those words were the products of years of work by authors famous and obscure.For now in the midst of the 1970s,we are seeing a subtle but unmistakable turning away from such things.The hou
8、ses of America,I fear,may soon include no room for libraries.The hardcover book-that symbol of the permanence of thought,the handing down of wisdom from one age to the next-may be a new addition to our list of endangered species.我这一代人即20世纪50和60年代成年的人可能是了解这种心情的最后一代人了,那种被上百万文字环绕着的感觉;那些文字是历代知名的和默默无闻的作家
9、们的产品。当前,在20世纪70年代中期,我们正目睹一个不易察觉却毫无疑问存在的慢慢背离书籍这类事物的倾向。恐怕美国的家庭很快就不会再留出房间做图书馆了。精装的图书那思想永驻的象征,那从一个时代向下一个时代传留的智慧可以作为我们即将灭绝的物种名单上的一项新的补充。我这一代成长于20世纪五、六十年代的人,或许是最后一批了解这种心情的人了,那种被成百上千万的文字环绕着的感觉;这些文字是历代知名或无名作家的结晶。而在当前的七十年代,(我们发现)人们正在慢慢远离书籍这类事物,这种倾向不易察觉,但毫无疑问存在着。我担心美国的家庭说不定很快就会没有专门的书房了。精装图书,象征着永恒的思想(思想的永恒),将智
10、慧代代相传,却可能即将成为我们濒危物种名单上的新成员了。名家翻译欣赏要消灭翻译腔,必须提高技能意识了解基本翻译技巧,并加以强化内化So Here We Go!基本翻译技巧有哪些?1 谴词2 词类转换3 省略4 增益5 重复/避免重复6 正反表达法7 分句与合句遣词-Diction(choice of words)遣词用字是一种翻译技巧,也是译者最重要的基本功,在翻译的整个过程中都需要我们对译文的字词取舍做出正确的判断,形成通顺的文字。Principles(英译汉):根据上下文准确判断词义符合汉语的搭配习惯分清词义的褒贬 注意文体色彩讲究词的精炼 挑选适当的字作主语 根据上下文准确判断词义根据上
11、下文准确判断词义shortI have a short memory.我记性不好。Indeed he has a short temper.急性子He complained that the notice was too short.他抱怨说通知太仓促了。We might have gone about half a mile,and my pocket-handkerchief was quite wet through,when the carrier stopped short.我们走了大约半英里路,我的小手巾全湿透了,这时,马车突然停了下来。Story:1 事件、事情、情况、情形等事件
12、、事情、情况、情形等This war is becoming the most important story of this generation.It is quite another story now.2 报道、消息、电讯等报道、消息、电讯等Last December,the Post first reported probes were being made in wade of those cities,but officials refused to confirm the story.3 3 内情、内容、真相等内情、内容、真相等Some reporters who were n
13、ot included in the session broke the story.4 传说、说法等Hell be very happy if that story holds up.5 5 热门、有意的渲染、谎言等热门、有意的渲染、谎言等The story about him became smaller and by and by faded out from the American television.6 6 身世、遭遇等身世、遭遇等The Rita Hayworth story is one of the saddest.7 7 情节、案情等情节、案情等 young man ca
14、me to Scottis office with a story.Heavy:a heavy box 很重的箱子 a heavy rain 一场大雨heavy clouds 乌云密布heavy traffic 拥堵的交通a heavy smoker烟鬼a heavy purse makes a light heart 钱财多,就会心情轻松a heavy sea 波涛汹涌的大海 raincloudscrops wine newsroadseaheart fire smoker bread wire load storm traffic heavyknife rebukesword work t
15、emper boyPin traderAngle earsedge turn peak flavor words smellfeature nosecurve watch cry voice desire pain sharp符合汉语的搭配习惯符合汉语的搭配习惯to read a map;to kick the habit;talk horse;lead a dogs life 查地图/读地图 改掉习惯/踢去习惯 吹牛 吹/谈马 过着牛马不如unhappy的生活/过着狗一样的生活Some Americans pop across the border simply to fuel up on
16、flavorful Mexican food and beer.一些美国人越过国境线,只是为了吃点可口的墨西哥食物,喝点墨西哥啤酒。In many Chinese cities,we got into the streets,shops,parks,theaters,and restaurants.在中国,我们每到一个城市,就逛大街,逛商店,逛公园,上剧场,下饭馆。We had hopes of developing tourism on quite a big scale.我们曾希望大规模发展旅游业。Botanists have succeeded in developing many ne
17、w plants.植物学家成功地培育出了许多植物新品种。The photographer develops all his films.那位摄影师所有胶卷都自己冲洗。Land animals are thought to have developed from sea animals.陆地动物被认为是由海洋动物进化而来。Id like to develop this idea a little more fully before I go on to my next point.在讲下一点之前,我想把这一概念阐述得更加充分一些。The council are planning to devel
18、op the area to the west of the town center.市政议会计划开发市中心以西的地区。注:动宾结构的翻译develop tourism 发展旅游业(顺译)develop many new plants 培育了许多植物的新品种(顺译)develop the area to the west of the town center 开发市中心以西的地区(顺译)develop all his films 所有胶卷都自己冲洗(逆译)develop this idea a little more fully把这一概念阐述的更加充分一些(译成把字句)分清词义的褒贬分清词义的
19、褒贬 I dont trust him.Hes always on the make and his artificial smiles make me sick.我不相信他,他总是假心假意,那副矫揉造作的笑容使我作呕。He was a man of high renown.他是个很有名望的人。臭名远扬:notoriousThroughout that period we and other countries of Western Europe have survived and prospered to a large extent thanks to the help and prote
20、ction of the United States.在整个时期内,基本上多亏美国的帮助和保护,我们和其他西欧国家才得以免于遭难并获繁荣。或:在整个时期内,我们和其他西欧国家能够免遭灾难并获繁荣,在很大程度上要归功于美国的帮助和保护。Thus,in the Far East,thanks to the Japanese fascist imperialists,there also arose the first seat of war.这样,由于日本法西斯帝国主义的作祟,就在远东形成了第一个战争策源地。注意文体色彩注意文体色彩 “I kept it from her after I hear
21、d on it,”said Mr.Peggotty,“going on nigh a year.We was living then in a solitary place,but among the beautifulest trees,”“起那时俺听了消息后,”辟果提先生说,“瞒着她快一年了。俺们那时呆的地方挺背,前后八方的树林子说不出的漂亮”大火烧了毛毛虫 A big fire burns a caterpillar hairy worm讲究词的精炼讲究词的精炼 delicate fragrance;penetrating eyes;careless grace 幽香 慧眼 潇洒 Stu
22、dies serve for delight,for ornament and for ability.读书足以怡情,足以傅彩,足以长才。挑选适当的字作主语挑选适当的字作主语His addition completed the list.把他添上,名单就完备了。My name is nobody.我是一个无名小卒。Shortness of time has required the omission of some states.由于时间不够,他不能访问一些国家。American education owes a great debt to Thomas Jefferson.托马斯 杰佛逊对美
23、国的教育事业 作出了巨大贡献。(较难-暂略?)Information and communications are central to modern society and organizations.One approach to understand the working environment is to consider an organization as a communications system.An organization that has open lines of communication with valid,honest information going
24、up,down,and throughout the organization will be much more effective and a much better place to work than the organization that attempts to restrict the flow of information or distort and deceive.When leadership attempts to keep workers in the dark,workers tend to become distrustful.This undermines t
25、heir cooperation.信息和沟通对现代社会及机构来说非常重要。信息和沟通对现代社会及机构来说非常重要。了解工作氛围的一个方法是,将机构看成沟了解工作氛围的一个方法是,将机构看成沟通系统。通系统。相对于那些试图限制信息流通,甚相对于那些试图限制信息流通,甚至扭曲信息、欺骗员工的机构,这样的机构至扭曲信息、欺骗员工的机构,这样的机构工作效率更高,去它那里工作也更好。在这工作效率更高,去它那里工作也更好。在这种机构里,可以用有效诚实的信息在整个机种机构里,可以用有效诚实的信息在整个机构内部自由地交流构内部自由地交流。若领导试图将员工蒙在。若领导试图将员工蒙在鼓里,员工就会变得不信任领导。
26、这损害了鼓里,员工就会变得不信任领导。这损害了他们之间的合作。他们之间的合作。(红色部分如何翻译更好?(红色部分如何翻译更好?distort and deceive的宾语分别是什么?)的宾语分别是什么?)Information and communications are central to modern society and organizations.One approach to understand the working environment is to consider an organization as a communications system.信息和沟通对现代社会
27、及机构来说非常重要。信息和沟通对现代社会及机构来说非常重要。了解工作氛围的一个方法是,将机构看成沟通了解工作氛围的一个方法是,将机构看成沟通系统。系统。对于现代社会和机构来说,信息和沟通是非常对于现代社会和机构来说,信息和沟通是非常重要的。要了解员工的工作氛围,其方法之一重要的。要了解员工的工作氛围,其方法之一就是将机构看作沟通系统。就是将机构看作沟通系统。An organization that has open lines of communication with valid,honest information going up,down,and throughout the orga
28、nization will be much more effective and a much better place to work than the organization that attempts to restrict the flow of information or distort and deceive.相对于那些试图限制信息流通,甚至扭曲信息、欺骗员工的机构,这样的机构工作效率更高,去它那里工作也更好。在这种机构里,可以用有效诚实的信息在整个机构内部自由地交流。相对于那些试图限制信息流通,甚至扭曲信息欺骗员工的机构,某个机构如果有开放的信息流通渠道,且信息是有效而可信的
29、,那么这个机构的工作效率就会更高,更适合工作。与那些试图限制信息流通,甚至扭曲信息欺骗员工的机构相比,某个机构如果有开放的沟通渠道,信息的流通也有效可信,那么该机构就会有更高的工作效率,更适合员工工作。When leadership attempts to keep workers in the dark,workers tend to become distrustful.This undermines their cooperation.若领导试图将员工蒙在鼓里,员工就会变得不信任领导。这损害了他们之间的合作。一旦领导试图将员工蒙在鼓里,员工就会变得不信任,这势必损害他们之间的合作。It
30、is easy to understand the value and importance of open,honest communications and valid information.Yet,few organizations are able to function in this manner.In the long run,poor communication will undermine the entire organization.Restricting communication and distorting information are symptoms of
31、short-range thinking.We must avoid these stupid,shortsighted traps and constantly strive for an open communications system with objective information.很容易了解开放、诚实的交流及有效的信息的价值和重要性。然而,很少有机构能够这样做。从长远看来,沟通不良会损害整个机构。限制沟通和扭曲信息都是思想狭隘的表现。我们必须避免这些愚蠢的、鼠目寸光的做法,坚定不移地为建立使用客观信息的沟通系统而努力。理解沟通开放诚实、信息有效的价值和重要性其实很容易,但是很
32、少有机构能做到这个样子。从长远来看,沟通不畅会毁了整个机构,限制沟通、扭曲信息都是思想狭隘的表现,我们必须避免这些鼠目寸光的愚蠢做法,致力于建立信息客观而开放的沟通体系。谴词谴词(汉译英汉译英)1.根据上下文正确理解原文的词义 2.注意词的搭配 3.注意逻辑顺序4.注意辨析词义:(很难,积累词汇量辨析同义词、近义词词典)词汇的广义、狭义之分 注意词义的强弱轻重注意具体、准确 注意范围的大小 用词注意褒贬和语体色彩 根据上下文正确理解原文的词义翻译中用词要忠于原文,不能凭“大概,差不多”,这就要求真正弄懂汉语的意思和所用英文词汇的真正准确含义。他讲授英国诗,举例诗人作品,脱口而出,不假思索,他讲
33、授英国诗,举例诗人作品,脱口而出,不假思索,Without thinking-乱说?Without much thinking/without hesitation/readily如“情况”一词的基本意义与英文的circumstances,situation,condition 等词相近,但究竟该如何译还需根据上下文来决定。前面有情况,做好战斗准备。There is enemy activity ahead.Get ready for combat.现在情况不同了。Now things are different.Big Things Are Coming好戏就要上场了!巨献奇迹,大赛来袭!大
34、难临头 好戏即将上场/精彩即将呈现/。“卫生”搭配不同,英语也不同 个人卫生:personal hygiene公共卫生:public health环境卫生:environmental sanitation水平:提高生活水平:upgrade the living standard提高文化水平:raise the intellectual level(of people)提高会话水平:improve ones conversational ability提高英语水平:improve ones English各级领导干部必需提高领导水平。Cadres at all levels should imp
35、rove their art of leadership.(领导水平实际上指领导能力、领导艺术,故译作art of leadership)要奋发图强,把我军的军政素质提高到一个新的水平。We must work hard to raise to a new height the military and political quality of our army.(本句“水平”指高度,译作height,和动词的搭配也比较顺。)她的英语水平比我的高。The level of his English is higher than that of mine.He knows more English
36、 than me.(“水平”一词未译出,但已经含在句子中。)历史:在汉语里,“历史”的用途很广,译成英语,就要根据不同的语境选择词语,未必都译成history。隐瞒历史:conceal ones past record干部的全部历史:a cadres life as a whole历史上犯过的错误:mistakes formerly committed从他注意研究中国历史情况和当前社会情况方面,知道他是很谦虚的。From the way he applied himself to the study both of Chinas past and present,I know he was a
37、 man with a receptive mind.我们必需研究中国的历史情况和当前的社会状况。We must apply ourselves to the study of both Chinas past and present.现在大多数的私人企业只有十多年的历史,我们就要求它们那么好,这是不合理的。As most of our private enterprises are only a little over 10 years old,it would be unreasonable to ask too much of them.这家工厂只有几年的历史,可是产品已经进入国际市场。
38、The factory was set up only a few years ago,yet its products have found their way into the international market.本句无非说“才建几年”,不可译成a history of only a few years.搞改革,总难免要犯一些错误,这是历史经验证明了的。Mistakes are unavoidable in carrying out reforms,as past experience has proved.我们应当从这里得出一条经验,就是不要被假象所迷惑。We should dra
39、w a lesson from here:Do not be misled by false appearances.(经验:experience(knowledge or skill acquired from seeing or doing sth),本处的(“经验”不是成功的经验,而是从错误或失败中得出的经验,应为“教训”,故lesson)在谈话中,他涉及的是一些严肃的问题,诸如国有企业的改革,快速膨胀的政府机构。In his talk,he tackled serious subjects,like the reform of state-owned enterprises and t
40、he growing bureaucracy.(问题话题)注意词的搭配 在许多场合,汉语中词与词之间不会发生搭配不当的情况,可是,到了英语里却行不通,这时就要换词。不要对字进行死译,要考虑英文的真正含义以及词的搭配,否则读者会读不懂译文的。如:“省吃俭用”save food and expenses Xlive frugallysave food:指把食物放起来,“浓茶”strong teathick tea X词的搭配可谓翻译的难点之一,也是最容易出现问题的地方之一。学习和掌握词的搭配是翻译的基本技巧。汉语中一个词语的外延意思很广,翻译时要根据不同的意思选择不同的英语词语。战火扩大:the
41、flames of war expand(应为spread)实现自给自足:achieve self-sufficiency(应为reach)学习知识:Learn/study knowledge(应为acquire/obtain)教知识 teach knowledge我们应当教大学生一点美国历史知识。We must teach them a little knowledge of American history.We must teach them some American history.违反他的意图:violate his intention(应为go against)严密控制:clos
42、e control(应为strict/rigid)强硬政策:strong policy(应为tough)啊,好票!Ah,good tickets(票的纸张质量好)/Ah,good seats!西方舆论纷纷猜测:The public opinion in the West predicts one after another 应为The Western press has much to say in prediction略?我们尽管刚刚踏上阳光之州昆士兰的土地,却已经深深感受到了主人的诚挚深厚的友谊。Although we have just set foot on the land of Q
43、ueensland,the Sunshine State,we have already deeply felt the hosts sincere and profound friendship Feel跟宾语时是指用手可以直接触摸到的印象,而“friendship”是抽象的东西,两者搭配不当,可以考虑译成:feel your love?we have been deeply touched by the hosts friendly sentiments我们广泛地接触了工商界人士。We have widely met with people from the business commun
44、ity“meet”这种词常常指的是一次性动作,与搭配widely不当,但与frequently倒可以搭配,因此,可以改译成:We have had extensive contacts with people from the business community如果处理不当,就很容易动摇我们的方针,影响改革的全局。If the problems are not handled properly,our policies could be undermined and reforms affected.(动摇我们的方针 shake our policies policy 是抽象的,不能shak
45、e,应用undermine)搭配不当是逻辑上的问题,但大多数还是语言习惯的问题。我们要有意识地去熟悉哪些词经常连用,哪些词不能连用,否则就必然会出现“想当然”和“任意乱套”之类的错误。不过,语言在发展,有些原来不能搭配的,现在可以了,因为有人在创新。创新如果能够站住脚,久而久之使用的人多了,就成为惯用的语言现象。逻辑顺序 贪污腐化、奢侈浪费等现象仍在蔓延滋长。Corruption,extravagance and waste are still spreading and growing从逻辑上看,先要滋生,然后才能蔓延。所以翻译时不能过分拘泥于汉语的词序去翻译,不然,翻译出来的东西就不合逻辑
46、。该句可改译为:Corruption,extravagance and waste are still growing and spreading我们要靠自己来摆脱贫困,靠自己发展起来。北京周报的译文是:We must rely on ourselves to get rid of poverty and develop我们知道,先要发展起来,才有可能摆脱贫困,不能机械地按汉语的顺序来进行翻译。因此,可以颠倒汉语的顺序,也压不住句子。改译为:We have to depend on ourselves to develop and lift ourselves out of poverty注意
47、辨析词义很难 词汇的广义、狭义(抽象、具体)词汇的广义、狭义(抽象、具体)翻译时,要注意词汇的广义、狭义之分。如:汉语的“抓”字有时作狭义的用手抓,如:狗把她的手抓了(The dog scratched her hand),有时作抽象的意义解,如瞎抓(find oneself at a loss),抓苗头(watch out for the first signs),抓养猪配种(pay close attention to pig-breeding)。而英语的grasp含义狭窄,指用手去抓或心里理解,所以把抓革命译为grasp revolution就值得商榷,抓肥料也不能译为grasp man
48、ure。农业是国民经济的基础。Agriculture is the foundation of the national economy.(“农业”是广义,指一切农业经济(农业、畜牧业、林业、渔业),故译作agriculture.)我们要有一个农林牧副渔布局合理,全面发展,能够满足人民生活和工业发展需要的发达的农业。后一个“农业”与工业相对,译作agriculture。林业、畜牧业、副业都是属于农业,和并列一起的“农业”都是具体的狭义的。所以前一个“农业”是狭义的“种田”,是指耕作的农业,不是指整个农业经济,故译作farming。We need an advanced agriculture
49、to meet the needs of people and an expanding industry,an agriculture with rational and all-round development of farming,forestry,animal husbandry,side-line production(或side-occupations)and fishery.注意词义具体、准确注意词义具体、准确用词还要注意具体、准确。注意具体意义、抽象意义方面的不同,不要太笼统、太抽象、太概括。只有用词具体、准确,译文才能鲜明、生动有力。如:a good man可有许多解释:有
50、道德的人,不自私的人,健康的人,规矩的人,有贞节的人,有能力的人快乐的人,有用的人,勤劳的人等。“a bad man也有不同解释:歹人,暴徒,不正经的人,不老实的人,无能的人,反复无常的人等。因此,在翻译时要尽量用较具体的字眼,以免引起误解或意思不清。他讲的笑话逗得她笑了。可译成His joke made her laugh 但“他的话使她笑了”,译成His words made her laugh就不够了。因为laugh可能是因高兴而笑,也可能是在嘲笑。在汉语里,“笑”这一个字,若不加修饰语,一般指快活而笑,而英语laugh的含义则较多。在翻译时,应使读者通过上下文理解无误。如果通过上下文,