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1、不定式第1页/共82页不定式的时态主动形式主动形式被动形式被动形式一般式一般式to doto be done完成式完成式to have doneto have been done进行式进行式to be doing完成进行式完成进行式to have been doing第2页/共82页不定式时态1)不定式的一般式不定式的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词的动作是同时发生的或是在其后发生的。例如：Thousandsofyoungpeoplearelearningtoski数以千计的年轻人在学习滑雪。(同时)Wherecanwegetsomesicklestocutthericewith?我们到哪儿去弄些镰
2、刀割稻呢?第3页/共82页真题TheMinisterofFinanceisbelieved_ofimposingnewtaxestoraiseextrarevenue.(2004-48)A.thatheisthinkingB.tobethinkingC.thatheistothinkD.tothinkB第4页/共82页不定式时态不定式的进行式1.不定式的进行式强调其所表示的动作在主要谓语动词所表示的动作发生时正在进行。e.g.Hepretendedtobelisteningtotheteachercarefully.He is said to write a preface to the bo
3、ok.(He will write)He is said to be writing a preface to the book.(He is writing)Compare the two sentences:第5页/共82页不定式时态2.不定式的完成进行式强调其所表示的动作在主要谓语动词所表示的动作发生之前发生，而且一直进行。e.g.Sheisknowntohavebeenworkingontheproblemformanyyears.e.g.Helookedtoyoungtohavebeenpublishingbooksforsixyears.他看上去很年轻，不像是已经出版了六年书的人。
4、第6页/共82页不定式的完成式1.用在intended,expected,meant,hoped,wanted,promised,planned,wished,thought,desired,was,were等后，表示过去没有实现的愿望，计划或期待等。也可用来表示先于谓语动词发生动作或状态，tohave+过去分词表示动作，tohavebeen表示状态。第7页/共82页ExamplesIintendedtohavecometoseeyou.(我本打算来看你的)Hewastohavefetchedyouhere他本该去把你带来的。TheyweretohavebeenmarriedinMaybuth
5、adtopostponetheweddinguntilJune.ShehastohavepassedAdvancedLevelintwosubjectsbeforeshegoestouniversity.(必先通过，才能)Youareluckytohavewonthegirlsheart(Youhavewon)Thegirlwasreportedtohavebeenmissingforamonth(Shehasbeen)Iamsorrytohavelostyourkey把你的钥匙弄丢了，我很抱歉。Shewasreportedtohavedied据报道她已经死了。Hewasimpatientto
6、havefinishedthejob他渴望已经完成了工作。第8页/共82页不定式的完成式2.用在seem,appear,think,consider,believe 等后，不定式的完成式所表示的动作（状态）发生在主要谓语动词或特定的某时间之前，它一般强调事情的完成或结果。e.g.Judgingfromhismannersattheparty,hedoesntseemtohavereceivedmucheducation.Hewasbelievedtohavebeenareporter.第9页/共82页不定式的完成式3.在should/wouldlike或should/wouldhavelike
7、d后用不定式完成式表示没有实现的愿望。Ishouldliketohavegonewithher.(但没有去)Ishouldhavelikedtohaveseenherfacewhenshereadtheletter.(我真想见到她读信时的表情。)第10页/共82页真题1.AIDSissaid_thenumber-onekillerofbothmenandwomenoverthepastfewyearsinthatregion.(2002-46)A.beingB.tobeC.tohavebeenD.havingbeen2.ProfessorJohnsonsaid_somesignificanta
8、dvanceinhisresearchinthepastyear.(1999-43)A.havingmadeB.makingC.tohavemadeD.tomake3.Atthreeoclockthismorning,Iseemed_someonescreaminthestreet.(1990-39)A.hearingB.havingheardC.tohaveheardD.tohearC 第11页/共82页练习1.TheVikingsarebelieved_America.A.tohavediscoveredB.indiscoveringC.todiscoverD.tohavebeendisc
9、overed2.Thestudentswereto_attheauditoriumbefore1:30p.m.,butthelecturewascancelledatthelastminute.A.assembledB.haveassembledC.assemblingD.beassembled3.Hewasto_thenewambassador,buthefellill.A.havingtelephonedB.havetelephonedC.hastelephonedD.telephoningA B B 第12页/共82页be+动词不定式1.表示最近，未来的计划或安排（相当于begoingt
10、o）Youaretoseehimtodayatsixoclock.2.表示该做或不该做的事（相当于should/must/oughtto/haveto等）。e.g.Youaretoexplainthis.3.表示能不能发生的事（相当于can/may等）e.g.SimilarconditionsaretobefoundinallotherLatinAmericancountries.4.表示不可避免将要发生的事。e.g.Theysaidgoodbye,littleknowingthattheywerenevertomeetagain.5.用于条件从句，表示如果想，设想（相当于ifshould,或
11、ifwant）。e.g.Ifwearetobethereintime,wellhavetohurryup.第13页/共82页真题I_writingthepaperasscheduled,butmymothersillnessinterfered.Ihopeyouwillexcuseme.(1993-54)A.amtohavefinishedB.wastohavefinishedC.wastofinishD.oughttofinishB第14页/共82页动词疑问句+带to的不定式用于此结构的常见动词：adviseconsiderdecidediscussexplainfindoutforgeth
12、earinquireknowlearnregardrememberseesettleshowteachtellthinkunderstandwondere.g.Pleaseshowmehowtodothat.(做宾语)e.g.Whentoholdthemeetinghasnotyetbeendecided.（做主语）e.g.Theproblemishowtogetthereintime.（做表语）e.g.Ihadnoideawhichtoreadfirst.（做名词同位语）第15页/共82页真题TheClarkshaventdecidedyetwhichhotel_.(1998-49)A.to
13、stayB.istostayC.tostayatD.isforstayingC第16页/共82页不定式的特殊句型1.suchasto,suchasto,soasto表程度e.g.Hisstorywassuchastodeceiveeveryone.e.g.Itwassuchanaccidentastoclaim20lives.e.g.Whocouldbesomeanastodoathinglikethat?2.soas(not)to,onlyto,inorderto,so(such)asto(如此以便)表目的Wehavegotsoplentyoffoodastotreatourguests.e
14、.g.Hekeptquietabouttheaccidentsoasnottolosehisjob.e.g.Icomehereonlytosaygoodbyetoyou.第17页/共82页真题Hisremarkswere_annoyeverybodyatthemeeting.(2005-53)A.soastoB.suchastoC.suchtoD.asmuchastoHisstrongsenseofhumourwas_makeeveryoneintheroomburstoutlaughing.(1998-50)A.soastoB.suchastoC.sothatD.suchthatB B第18
15、页/共82页不定式的特殊句型3.tooto结构:1)太以至于2)当too前面有only,all,but时，意思是“非常”，too等于very。e.g.Hewasbuttooeagertogethome.3)当too前或to前有否定词构成双重否定时，too等于very。e.g.Heistoowisenottoseethat.4)当too后是glad,pleased,happy,delighted,satisfied,ready,willing,kind,apt,good,true,east,near,careful,well,early,delicious,eager,anxious 等形容词或
16、副词时，too等于very。e.g.Theyaretooreadytohelpothers.5)too与cannot连用，表示无止境。e.g.Youcannotbetoocareful.越仔细越好。无论怎么仔细也不过分6)当不定式在句中做定语或真正的主语时，表示so(many/much)。e.g.Therearetoomanyproblemstobesolved.第19页/共82页不定式的特殊句型4)onlyto+动词原形（不料竟会，没想到会）表示不好的结果。e.g.Theyhurriedtothestation,onlytofindthetrainhadleft.第20页/共82页真题The
17、threementriedmanytimestosneakacrosstheborderintotheneighboringcountry,_bythepoliceeachtime.(1999-42)A.hadbeencapturedB.beingalwayscapturedC.onlytobecapturedD.unfortunatelycapturedc第21页/共82页动词不定式的复合结构1.强调不定式的行为属性，可用“Itis+形容词forsomebody+不定式”句型。静态形容词多用于此句型。Easydifficulthardimportantpossibleimpossiblebe
18、tternecessarycomfortablenotenoughessentialthefirstthenextthelastthebesttoomuchtoolittlee.g.ItwasverydifficultformetolearnSpanish.间或也可用“for+theretobe”表示(而且there后面的不定式只能是tobe)e.g.Itsagreatpityfortheretobemuchtroubleinthecompany.e.g.Wouldyouliketheretobeameetingtodiscusstheproblem？第22页/共82页动词不定式的复合结构2.
19、强调任务的性格和特征，则用“Itis+形容词ofsomebody+不定式”句型。动态形容词多用于此句型。Kindnicestupidrudecleverthoughtfulbraveconsideratesillyselfishcarelessimpolitegoodnaughtyboldhonestsensiblewrongrightbad第23页/共82页真题Theopeningceremonyisagreatoccasion.Itisessential_forthat.(2003-47)A.forustobepreparedB.thatwearepreparedC.ofustobepre
20、paredD.ourbeingpreparedA第24页/共82页省略to的动词不定式第25页/共82页e.g.Idrathernothaveeggsandbaconforbreakfast.Idsoonerstayathome.Iwouldassoondoitbymyself.Sinceitsafinedaywemightaswellwalk.Hewouldratherlistentoothersthantalkhimself.Iwouldjustassoonstayasgo.A 在情态成语之后在would rather,would sooner,would(just)as soon(宁愿)
21、,may/might(just)as well(不妨，可以),cannot but/cannot help but(不能不，不由得不)之后，接不带to不定式。Note:在否定句中，not放在would rather,had better后，但在否定疑问句中，not放在had,would 后。I would rather not drink anything.Hadnt you better make haste?Had I not better do it tomorrow?第26页/共82页真题Thatmanhasabadreputation.You_anythingtodowithhim.
22、(1991-10)A.hadbetternothaveB.havebetterhaveC.havebetternothaveD.hadbetternottohaveA第27页/共82页Theydidnothingexceptwork.Theresnochoicebuttowait.Whathewilldoistospoilthewholething.Allyoudonowistocompletetheform.TheonlythingIcandonowistogoonbymyself.Thethingtodonowistoclearupthismess.B.在介词except/but 之后如果
23、except/but之前有动词do的某种形式，其后通常用不带to的不定式，否则带to。如果主语是由all,what等词引导的从句，或者是主语受only,first,one,least或形容词最高级修饰，主语部分有实义动词do的某种形式，则作主语补语的不定式也是既可带to，也可不带to。第28页/共82页Whyarguewithhim?WhynotgiveMarysomeflowers?C.在“why./why not.?”之后Why表示不满，或者是委婉的批评；why not表示建议，二者都不带to _ him tomorrow?(2001-43)A.Why not to call on B.W
24、hy dont call on C.Why not calling on D.Why not call onD第29页/共82页必须带to的特殊情况1.knowbetterthan后的不定式必须加toe.g.Heknowsbetterthantolendherthemoney.他很明智，不会把钱借给她。Heknewbetterthantoarguewithsucharascal.第30页/共82页必须带to的特殊情况2.“比较级+名词+than”后的不定式要加toe.g.Shehadmoresensethantobedeceivedbyhim.她有理智，不会上当。Hehasabetterhea
25、rtthantobetrayhiscountry.他有良心，不会叛国。第31页/共82页动名词第32页/共82页动名词时态和语态意义主动语态被动语态一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done第33页/共82页动名词的时态动名词和不定式一样，没有独立的绝对的时态意义，其时态意义从属于句中谓语动词的时态。一般式：表明动名词动作与谓语动作同时发生或在其后发生,或表示一般情况。使用doing.Seeing is believing.眼见为实。完成式:表明动名词动作在谓语动作前发生,使用having done.He was praised for h
26、aving made a great contribution to his country.His having been elected chairman of the club surprised us greatly.第34页/共82页真题I never regretted _ offer,for it was not where my interest lay.(1993-53)A.not to accept B.not having accepted C.having not acceptedD.not acceptingB第35页/共82页动名词的语态被动式:表明动名词的逻辑主语
27、是该动作的承受者He did it without being asked.They insisted on being given the task.Being taken advantage of is not a good thing.但要注意,在want,need,deserve,require,repay,bear,take需要，brook忍受，stand等表示“需要、值得、忍受”等动词及形容词worth后,尽管表示的是被动的意思,却用动名词的主动形式.My pen needs filling.The point deserves mentioning.This problem re
28、quires studying with great care.Her method is worth trying.第36页/共82页 在need,want后用主动态动名词表示被动意义，与用被动态的不定式意义并无差别，但以用动名词较为普遍。The door is cracking.It needs oiling/to be oiled.The room wants cleaning/to be cleaned.require,deserve也能这样用，但不及need,want普通。第37页/共82页动名词的复合结构如动名词动作的发出者不是谓语动作的主语，则需有自己的逻辑主语。两种形式：1)人
29、称代词所有格+动名词 He insisted on my going with him to the party.Compare:Tom insisted on going with them.Tom insisted on my going with them.2)名词所有格+动名词She dislikes her husbands coming back home late.Compare:He hates working late.He hates his wifes working late.若动名词的逻辑主语与句子主语相同，则不应再有主语。第38页/共82页练习Though her
30、father never approved of _ to drama school,she became a well-known actress.(1991-16)A.going B.her to go C.her going D.her goShe regrets _ idle when young.a.to have been b.her being c.her having d.having beenKey:C D 第39页/共82页动名词和不定式的比较1）动名词通常是泛指；不定式通常是特指。2）动名词通常指持续、反复的动作；不定式通常指一时、一次的动作。3）动名词通常用于书面语；不
31、定式则倾向口语。第40页/共82页作主语的动名词与不定式在意义上的区别动名词通常表示抽象动作，而不定式通常表示具体动作，特别是将来的未完成动作。Itsnousecrying over spilt milk.（抽象动作）Hismotherhadadvisedhim,however,thatitwasnouseto argue with Selma.（具体动作）（指抽象动作,泛指）（指具体的一次动作）Spitting everywhere is not polite.To spit here will be punished随地吐痰是不礼貌的在这里吐痰要受惩罚。第41页/共82页动名词和不定式的比
32、较动名词和不定式都可以作主语和表语。一般来说，在表示抽象的、一般的行为时，多用动名词;在表示具体某次动作，特别是将来的动作时，多用不定式。但在Itsnouse(good)，itsuseless后面常用动名词作主语。Herpresentjobisteachingmusic.=Teachingmusicisher(泛指)ToteachmusictoGradeOneisherpresentjob.=Herpresentjobistoteach(特指)Itsdifficultforhimtofinishthejobinaweek.Itsnousecryingoverspiltmilk.覆水难收第42页
33、/共82页分词第43页/共82页分词的形式态态主动态主动态被动态被动态式式一般式一般式1.being2.doing being done完成式完成式having donehaving been done 现在分词表示主动的意义；表示一般性的或正在进行的动作；在表面形式上有“一般式”和“完成式”与“主动式”和“被动式”之分。过去分词一般表示完成的和被动的动作，只有一种形式。第44页/共82页去分词与现在分词被动式的区别 现在分词的被动形式是being done，表示某一动作在讲话时下在发生，或与谓语动作同时发生。Who is the patient being operated on?正在被做手
34、术的病人是谁？You will find the matter being talked about all over the town.你会发现城里到处都在谈论这件事。而过去分词表示的意义除了被动以外，还表示这个动作已经完成。如The patient operated on yesterday is a famous scientist.昨天被做手术的病人是一个著名科学家。第45页/共82页真题1.He noticed the helicopter hovering over the field.Then to his astonishment,he saw a rope ladder _
35、out and three men climbing down it.(1995-52)A.throwing B.being thrown C.having thrown D.having been thrown2.Mr.Brown had the report _as soon as he finished _ it.(1990-33)A.to be typed,to write B.typed,to writeC.being typed,writing D.typed,writingB D第46页/共82页在look at，listen to,feel，hear，notice，observ
36、e，see，watch等动词后可以用不定式或现在分词作宾语补足语，意义差别不大。现在分词强调动作正在发生、还未结束;不定式说明动作的全过程。Did you hear someone knocking at the door?你刚才听到有人敲门吗?Yes I did.I heard him knock three times.是的，我听到他敲了三下.I saw your father working in your garden yesterday.昨天我看见你父亲正在花园里干活。I saw your father work in your garden yesterday.昨天我见你父亲在园里
37、干活。注意：find后面用分词(现在分词和过去分词)作宾补，不用不定式。如：正：I found him lying on the ground.误：I found him lie on the ground.分词和不定式作宾语补足语时的区别第47页/共82页分词作状语分词作状语1.表时间 e.g.Hearing the news,we immediately set off for London.e.g.She sat down,listening to their talk.注意：on/in+doing也是常用的时间表示法，有些细微差别。On+doing相当于as soon as，强调瞬间动
38、作。In+doing相当于when或while，强调的是连续的缓慢的动作。On entering the room,he found the woman lying dead on the floor.In doing the work she met a lot of difficulties.第48页/共82页分词作状语表时间时的位置分词作状语表时间时的位置A.相当于when引导的从句这类状语通常放在句子的前半部分。Hearing the news,we immediately set off for Beijing(When we heard the news，we)When leavi
39、ng the airport，we waved again and again to him.B.也可放在主语后或句尾，放在句尾时表示强调。I listened to the music for a while，having written an important letter He，having finished his homework，goes to bedC.如果分词表示的动作紧接着谓语动作之后发生，分词应放在句尾。She opened the door，greeting her guestsHe sat down，listening to their talkD.如果分词表示的动作
40、先发生，谓语动词动作紧接着发生，分词短语应放在句首，不能放在句尾。They stopped talking，hearing a strange sound(错)Hearing a strange sound，they stopped talking(对)第49页/共82页分词作状语分词作状语2.表原因,相当于as,since,because引导的从句Not knowing anything about the accident,he went to work as well.3.表方式或伴随e.g.She was sitting in an armchair reading a book.e.
41、g.They all returned to the village convinced that the danger was over.第50页/共82页分词作状语分词作状语4.表条件，相当于if,unless等引导的从句 e.g.Given another chance,he will do it much better.5.表结果，相当于so that引导的从句 e.g.The old scientist died all of a sudden,leaving the project unfinished.6.表让步，相当于though,even if引导的从句 e.g.Granti
42、ng his honesty,we still cant employ him.第51页/共82页真题1._ at in this way,the present economic situation doesnt seem so gloomy.(2000-51)A.Looking B.Looked C.Having looked D.To look2._ enough time and money,the researchers would have been able to discover more in this field.(1998-51)A.Giving B.To give C.
43、Given D.Being givenB C第52页/共82页真题3._ time,hell make a first-class tennis player.(1996-42)A.Having B.Given C.Giving D.Had4._,he was chosen and trained as a professional swimmer.(1991-20)A.He was born and raised in a fishing village B.Born and raised in a fishing village C.That he was born and raised
44、in a fishing village D.In addition to he was born and raised in a fishing villageB B第53页/共82页作状语的分词短语前的连词分词短语作状语时，有时前面可以加一个连词，表示强调或出于表达的需要。常用的连词有：when,while,after,before,if,though,whetheror,unless,as if等 e.g.After taking the medicine,he felt better.e.g.The soldier walked very slowly as if having bee
45、n wounded.如果这些连词后的分词是being或含有being，则being可以省略。e.g.While(being)at school,she began to write the novel.If(being)well read,the book will give you much to think.e.g.Jack,(being)in a bad mood,did nothing yesterday.第54页/共82页和句子主语和句子主语不保持一致不保持一致的分词短语形式。的分词短语形式。1._ the general state of his health,it may tak
46、e him a while to recover from the operation.A.Given B.To giveC.Giving D.Having given AGiven作作“鉴于，考虑到鉴于，考虑到”解，为介词。解，为介词。第55页/共82页与此类似的有：Considering(考虑到）judgingfrom,seeingthat(鉴于、由于）generallyspeaking/frankly/strictlyspeakingfollowingthis.(在之后)takingallintoconsideration（从各方面考虑）talkingof（谈到）takenasawhol
47、e（从整体上看）第56页/共82页 Talking of cleaning,its about time you did the windows,isnt it?Considering his age,the little boy reads very well.Following this,60,000 Indians,including Gandhi,were put in prison.Taken as a whole,there is nothing wrong.第57页/共82页练习1._ the earth to be flat,many feared that Columbus
48、would fall off the edge.(CET-4 1996,6)A)Having believed B)Believing C)Believed D)Being believed2.No matter how frequently _,the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences.(CET-4 1995,6)A)performing B)performed C)to be performed D)being performed3._ as it was at such a time,his work attracted
49、much attention.(CET-4 1996,1)A)Being published B)Published C)Publishing D)To be publishedBBB第58页/共82页独立主格独立主格结构，又叫独立结构（absolute construction）。它在句法上游离于句子主体之外，跟主句没有任何句法联系；但在意义上却与主句紧密联系在一起，共同构成一个完整的语义环境。独立主格结构没有主语和谓语，只有逻辑上的主语，因此，它在句法上不是句子，而是一个独立于句子成分之外的独特结构形式。独立主格结构可置于句首、句尾，用逗号与主句隔开。第59页/共82页独立主格结构的构成形
50、式1、逻辑主语v-ing2、逻辑主语v-ed3、逻辑主语形容词（副词）4、逻辑主语不定式5、逻辑主语介词短语6、With 的复合结构第60页/共82页分词的独立主格在分词作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语一致。如果不一致的话，分词前面可以带有自己的逻辑主语（名词或代词），构成分词的独立结构（或称为带逻辑主语的分词结构）。分词独立结构可表示伴随情况、陪衬动作、附加说明以及表示时间、原因、条件等。第61页/共82页1.“逻辑主语v-ingv-ing”表主动意义1表条件 e.g.Advice failing(=If advice fails),we have to use force.2表原因