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1、Major machineMajor machineEarthmovingmachinery:Excavators,bulldozers,scrapers,dumptruck,etc挖掘机自动倾卸车推土机刮运机1第1页/共21页Major machineMajor machineGeneraltools:Spade(pointedandflat),trolleys,smallwhitelinesor20#Wireand2mSlopeandfootsteeltape,andsoon.一般机具有：铁锹（尖、平头两种）、手推车、小白线或20号铅丝和钢卷尺以及坡度尺等2第2页/共21页Operatio
2、nalconditions作业条件1.将施工区域内的地下、地上障碍物清除1.obstructionsintheconstructionareaofundergroundandtheground,clearedandprocessed2.建筑物或构筑物的位置或场地的定位控制线（桩）2.Locationofabuildingorstructureorsitepositioningofthelineofcontrol(piles)graylinesizeofthelevelandslottedtogothroughinspection3.夜间施工时，应有足够的照明设施3.Constructionat
3、nighttime,thereshouldbeadequatelightingfacilities4.在危险地段应设置明显标志Indangerouslocationsshouldbesetclearlymarked3第3页/共21页Operationalconditions作业条件5.开挖有地下水位的基坑槽、管沟时，应根据当地工程地质资料，采取措施降低地下水位5.WhenexcavationofFoundationpitandtrenchinthegroundwater,shouldbebasedonthelocalgeologicaldatainengineeringandtakemeasu
4、restoreducethegroundwaterlevel4第4页/共21页Processflow工艺流程Determineslopeexcavationsequenceandgrade确定开挖的顺序和坡度Theaveragedigundersubsectionandlayering分段分层平均下挖Cleaningsideandbottom.修边和清底5第5页/共21页Thegradientdetermines坡度的确定Dense,mediumdensesandorgraveltypesoil(forsandfilling)-10m密实、中密的砂土和碎石类土（充填物为砂土）一1.0rn.Ha
5、rdplastic,plasticlightloamandloam-125m硬塑、可塑的粘质粉土及粉质粘土一1.25mHardplastic,plasticclayandgraveltypesoil(fillingclay)-1.5m硬塑、可塑的粘土和碎石类土（充填物为粘性土）1.5m.Hardclay-20m坚硬性粘土一2.0m.当挖土深度不超过这些数值规定时，可不放坡，不加支撑.6第6页/共21页开挖基坑（槽）或管沟时，应合理确定开挖顺序、路线及开挖深度WhenexcavationofFoundationpit(slots)ortrenchshouldreasonablydetermine
6、therouteandexcavationdepthofexcavationsequence,andsegmentandheirarchicaldugundertheaverage.7第7页/共21页超过上述规定深度，在5m以内时，当土具有天然湿度、构造均匀、水文地质条件好，且无地下水，不加支撑的基坑（槽）和管沟，必须放坡。Overthisdepth,whenbetween5m,whentheEarthhasanaturalhumidity,constructedevenly,goodhydro-geologicalcondition,withoutgroun.8第8页/共21页采用反铲、拉铲
7、挖土机开挖基坑（槽）或管沟时，其施工方法有两种Usedbackhoe,whenbackhoeexcavatorexcavationpit(slots)orchannel,therearetwomethodsofitsconstruction:Lateralexcavationmethod侧向挖土法Enddiglaw端头挖土法挖土机从基坑（槽）或管沟的端头以倒退行驶的方法进行开挖。自卸汽车配置在挖土机的两侧装运土挖土机一面沿着基坑（槽）或管沟的一侧移动，自卸汽车在另一侧装运土9第9页/共21页Processflow工艺流程Determineslopeexcavationsequenceandgr
8、ade确定开挖的顺序和坡度Theaveragedigundersubsectionandlayering分段分层平均下挖Cleaningsideandbottom.修边和清底10第10页/共21页Earthworkexcavationshouldbelayeredsectionfromtoptobottominturn.Atanytimetofinishacertainslope,anddrain土方开挖宜从上到下分层分段依次进行。随时作成一定坡势，以利泄水11第11页/共21页在开挖过程中，应随时检查槽壁和边坡的状态。深度大于1.5m时，根据土质变化情况，应做好基坑（槽）或管沟的支撑准备，以
9、防坍陷Intheprocessofexcavation,shouldcheckthestatusofthetankwallandslopeatanytime.Whenthepitandtrenchdepthisgreaterthan1.5m,accordingtosoilconditions,shouldbereadyforthesupporttoavoidcollapse12第12页/共21页IncaseofEarth-movingmachineryconstructioncannottake,shouldconformtothelaborreadyforminingandcartsship
10、pedtoearth-movingmachinerydiggingtoplace,intimeforpoaching在机械施工挖不到的土方，应配合人工随时进行挖掘，并用手推车把土运到机械挖到的地方，以便及时用机械挖走13第13页/共21页Processflow工艺流程Determineslopeexcavationsequenceandgrade确定开挖的顺序和坡度Theaveragedigundersubsectionandlayering分段分层平均下挖Cleaningsideandbottom.修边和清底14第14页/共21页Afterbottomrepairandcleanandcon
11、ductthequalityinspectionandacceptance槽底修理铲平后，进行质量检查验收TheexcavationofFoundationpit(slot)ofearthworks,whenthereisaconditionstostackatthesite,mustbesufficientbackfillofgoodsoil;Excessearthworksshouldberemovedtoavoidsecondhandling.开挖基坑（槽）的土方，在场地有条件堆放时，一定留足回填需用的好土；多余的土方，应一次运走，避免二次搬运15第15页/共21页Rain,winter
12、雨、冬期施工Earthexcavationshouldnotbecarriedoutduringtherainyseason,orworksurfacesshouldnotbetoolarge,shouldbepiecemeal,case-by-phased.土方开挖一般不宜在雨季进行，否则工作面不宜过大，应逐段、逐片分期完成。16第16页/共21页Qualitystandards保证项目Columnbase,Foundation,Foundationtrench,trenchandplacethebaseclaysoilmustcomplywiththedesignrequirementsa
13、ndprohibitdisturbance。柱基、基坑、基槽、管沟和场地的基土土质必须符合设计要求，并严禁扰动17第17页/共21页Finishedproductprotection成品保护Ontheregistrationstandardpile,theaxisapproach,astandardbenchmark,Dragondoor,dugearth-movingcollisionshallnot,norshallrestonDragondoor对定位标准桩、轴线引桩、标准水准点、龙门板等，挖运土时不得撞碰、也不得在龙门板上休息18第18页/共21页Qualityissuesshouldbepaidattention质量注意事项1.Overdigfoundation基底超挖2.Basalunprotected基底未保护3.Constructionsequenceunreasonable施工顺序不合理4.Sinkingofconstructionmachinery施工机械下沉5.Excavationsizeisnotenoughslopetoosteep开挖尺寸不足，边坡过陡19第19页/共21页谢谢欣赏20第20页/共21页21感谢您的观看。第21页/共21页