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1、LOGOLOGO英语专业四级考试词汇语法篇语法与词汇1.考试大纲要求:能灵活、正确地运用教学大纲语法结构表一级至四级的全部内容,掌握大纲规定的基础阶段认知词汇(5500-6000),并且能正确、熟练地运用其中3000-4000个单词及其最基本的搭配。测试时间为15分钟,题型为多项选择题,共30道题,每题有四个选择项,其中50%为词汇、词组和短语用法题,其余为语法结构题。测试学生运用词汇、短语、语法结构以及基本语法概念的能力。语法与词汇项目原始分30分,所占总分比重为15%。Company Logo语法与词汇2.历年考试与考点分析语法部分根据下面分析可以发现,历年英语专业四级考试语法与词汇部分中
2、的语法试题主要围绕着10项语法点。其中,考试重点与难点集中在从属分句、虚拟语气、非谓语动词、代词、动词时态、情态动词等语法知识点的应用上。Company Logo题型题型年份年份从属从属分句分句虚拟虚拟语气语气非谓非谓语动语动词词代词代词动词动词时态时态情态情态动词动词形容形容词词/副词副词句子句子成分成分结构结构主谓主谓一致一致反意反意疑问疑问句句限定限定词词倒装倒装省略省略20014121220025211112003631112004432120052224311200633111121112007342311120086121111112009412122122010211211131
3、11Company Logo从句要点从句要点从句可分为:从句可分为:副词性从句:状语从句包括时间状语从句、副词性从句:状语从句包括时间状语从句、条件状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从条件状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、方式状句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、方式状语从句、语从句、让步状语让步状语从句和从句和比较状语从句比较状语从句。形容词性从句:形容词性从句:定语从句定语从句名词性从句:主语从句、名词性从句:主语从句、宾语从句、表语从宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句句、同位语从句Company LogoLOGOLOGO时间状语从句时间状语从句时间状语从句时间状语从
4、句-常用的连词常用的连词表示表示“当当的时候的时候”:when,while,as,justas,nexttime(下次下次),thelasttime(上次上次的时候的时候)表示时间先后:表示时间先后:after,before,when用于完成时态:用于完成时态:bythetime,itisthefirst/secondtime,hardlywhen,nosoonerthan,scarcelywhen,nowthat,since,eversinceCompany Logo时间状语从句时间状语从句-常用的连词常用的连词表示习惯性,经常性“每次”:each time,every time,whene
5、ver表示“一旦”:as soon as,once表示“直到”:the instant,the moment,the minute,the second,the day,until,tillCompany Logo时间状语从句-注意事项注意事项1.1.时态:时态:时态:时态:1)1)时间状语从句中一般不用将来时,若谈时间状语从句中一般不用将来时,若谈时间状语从句中一般不用将来时,若谈时间状语从句中一般不用将来时,若谈论将来的事情,往往用一般现在时来代替论将来的事情,往往用一般现在时来代替论将来的事情,往往用一般现在时来代替论将来的事情,往往用一般现在时来代替一般将来时,用一般过去时替代过去将来
6、一般将来时,用一般过去时替代过去将来一般将来时,用一般过去时替代过去将来一般将来时,用一般过去时替代过去将来时时时时。IwonthavedinnerIwonthavedinneruntil my until my mother mother comescomes back back.IwilldiscussthiswithyouwhenIwilldiscussthiswithyouwhenwewemeetmeet.Company Logo 2)2)用于完成时态:用于完成时态:用于完成时态:用于完成时态:bythetime,itisthebythetime,itisthefirst/second
7、time,first/secondtime,hardlywhenhardlywhen,nonosoonerthansoonerthan,scarcelywhenscarcelywhen,now,nowthat,since,eversincethat,since,eversinceCompany Logo注意事项注意事项 nosoonerthan,nosoonerthan,hardly/scarcelywhen,hardly/scarcelywhen,这一结构的时态搭配,这一结构的时态搭配,这一结构的时态搭配,这一结构的时态搭配,nosoonernosooner与与与与hardly/scarce
8、lyhardly/scarcely引导的主句谓语引导的主句谓语引导的主句谓语引导的主句谓语动词用过去完成时,而动词用过去完成时,而动词用过去完成时,而动词用过去完成时,而thanthan与与与与whenwhen从句中谓语用从句中谓语用从句中谓语用从句中谓语用一般过去时。此外,当把一般过去时。此外,当把一般过去时。此外,当把一般过去时。此外,当把nosoonernosooner和和和和 hardly/scarcelyhardly/scarcely提到句首时,就用倒装语序。提到句首时,就用倒装语序。提到句首时,就用倒装语序。提到句首时,就用倒装语序。Ihadhardlygothomewhenitb
9、egantoIhadhardlygothomewhenitbegantorain.rain.HardlyhadIgothomewhenitbegantoHardlyhadIgothomewhenitbegantorain.rain.Company Logo注意事项注意事项2.特殊时间状语从句特殊时间状语从句Thepolicewentintoaction_theyheardthealarm.A.promptlyB.presentlyC.quicklyD.directlyIwilltelephoneyoudirectly/immediately/instantly/themomentIhearth
10、enews.Company Logo注意事项注意事项3.It+be+时间时间+before-clause这个句型中的时间一般为表示一段时间的词语这个句型中的时间一般为表示一段时间的词语(如:如:longyears,months,weeks,days,hours,minutes),主句中的谓语动词用肯定,主句中的谓语动词用肯定式,意为式,意为过多长时间才过多长时间才.。主句的谓语动词是否定式时,意为主句的谓语动词是否定式时,意为没过多长时间就没过多长时间就.。主句的时态可用过去时。主句的时态可用过去时was或将来时或将来时willbe;用;用was时,时,before从句的动词用一般过去时;从句
11、的动词用一般过去时;用用willbe时,时,before从句常用一般现在时。从句常用一般现在时。例例如:如:Itwaslong/oneyearbeforeshecamehome.Itwillnotbelongbeforewemeetagain.Itwasalongtime_theguardsdiscoveredwhathadhappened.AbeforeBuntilCsinceDwhenCompany Logo真题真题60.Thecouplehadnosoonergottothestation_thecoachleft.(2009)A.whenB.asC.untilD.than56.Ienj
12、oyedmyselfsomuch_IvisitedmyfriendsinParislastyear.(2008)A.whenB.whichC.thatD.whereDACompany Logo真题真题1.Comeandseemewhenever_.(1997-48)A.youareconvenientB.youwillbeconvenientC.itisconvenienttoyouD.itwillbeconvenienttoyoucCompany LogoLOGOLOGO条件状语从句条件状语从句条件状语从句常用常用if,unless(除非,如果不),(除非,如果不),as/solongas只
13、要,只要,onlyif,once,onconditionthat(条件是条件是),provided/providing(that),suppose/supposing(that)(多用于多用于问句问句),assuming(that),intheevent(that),incase(that),given(that)等。等。Company Logo条件状语从句注意事项如果主句是将来时如果主句是将来时,条件状语从句用一般现在时表示。条件状语从句用一般现在时表示。例如例如:AslongasIlive,Ishallworkhard.IshallnotgotothecinemaunlessIfinish
14、myhomework.Intheeventthatourteamwins,therewillbeabigcelebration.Company LogoOnlyifvs.ifonlyonlyif引起的条件状语从句,是一个对引起的条件状语从句,是一个对“条件条件”限制更严的限制更严的“限制性条件状语从句限制性条件状语从句”,表示,表示“只有只有(才才);只有在;只有在的时候;唯一的条件是的时候;唯一的条件是”的意思;与的意思;与if引起的一般条件句相比,它有一引起的一般条件句相比,它有一种增强主句语势的作用。例如:种增强主句语势的作用。例如:Onlyifthecaseisurgentshould
15、youcalloutthedoctorinthemiddleofthenight.只有患者情况紧急时,你才可以在半夜叫医只有患者情况紧急时,你才可以在半夜叫医生看病。生看病。2.ifonly引导的条件句,通常用来表示说话人对引导的条件句,通常用来表示说话人对某事所寄予的某种强烈愿望,相当于某事所寄予的某种强烈愿望,相当于aslongas。它可以独立使用,用来表示由于客观条件限制,为它可以独立使用,用来表示由于客观条件限制,为某事不大可能或完全不可能实现而感到惋惜或遗憾某事不大可能或完全不可能实现而感到惋惜或遗憾的复杂心情,常用虚拟语气。例如:的复杂心情,常用虚拟语气。例如:IfonlyIwer
16、eascleverasyou!要是我像!要是我像你一样聪明该多好啊!你一样聪明该多好啊!Company Logo注意注意Onlyif置于句首,需要倒装置于句首,需要倒装Ifonly用于虚拟语气,谓语动词用一般过用于虚拟语气,谓语动词用一般过去时,表示现在没有实现的愿望,用过去完去时,表示现在没有实现的愿望,用过去完成时,表示过去没有实现的愿望,常译为成时,表示过去没有实现的愿望,常译为“要是要是就好了就好了”Company Logo真题真题1.Heaskedmetolendhimsomemoney,whichIagreedtodo,_thathepaidmebackthefollowingwe
17、ek.(2005-64)A.onoccasionB.onpurposeC.onconditionD.onlyif2._bothsidesaccepttheagreement_alastingpeacebeestablishedinthisregion.A.Onlyif,willB.Ifonly,wouldC.Should,willD.Unless,wouldCACompany Logo真题真题3.Youwontgetaloan_youcanoffersomesecurity.(1996-41)A.lestB.incaseC.unlessDotherthanCCompany LogoLOGOLO
18、GO原因状语从句原因状语从句原因状语从句引导原因状语从句的从属连词有:引导原因状语从句的从属连词有:because,as,since,now(that),seeing(that),forthereasonthat,inthat,consideringthat。Company Logo原因状语从句Because,since,as和和forbecause语气最强,强调原因。回答语气最强,强调原因。回答“why”问句。表原因的强调句型中,也只用问句。表原因的强调句型中,也只用because。在。在“notbut”结构中,也结构中,也用它。用它。e.g.Hedecidedtogiveupthechan
19、ceofgoingabroad,notbecausehedidnotwanttobutbecausehiswifewasill.since语气弱于语气弱于because,其次是其次是as,for的语气最弱。的语气最弱。Since和和as往往表达的是人们往往表达的是人们所知的或显而易见的原因,强调主句。所知的或显而易见的原因,强调主句。For表示一种解释说明。表示一种解释说明。Company LogoSince和和now(that)since既然:用来表达众所周知的理由既然:用来表达众所周知的理由Since weve no money,we cant buy it.Since you are g
20、oing,I will go too.now(that)既然既然,表示新出现的情况表示新出现的情况Now(that)we have gone so far,we might go a little further.Now(that)you are well again,you can travel.你已康复,可以远行了。Company Logo原因状语从句-真题真题Barryhadanadvantageoverhismother_hecouldspeakFrench.(2001-49)A.eversinceB.inthatC.atthatD.sothat54.Mendifferfromanim
21、als_theycanthinkandspeak.(2008)A.forwhichB.forthatC.inthatD.inwhichCompany LogoLOGOLOGO让步状语从句让步状语从句让步状语从句常用常用though/although,as(尽管),(尽管),muchas(不管,尽管不管,尽管),inspiteofthefactthat,while,evenif/though,forall(尽管尽管),however,whatever,wherever,whoever,nomatterhow/what/who等引导。等引导。Company Logo让步状语从句-though,al
22、thoughAlthough与与though两者意思相同,一般可互换,可两者意思相同,一般可互换,可以与以与yet,still或或nevertheless连用,但不能和连用,但不能和but连用。连用。Though the sore be healed,yet a scar may remain.伤伤口虽愈合,但伤疤留下了。口虽愈合,但伤疤留下了。(谚语)(谚语)注意:注意:1)though还可以用作副词,意为还可以用作副词,意为“可是,然而可是,然而”,置于句末。置于句末。He said he would come;he didnt,though.2)though引导的从句也可象引导的从句也可
23、象as引导的从句一样用倒引导的从句一样用倒装语序,但是装语序,但是although引导的从句只能用正常语序。引导的从句只能用正常语序。Company Logo让步状语从句-even if,even thoughEventhoughheknowsit,hellnotletoutthesecret.(他知道这个秘密)(他知道这个秘密).Evenifheknowsit,hellnotletoutthesecret.(不确定他是否知道这个秘密)(不确定他是否知道这个秘密).though常表示一些已经确定的消息,而常表示一些已经确定的消息,而if由它本由它本身所带的身所带的“如果如果”的含义,表示了一种
24、对假设信息的含义,表示了一种对假设信息的不确定。的不确定。Eventhough是是“虽说虽说”,而,而Evenif是是“就算就算”。前者是事实而后者是假设。前者是事实而后者是假设。Company Logo让步状语从句-as,thoughas/though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前(形容词、副词、引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前(形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前)。分词、实义动词提前)。Childas/thoughhewas,heknewwhatwastherightthingtodo.=Thoughhewasasmallchild,heknewwhatwastherightthingto
25、do.Hardas/thoughheworks,hemakeslittleprogress.(=Thoughheworkshard,hemakeslittleprogress.)注意:注意:a.句首名词句首名词不能不能带任何冠词。带任何冠词。b.句首是句首是实义动词实义动词,其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾,其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。Tryhardashewill,heneverseemsabletodotheworksatisfactorily.=Thoughhetrieshard,henevers
26、eems虽然他尽了努力,但他的工作总做的不尽人意。虽然他尽了努力,但他的工作总做的不尽人意。Company Logo让步状语从句-Whether.or.(不管.还是.)Whetheryoubelieveitornot,itistrue.Company Logo让步状语从句-nomatter+疑问词疑问词或或疑问词疑问词+后缀后缀everNomatterwhathappened,hewouldnotmind.Whateverhappened,hewouldnotmind.替换:替换:nomatterwhat=whatevernomatterwho=whoevernomatterwhen=when
27、evernomatterwhere=wherevernomatterwhich=whichevernomatterhow=however注意:注意:nomatter不能引导主语从句和宾语从句不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。(错)(错)Nomatterwhatyousayisofnousenow.(对)(对)Whateveryousayisofnousenow.(错)(错)Prisonershavetoeatnomatterwhattheyregiven,(对)(对)Prisonershavetoeatwhatevertheyregiven.Company Logohoweverhowever为连接
28、副词,引导让步状语从句,为连接副词,引导让步状语从句,其意义和作用相当于其意义和作用相当于nomatterhow。可用于如下结构:可用于如下结构:however+形容词形容词/副副词词+主语主语+谓语谓语Howeverlateheis,Motherwillwaitforhimtohavedinnertogether.Wellhavetofinishthejog,howeverlongittakes.Company Logo真题真题1._,Mr.Wellsisscarcelyinsympathywiththeworkingclass.(2005-52)A.Althoughheisasociali
29、stB.EvenifheisasocialistC.BeingasocialistD.Sinceheisasocialist2._Ilikeeconomics,Ilikesociologymuchbetter.(2003-49)A.AsmuchasB.SomuchC.HowmuchD.MuchasA DCompany Logo真题真题3.Fool_Janeis,shecouldnothavedonesuchathing.(2002-48)A.whoB.asC.thatD.like4._healwaystrieshisbesttocompleteitontime.(1999-51)A.Howev
30、erthetaskishardB.HoweverhardthetaskisC.ThoughhardthetaskisD.ThoughhardisthetaskB BCompany Logo真题真题5.Muchas_,IcouldntlendhimthemoneybecauseIsimplydidnthavethatmuchsparecash.(1999-52)A.IwouldhavelikedtoB.IwouldliketohaveC.IshouldhavetolikeD.Ishouldhavelikedto6._heneededmoneyforanewcar,hedecidednottobo
31、rrowitfromthebank.(1998-48)A.MuchasB.MuchthoughC.AsmuchD.ThoughmuchA ACompany Logo真题真题7._,heisreadytoacceptsuggestionsfromdifferentsources.(1997-46)A.InsteadofhiscontributionsC.HismakingnotablecontributionsB.ForallhisnotablecontributionsD.HoweverhisnotablecontributionsBCompany Logo8._hewantedtogoout
32、withhisfriendsattheweekend,hehadtostaybehindtofinishhisassignment.(2008)A.MuchthoughB.MuchasC.AsmuchD.ThoughmuchBCompany LogoLOGOLOGO比较状语从句比较状语从句比较状语从句常用常用as,than,themorethemore,Justas,so;AistoBwhatCistoD;asAistoB,(so)CistoD;nomorethan;notsomuchAasB(与其说与其说A不如说不如说B)等。等。ItrainsmoreofteninShanghaithani
33、nBeijing.Asamanlives,sohedies.Hermotherisnotastallasshe(is).Company Logo比较结构中的省略比较结构中的省略More than后面可以引导省略主语的比较从句,从句中常见的形容词有:necessary,good,Possible,anticipate,expect,feel,suggest,report,require,think.-The man drank a little more than was good for him.=The man drank a little more than what was good f
34、or him.-There were more accidents than(what)was reported.-He eats more than(what/it)is good for him.As后面可以引导省略主语的比较从句-He eats as much as(what/it)is good for him.-The man drank as much as(what)was good for him.Company Logo比较状语从句1.Theexperimentrequiresmoremoneythan_.(2002-49)A.havebeenputinB.beingputi
35、nC.hasbeenputinD.tobeputin2.Thereoughttobelessanxietyovertheperceivedriskofmountainclimbingthan_inthepublicmindtoday.(1999)A.existsB.existC.existingD.toexistC ACompany Logo3.WesternNebraskagenerallyreceiveslesssnowthan_EasternNebraska.(1996)A.inB.itreceivesinC.doesD.itdoesin4.Theystoodchattingtogeth
36、eraseasilyandnaturallyas_.(2008)A.itcouldbeB.couldbeC.itwasD.was.CBCompany Logo1._thetwo,Bobis_student.(1995)A.Of,morediligentB.In,morediligentC.Of,themorediligentD.In,themorediligent2.Maryis_thanAlice.(1992)A.moreexperiencedateacherB.amoreexperiencedteacherC.moreanexperiencedteacherD.moreexperience
37、dteacher3.Thelessthesurfaceofthegroundyieldstotheweightofafully-loadedtruck,_tothetruck.(2003)A.thegreaterstressisB.greateristhestressC.thestressisgreaterD.thegreaterthestressCBACompany Logo1.Twelveistothree_fouristoone.A.whatB.asC.thatD.like2.Intellectistothemind_sightistothebody.(2001-45)A.whatB.a
38、sC.thatD.likeAACompany LogoFatcannotchangeintomuscle_musclechangesintofat.A.anymorethanB.nomorethanC.nolessthanD.muchmorethanACompany Logo1.Thattrumpetplayerwascertainlyloud.ButIwasntbotheredbyhisloudness_byhislackoftalent.A.somuchasB.ratherthanC.asD.than2.Itisnot_muchthelanguageasthebackgroundthatm
39、akesthebookdifficulttounderstand.A.thatB.asC.soD.very3.Languagebelongstoeachmemberofthesociety,tothecleaner_totheprofessor.(1998-47)A.asfarasB.thesameasC.asmuchasD.aslongasACCCompany LogoLOGOLOGO结果状语从句结果状语从句结果状语从句常用常用sothat,suchthat,totheextentthat,tothedegreethat,tosuchadegreethat,somuchsothat,等。等。
40、Company Logo结果状语从句e.g.Theyaresuchdiligentstudentsthattheyallperformedwellinthenationwideexaminations.e.g.Hewasexcitedtosuchadegreethathecouldntsleeplastnight.Company Logo结果状语从句1.somuchsothat用于形容词或副词后,表示用于形容词或副词后,表示“到如此程度以至于到如此程度以至于”e.g.Hewasveryweak,somuchsothathecouldntwalk.2.当名词前有当名词前有little,few,m
41、uch,many修饰时,修饰时,要用要用so,不用,不用such.e.g.Hehassofewfriendsthatheoftenfeelslonely.3.sothat结构有时可以放于句首,要用倒装。结构有时可以放于句首,要用倒装。e.g.Sobrightisthelittleboythathehaslearned100poemsuptonow.Company Logo结果状语从句sothat和和suchthatso+形容词或副词形容词或副词+that;such+名词名词+that。Heransofastthathisbrothercouldntcatchupwithhim.他跑得太快了,他
42、弟弟赶不上他。他跑得太快了,他弟弟赶不上他。Heissuchanaughtyboythathebecomesunwelcomeinhisneighborhood.他是那么个调皮的孩子,以至在邻里中不受欢迎。他是那么个调皮的孩子,以至在邻里中不受欢迎。Company LogoDoesAlanlikehamburgers?Yes.Somuch_thatheeatsthemalmosteveryday.(2003)A.forB.asC.toD.soHisremarkswere_annoyeverybodyatthemeeting.(2005)A.soastoB.suchastoC.suchtoD.a
43、smuchastoCompany LogoLOGOLOGO方式状语从句方式状语从句方式状语从句方式状语从句放在主句之后方式状语从句放在主句之后,as,justas,(just)asso,asif/though,theway等引导。等引导。asif和和asthough引导的引导的从句一般用虚拟语气。但如果从句中所陈述从句一般用虚拟语气。但如果从句中所陈述的情况很可能实现的情况很可能实现,也可用陈述语气。例如也可用陈述语气。例如:Theoldmanrunsveryfastasifhewereayoungman.Theteachertoldthestudentstodoashedid.Leaveit
44、asitis.Company Logothewaytheway后面的引导词常用后面的引导词常用that,而且经常省略。而且经常省略。一般不用一般不用inwhich。例如。例如:Wedidntliketheway_hetreatedus.(A.whichB.whereC.thatD.inwhich)此题答案应该是此题答案应该是C。所以。所以theway一般可以看作一般可以看作是引导一个方式状语从句的词组。是引导一个方式状语从句的词组。Sometimesweteachourchildrenthewayourparentshavetaughtus.(以以的方式的方式)Company Logo真题真题
45、Shedidherwork_hermanagerhadinstructed.(2002-41)A.asB.untilC.whenD.thoughCompany LogoLOGOLOGO定语从句定语从句关系代词关系副词 起连词作用,本身又作从句中的主语、宾语、表语或定语 即起连接作用,本身又在从句中作时间、地点或原因状语who,whom(的人)whose(某人的)which(东西,指物)that(的人或物,指物或人)as(象那样的,和相同,正如)when(的时候,修饰的时间名词)where(的地方修饰场所、方位等名词)why(原因;理由)Company Logo关联词在定语从句中有三个作用:a.
46、引导定语从句b.在从句中代替先行词c.在从句中担任某一句子成份Company Logo一、先行词是指物的名词或代词时,关系代词用that,which。(一)that 与 which 指物时一般情况可以互换,但在下列情况下通常用that,不用which。1.当先行词(定语从句所修饰的名词或代词)是everything,anything,nothing,all,much,few,little,none,the one,no one,some 等不定代词时。e.g.All that can be done has been done.Is there anything that you want?2
47、.当先行词被any,few,little,no,all,every,very,much,one of,the only,the very,the right,some 修饰时,常用that。e.g.The only thing that he remembered was her name.There is no difficulty that we cant overcome.Company Logo3.当先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时,用that。e.g.This is the first letter that Ive written in English.She is the m
48、ost careful student that Ive ever known.4.两个并列的先行词,既有指人的,也有指物的,用that。e.g.They talked about the teachers and the things that they remembered in the school.5.当被修饰的成份在主句中主句中是系动词be后的表语或关系词本身在定语从定语从句句中做表语,用that。(be的分类:a.am,is,are.b.表变化的get.c.感观动词look,smell.d.表保持的stay.)e.g.China isnt the country that she
49、used to be fifty years ago.Its a book that will help you a great deal.Company Logo6.当主句是由who,which,what开头的特殊疑问句(不管指人指物)用that。e.g.Who is the man that is waiting at the bus stop?What did you hear that made you so angry?Which is the task,that overtook as yesterday?7.主句是由“There be+主语(表物)”开头时,定语从句用that。e
50、.g.There is a seat that is still free.There are two tickets that are for you.8.当先行词是基数词时常用that。e.g.caught two fish yesterday,now,you can see the two that are still alive.Company Logo真题1.Firmsthatusecomputershavefoundthatthenumberofstaff_isneededforqualitycontrolcanbesubstantiallyreduced.A.whoseB.asC