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1、1 1基础写作基础写作短文的结构：短文的结构：短文的结构：短文的结构：引言部分引言部分引言部分引言部分(introduction)(introduction)三个部分：三个部分：三个部分：三个部分：正文部分正文部分正文部分正文部分 (body)(body)总结部分总结部分总结部分总结部分 (conclusion)(conclusion)段落结构：段落结构：段落结构：段落结构：主题句主题句主题句主题句(topic sentence)(topic sentence)三个部分：三个部分：三个部分：三个部分：扩展句扩展句扩展句扩展句(developing sentences)(developing s
2、entences)结束句结束句结束句结束句conclusion sentences)conclusion sentences)2 2准备准备准备准备写文章的步骤：写文章的步骤：写文章的步骤：写文章的步骤：动笔动笔动笔动笔修改修改修改修改提纲的写法：提纲的写法：提纲的写法：提纲的写法：Pollution1.Types&causesair pollutionwater pollution factoriescarsfiressewageschemicalsoils3 32.Harmfulnessenvironmentpeoples healthcancersother diseases3.Meas
3、uresmore lawseverybodys efforts4 4十句作文法模式十句作文法模式5 5Para.1Para.1S(1):GeneraltalkofthetopicS(2):Thesis:thewritersattitudetowardsitPara.2Para.2S(3):ThewritersreasontohavethisattitudeS(4):SupportIS(5):Detail1S(6):Detail2S(7):SupportIIS(8):Detail1S(9):Detail2Para.3Para.3S(10):Conclusion:restatethethesis6
4、 6 第一段:S(1)引出主题(Topic),也即引出本文要讨论 的问题，如：妇女问题、体育问题、大学生打工问题等。S(2)确立论点（Thesis），也即表明作者 对这个问题的基本看法，例如是赞成 还是反对等。第二段:S(3)承上启下，重复上一句的论点，提纲挈领引出本段要讨论的几个论据。S(4)第一论据：引出证明论点的第一个论据，或原因或理由或观点等。7 7S(5)细节说明：运用具体事例、事实说明 第一个论据。S(6)细节说明：运用具体事例、事实说明 第一个论据。S(7)第二论据：引出证明论点的第二个论据，或原因或理由或观点等。S(8)细节说明：运用具体事例、事实说明 第二个论据。S(9)细节
5、说明：运用具体事例、事实说明 第二个论据。第三段:S(10)全文总结：重复或归纳全文论点。8 8范文：范文：Changes in Peoples Diet (1)According to a recent survey,rice,the staple food of most Chinese,is now playing a less important role in their diet,while the consumption of high quality food such as meat,milk and fruit has greatly increased.(2)A mark
6、ed change has taken place on the family dinning table in last 10 years.9 9(3)There are two factors leading to the change.(4)For one thing,people now enjoy a higher standard of living.(5)In the old days few families could afford meat and milk every day,which often meant a big chunk of the family inco
7、me.(6)But now people have enough money to taste a rich variety of foods.(7)For another,people of today pay more attention to nutrition.(8)They are not merely1010 content to fill the stomach.(9)They are seeking the most reasonable diet which will do good to their health.(10)In short,with peoples stan
8、dards of living getting higher and higher,changes in their diet will be more obvious and greater.1111范文分析：范文分析：第一句：用统计事实引出主题-人们饮食结构的变化。人们饮食结构的变化。第二句：表明作者对这一变化的看法，也即全文的论点。第三句：点出变化的两个因素，为下面具体叙述作好准备。第四句：是引出变化的第一个因素-生活水平的提高。生活水平的提高。第五、六句：具体说明生活水平的提高与饮食结构变化的关系。第七句：是引出变化的第二个因素-人们注意营养。人们注意营养。1212第八、九句：具体阐述
9、人们注意营养怎么会导致饮食结构的变化。第十句：用预示的方法归纳总结全文的论点。1313练习：Why College Students Take a Part-time Job?1.最近几年越来越多的大学生加入打工的队伍。2.为什么大学生要打工？3.大学生打工的意义。1414形象化形象化描述描述用数据用数据和事实和事实引出将引出将要讨论要讨论的现象的现象Why College Students Take a Part-time Job?(1)According to a recent survey,about 25 percent of Chinese college students now
10、hold a part-time or temporary job,compared with nearly 10 years ago,and this figure increases to 72 percent during summer vocation.(2)College students are working as tutors,salespersons,engineers and doing whatever work they can find.1515原因原因1/短句短句变化变化承上承上启下，启下，引出引出解释解释/同位同位语语 (3)Why do they want od
11、d jobs-jobs usually requiring little skill and knowledge?(4)The primary reason,I think,is money.(5)Feeling the financial pressure as books,movies and bus fares have all gone up in price,there is scarcely a young boy or girl who does not want to earn a little money to help cover the increasingly high
12、er college costs,and at best save enough to go traveling or buy things they have long desired.1616措词措词变化变化原因原因2(6)In this way they hope to be economically independent&avoid the indignity of having to ask for money again and again.(7)Besides they want to gain some experience in the way of society.(8)
13、Students growing up from nursery school to college only know about books and have trouble dealing with realities.(9)Working on a part-time basis can provide them a rare opportunity to know the outside world and prepare them for a future career.1717总结全文，总结全文，指明意义。指明意义。(10)The significance for college
14、 students of doing a part-time job means more than money and experience:It will broaden their outlook and exert a profound influence on their personality and life.1818SportsandHealth1.Theimportanceofhealth2.Sportsandhealth3.YourconclusionEconomicReforminChina1.Necessityofeconomicreform2.Thebenefitsb
15、roughtaboutbyeconomicreform3.EconomicreformshouldcontinueExercises in Writing:1919PopulationProblem1.ContinuingIncreaseofpopulation2.TheProblemBroughtbyPopulation3.WeShouldControlPopulationWaterPollution1.Sourcesofwaterpollution2.Harmofwaterpollution3.Solutions2020CountryLifeandCityLife1.Peoplelivin
16、ginthecountrymayenjoyseveraladvantagesthatpeopleinthecitycannot.2.Peoplelivingincitieshavemuchmoretoenjoy.3.Peoplewillcontinuetoargueoverthequestions.2121Information&ModernWorld1.Theimportanceofinformationinthemodernworld.2.Themeanstogetinformation3.YourownopinionScience&ModernLife1.Relationbetweenscience&modernlife2.Influenceofscienceonlife3.Science&ourfuture2222Energy1.Theimportanceofenergy2.Thesourceofenergy3.TheusageofenergyTheProblemofHeavyTraffic1.Theheavytrafficinthecity2.Thepossiblesolution3.Conclusion2323Thank You For AttentionThank You For Attention