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1、减词译法减词译法Omission最彰显译文的地道性的译法 减词减词(omission)任何事物具有两面，翻译既然有增译法，就必定有对应的减译法或省略法。减词是指将原文中需要、而译文中又不需要的词语省去。也即原文中有些词在译文中不译出来，因为译文中虽无其词但已有其意，或者的在译文中是不言而喻的。省略的词语应是那些在译文中保留下来反而使语言表达累赘噜嗦、且不合汉语语言表达习惯的词语。也就是删去一些可有可无或有了反而累赘或违背译文表达习惯的词。省略法不是省掉原文的思想内容。减词一般用于以下两种情况：从语法角度进行省略从语法角度进行省略从修饰角度进行省略从修饰角度进行省略此外，冠词、连词、代词（尤其是
2、人称代词、关系代词）、关系副词等，在英语中经常使用，但译成汉语时很少出现，为了使译文忠实地道，减译法或省略法就不可少了。从语法角度进行省略从语法角度进行省略 英汉两种语言在语法上差异较大，例如：英语经常使用人称代词、关系代词等代词，而汉语代词则用得较少；英语重形合、连接词较多，而汉语重意合、连接词较少；英语有冠词，而汉语没有；英语介词丰富，而汉语介词较少。因此，英译汉时可在不损害准确传达原文内容的前提下根据具体情况将代词、连接词、冠词、介词等略去。省去冠词省去冠词英语有冠词，汉语没有冠词；因此，英译汉时往往要将冠词省略。相反，汉译英时，多要增加冠词，也就是增译法中的增加冠词。如：A teach
3、er should have patience in his work.当老师的应当有耐心当老师的应当有耐心。（省略表示类别的不定冠词（省略表示类别的不定冠词（省略表示类别的不定冠词（省略表示类别的不定冠词A A）A square has four angles.正方形有四个角。正方形有四个角。A book is useful.书（是）有用（的）。书（是）有用（的）。A camel is much inferior to an elephant in strength.骆驼的力气远不如大象。骆驼的力气远不如大象。略：略：The horse is a useful animal./The cro
4、codile is a dangerous animal.马是有益的动物。马是有益的动物。/鳄鱼是危险的动物。The direction of a force can be represented by an arrow.力的方向可以用箭头表示。The moon was slowly rising above the sea.月亮慢慢从海上升起。月亮慢慢从海上升起。Milk is sold by the pound.Milk is sold by the pound.牛奶按磅计价。（牛奶是牛奶按磅计价。（牛奶是牛奶按磅计价。（牛奶是牛奶按磅计价。（牛奶是 论磅卖。）论磅卖。）论磅卖。）论磅卖。
5、）不宜省略当然，有些场合，冠词是不能省略的。比如不定冠词a 或an 表示数量“一”时，定冠词the 表示“这”或“那”时，均不能省略。He left without a word.他一句话不说就走了。他一句话不说就走了。He said he was getting a dollar a mile.他说他每开一英里就赚一元钱。他说他每开一英里就赚一元钱。The girl standing at the window is his girlfriend.站在窗口的（那个）女孩是他女朋友。站在窗口的（那个）女孩是他女朋友。此句中此句中girlgirl后有定语，汉译时定冠词后有定语，汉译时定冠词The
6、 The 可省也可保留。）可省也可保留。）省略代词省略代词 n英语倾向于多用代词，特别是人称代词，凭借指代关系传英语倾向于多用代词，特别是人称代词，凭借指代关系传递逻辑信息。汉语则倾向于凭借复述传递逻辑信息。因此，递逻辑信息。汉语则倾向于凭借复述传递逻辑信息。因此，应注意在汉语译文中适应注意在汉语译文中适当省去代当省去代词。词。一一.省去物主代词省去物主代词Put your hat on your head.把帽子戴上。In my childhood I learned a great deal about Russia.童年时童年时,我就听到许多关于俄国的事情。我就听到许多关于俄国的事情。H
7、e put his hands into his pockets,shrugged his shoulders and went his way.他把双手放进口袋，耸耸肩，走了。二、省去作宾语的代词二、省去作宾语的代词 I was at once interested in this finger play and tried to imitate it.我马上对这种手指在手心里写字的游戏产生我马上对这种手指在手心里写字的游戏产生了兴趣，接着就模仿起来。了兴趣，接着就模仿起来。I have received your letter and read it with delight.我收到了你的
8、信，愉快地读了。三三.省去泛指的人称代词省去泛指的人称代词英语句子的主语都是泛指的，在译成汉语时，多省掉。We have 7 days a week and 24 hours a day.一个星期有一个星期有7天，天，一天有一天有24小时。小时。We live and learn.活到老，学到老。Fight when you can win;Move away when you cannot win.打得赢就打，打不赢就走。打得赢就打，打不赢就走。You can never tell.很难说。If you give him an inch,he will take a mile.得寸进尺。Yo
9、u can always tell the somebody from the nobody at a cocktail party.The somebody come late.在鸡尾酒会上（人们）常常可以看出大人物和无名小卒来。那些迟到的就是大人物。四四.省去作主语的人称代词省去作主语的人称代词英语中通常每句都有主语。人称代词作主语时，重复出现，人称代词作主语时，重复出现，但根据汉语习惯，但前句出现一个主语且后句仍为同一主语时，后句主语一般省掉，符合汉语的表达习惯。符合汉语的表达习惯。如：But its the way I am,and try as I might,I havent be
10、en able to change it.但我就是这个脾气，虽然几经努力，却未能但我就是这个脾气，虽然几经努力，却未能改变过来。改变过来。He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable.他消瘦而憔悴，看上去一幅可怜相。他消瘦而憔悴，看上去一幅可怜相。He had many wonderful ideas,but he only put a few into practice.他虽然有许多美妙的想法，他虽然有许多美妙的想法，却只有少数付却只有少数付诸实施。诸实施。He was thin and haggard and he looked miser
11、able.他消瘦而憔悴，看上去一副可怜相。他消瘦而憔悴，看上去一副可怜相。When the students finished all the books they had brought,they opened the lunch and ate it.学生们看完了随身携带的书，就打开盒饭吃起来。省略连词省略连词汉语语言精炼，并列连词较少使用，其上下逻辑关系常常是暗含的，由词语顺序来表示。译为英语时，需要增补。证实了英语是形合语言，汉语是意合语言的命题。相反，把英语译成汉语时，很多情况则需省略连词。如：一、一、省去表示时间的连词省去表示时间的连词John rose gloomily as t
12、he train stopped,for he was thinking of his lovely girlfriend.火车停了，约翰郁郁地站了起来，因为他想起火车停了，约翰郁郁地站了起来，因为他想起了可爱的女友。了可爱的女友。They waited a long time before he suddenly stepped out on the balcony and raised a hand in salute.人们等了很久，忽然他走了出来，站在阳台上，人们等了很久，忽然他走了出来，站在阳台上，举起一只手敬礼。举起一只手敬礼。Never trouble yourself with
13、trouble till trouble troubles you.不要自寻麻烦。When I sing,I sing off-key.我一唱歌就跑调。Metals expand when heated and contract when cooled.金属热胀冷缩。When I was seven years old，。我七岁那年。When it is dark in the east,it is light in the west;when things are dark in the south there is still light in the north.东方不亮西方亮，黑了南方
14、有北方。Everything is good when new,but friends when old.东西是新的好，朋友是老的真。物莫如新，友莫如故。二、省去表示条件的连词二、省去表示条件的连词 If winter comes,can spring be far behind?冬天来了，冬天来了，春天还会远吗？春天还会远吗？If I had known it,I would not have joined in it.早知如此，早知如此，我就不参加了。我就不参加了。If a country has an abundance of natural resources,it is common
15、 for it to export some of them.一个国家的自然资源十分丰富一个国家的自然资源十分丰富,出口一些资源出口一些资源是不足为奇的。是不足为奇的。Even if you go there,there wouldnt be any result.你去了也是白去。What could marriage mean if we did not feel ourselves capable of love?连爱都爱不起来，还谈什么婚姻！三三.省去表示原因的连接词省去表示原因的连接词He wanted to become a missionary because he thought
16、 that was the way he could do most for people.他想当传教士，认为这样可以对人类做出最他想当传教士，认为这样可以对人类做出最大贡献。大贡献。He didnt come to the meeting as he was ill yesterday.昨天他病了，没来开会。昨天他病了，没来开会。Because everyone uses language to talk,everyone thinks he can talk about language.人人都用语言交谈人人都用语言交谈,人人也就自认为能够谈论语人人也就自认为能够谈论语言言.As the
17、temperature increase,the volume of water becomes greater.温度升高，水的体积就增大。温度升高，水的体积就增大。We knew winter vocation was coming as(because)we had seen the big stone in the River.（我们）看见了河里大石头，就知道寒假要来了。（我们）看见了河里大石头，就知道寒假要来了。四、省去并列连词四、省去并列连词He looked gloomy and troubled.他看上去有些忧愁不安。他看上去有些忧愁不安。Early to bed and ear
18、ly to rise makes a man healthy,wealthy and wise.早睡早起能够使一个人健康、富有、聪明。A thousand years will pass and the guilt of Germany will not be erased.-Hans Frank Governor-General of Poland千年易逝，德国的罪孽难消。驻波兰总督汉斯弗朗克Your son or your father or your wife or your teacher or your boss might be a good friend of yours.你的儿
19、子，你的父亲，你的妻子，你的老师，你的上司，都可能是你的好友。All I am,or can be,I owe to my angel mother.我之所有，我之所能，皆慈母所赐。If there were no such things as gravity,you could not run or jump rope,or swim or drink an ice-cream soda.（要是）没有地心引力，我们就不能奔跑，不能跳绳、游泳，也不能喝冰淇淋汽水。省略前置词（介词）省略前置词（介词）一般说来，一般说来，表示时间和地点的英语前置词，译成汉语如表示时间和地点的英语前置词，译成汉语如
20、出现在出现在句首，大都可句首，大都可以省略，出现在句尾时大都不省。如：The Peoples Republic of China was founded in 1949.一九四九年中华人民共和国成立。中华人民共和国成立于一九四九年。In July,1956,Egypt had seized the Suez Canal.一九五六年七月，埃及占领了苏伊士运河。埃及占领苏伊士运河是在一九五六年。And on July 1st,1999,I graduated from university.一九九九年七月一日，我大学毕业了。On Sundays we have no school.礼拜天我们不上课
21、。Smoking in public places is prohibited.()公共场所不许吸烟。Now complaints are heard in all parts of that country.该国各地目前怨声载道。如果该短语译成汉语后变为动词宾语，介词也应省略。如：Rumors had already spread along the streets and lanes.各种流言蜚语早就传遍了大街小巷。They praised the boy for his bravery.他们称赞这个小孩勇敢。The room was warm and comfortably Americ
22、an.屋内暖融融的，美国式的布置十分舒适（省系动词）从修饰从修饰/修辞角度进行省略修辞角度进行省略 翻译时要使译文不显罗嗦，有些词语必须省去或精简。（删繁剪秽）如：省去对偶同义词中的某一个词省去对偶同义词中的某一个词英语某些语体中特有的运用“对偶同义词”，就是语义多余现象的例子之一。翻译时遇到这种情况就必须采用省略译法，即不重复同义词，而是用一个词译出，且原文的意义没有减。如：The treaty was pronounced null and void.条约被宣布无效。The most amazing and inspiring part of the tale came after tha
23、t.这之后才是故事最惊心动魄的部分。Neither party shall cancel the contract without sufficient cause or reason.双方均不得无故解除合同。There was no snow,the leaves were gone from the trees,the grass was dead.天未下雪，但已叶落草枯。He shouldnt have taken advantage of her sexually.他本不应该占她的便宜。Small islands have played a disproportionately lar
24、ge role in the thinking of evolutionary biologists.岛屿虽小，但在影响进化论生物学家思维的过程中起的作用却非常(非常)大。试一试，比一比？字数Applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not.There is no other month in the whole year,in which nature wears a more beautiful appearance than in the month of August.A
25、ll evils are to be considered with the good that is in them,and with what worse attends them.I should like to make a brief statement regarding some of the considerations leading to our affirmative vote.He considered it(National Security Council)too large and bulky and thus too leaky,too many people
26、who talked too much.Applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not.报名的人，有工作经验的优先录取。There is no other month in the whole year,in which nature wears a more beautiful appearance than in the month of August.一年之中，大自然的美景莫过于金秋八月。All evils are to be considered with the go
27、od that is in them,and with what worse attends them.要考虑到福祸相依，祸不单行。I should like to make a brief statement regarding some of the considerations leading to our affirmative vote.我想简单谈一谈我们投赞成票的理由。汉译英He considered it(National Security Council)too large and bulky and thus too leaky,too many people who tal
28、ked too much.他认为国家安全委员会机构庞大，人多嘴杂，容易泄密。我们必须培养分析问题解决问题的能力。We must cultivate the ability to analyze and solve problems 领导必须坚持物质、精神文明两手抓的原则。Leaders at all levels must always attach great importance to(pay attention to)ethical as well as material progress发达国家有四大优势：一、先进的技术；二、先进的管理经验；三、资金雄厚；四、人才丰富。Develope
29、d countries have the edge in four areas：technology，managerial expertise，capital and experienced professionals 练习-略 The proposal was rejected and repudiated.One must make painstaking effort before he、she could succeed in mastering a foreign language.No matter whether you believe me or not,I saw it wi
30、th my own eyes.Never get on or off the bus before it comes to standstill.He worked in the daytime,and at night he went to night school.We can not see sound waves as they travel through air.I can do it,and so can you.Smoking is not allowed in the store-house.Where there is a will,there is a way.A wis
31、e man will not marry a woman who has attainment but no virtue.建议遭到否决。建议遭到否决。要掌握一门外语，非下苦功不可。要掌握一门外语，非下苦功不可。我亲眼见的这件事，信不信由你。我亲眼见的这件事，信不信由你。车未停妥，车未停妥，请勿上下。请勿上下。他白天上班，晚上去上夜校。他白天上班，晚上去上夜校。声波通过空气传播，声波通过空气传播，是看不见的。是看不见的。我能做，我能做，你也能做。你也能做。仓库重地，严禁吸烟。仓库重地，严禁吸烟。有志者事竟成。有志者事竟成。聪明的人是不会娶有才无德的女子为妻的。聪明的人是不会娶有才无德的女子为妻
32、的。An individual human existence should be like a river small at first,narrowly contained within its banks,and rushing passionately past boulders and over water-falls.Gradually the river grows wider,the banks recede,the waters flow more quietly and at the end,without any visible break,they become merged in the sea,painlessly lose their individual being.人生好比一条河，开始是峡谷细流，接着是激流人生好比一条河，开始是峡谷细流，接着是激流勇进，冲过巨石，飞下悬崖。勇进，冲过巨石，飞下悬崖。后来河面渐宽，水后来河面渐宽，水流也愈趋平缓，最后流入大海，与海水浑然一体，流也愈趋平缓，最后流入大海，与海水浑然一体，自然而然地结束其单独存在的那一段历程。自然而然地结束其单独存在的那一段历程。