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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 经典： 考研英语阅读必考题型模板分析Model 1 治理学类 题目序号 题型归类 第 1 题 归纳推导题型 第 2 题 句间关系题型 第 3 题 审题定位题型 第 4 题 审题定位题型 第 5 题 段落结构题型The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estim
2、ating likelihoods of success, making a decision, and only then taking action to implement the decision. Rather, in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed “intuition ” to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambi
3、guity, inconsistency, novelty, and surprise; and to integrate action into the process of thinking. Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as
4、 the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness. Isenbergs recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers intuition is neither of these. Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways. First, they intuitively sen
5、se when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isola
6、ted bits of data and practice into an integrated picture, often in an “Aha.”experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools, and those who use such systematic m
7、ethods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way, intuitio
8、n is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns. One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that “thinking” is inseparable from acting. Since managers often “know” what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they
9、 frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is inextricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles, in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 15 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - problematic situation and then acting, bu
10、t by acting and analyzing in close concert. Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the iss
11、ue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution. 1. According to the text, senior managers use intuition in all of the following ways EXCEPT to A speed up of the creation of a solution to a problem. B identify
12、a problem. C bring together disparate facts. D stipulate clear goals. 2. The text suggests which of the following about the “writers on management”mentioned in line 1, paragraph 2. A They have criticized managers for not following the classical rational model of decision analysis. B They have not ba
13、sed their analyses on a sufficiently large sample of actual managers. C They have relied in drawing their conclusions on what managers say rather than on what managers do. D They have misunderstood how managers use intuition in making business decisions. 3. It can be inferred from the text that whic
14、h of the following would most probably be one major difference in behavior between Manager X, who uses intuition to reach decisions, and Manager Y, who uses only formal decision analysis. A Manager X analyzes first and then acts; Manager Y does not. B Manager X checks possible solutions to a problem
15、 by systematic analysis; Manager Y does not. C Manager X takes action in order to arrive at the solution to a problem; Manager Y does not. D Manager Y draws on years of hands-on experience in creating a solution to a problem; Manager X does not. 4. The text provides support for which of the followin
16、g statements. A Managers who rely on intuition are more successful than those who rely on formal decision analysis. B Managers cannot justify their intuitive decisions. C Managers intuition works contrary to their rational and analytical skills. D Intuition enables managers to employ their practical
17、 experience more efficiently. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 15 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the first paragraph of the text. A An assertion is made and a specific supporting example is given. B A conventional model is dismissed and an alternati
18、ve introduced. C The results of recent research are introduced and summarized. D Two opposing points of view are presented and evaluated. 答案与考点解析 1. 【答案】 D 【考点解析】这是一道归纳推导题；此题题干中的“senior managers” 示意此题的答案信息在第三段,由于第三段首句包含题干中的“senior managers”；通过认真阅读和懂得本段中所谈到的五点,我们可推导出此题的正确选项是 选项 D；此题选项 A、B、C 所涉及的内容分别在
19、本段的第五点、第一点和第 三点提到；考生在解题时肯定要学会认真归纳和总结原文所表达的每一层含 义；2. 【答案】 D 【考点解析】 这是一道句间关系题； 题干已将此题的答案信息圈定在其次段；本段中的其次句是此题答案信息的最主要来源,通过阅读和懂得此句,我们可推导出此题的正确选项是 关系；3. 【答案】 C D；考生在解题时肯定要适当懂得上下句之间的【考点解析】此题是一道审题定位题；题干中的“who uses intuition to reach decisions” 示意此题的答案信息在第四段, 由于第四段首句含有和题干中 “ who uses intuition to reach decis
20、ions” 大致相同的“the intuitive style of executive management” ；通过认真阅读和懂得第四段的每一句话,我们可发觉第四段 的第一句话都在强调“act” 行动,可见此题的正确选项应当是强调行动的 选项 C；此题的答案信息来源是第四段的其次句话；考生在解题时肯定要首 先精确地审题定位,然后要善于归纳和懂得原文中的中心主旨信息；4. 【答案】 D 【考点解析】此题是一道审题定位题；题干中并没有明确指出此题答案信息在原文的精确位置；在这种情形下,考生往往迷失解题思路；在考生迷失解题思路时肯定要牢记全文中心主旨,并且抓住各段的核心句；本文的中心主旨句在第一
21、段的尾句；假如考生能够抓住第一段的尾句,并结合第三段的第四、五句,就可以推导出此题的正确选项应当是D；考生在解题时,特别是在迷失解题思路时,肯定要第一抓全文的中心主旨句,同时仍要抓一些明确 表示启承转合关系的句子结构；5. 【答案】 B 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 15 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 【考点解析】此题是一道段落结构题；第一句话中的“do not” 和其次句句首的“ rather” 是破解此题的关键；抓住这两个关键就可以推导出此题的正确选 项应当是 B；考生在解题时肯定要留意表示否认的词语以及表示启承转合的 词语,更要留意句子之间
22、的相互关系；参考译文 大部分胜利的高层治理人员并不拘泥于传统的推理模式,即：第一确定目标,然后估定问题,摆出各种可能性,估量胜利率,再做打算,最终才付诸行动去实施；相反,在这些人的日常决策过程中,他们靠一种定义模糊的“ 直觉” 应对大量相关问题, 这些问题使他们必需在一堆模糊不清,自相冲突, 奇妙无比或者令人惊奇的事物中做选择,而且在考虑过程中就要有相应的行动；治理学作品的写作者早就留意到了实践当中一些治理者对直觉依靠很强；不过总的来说, 这些写作者未曾表达出什么叫做直觉；有些人将其视作理性的对立面,仍有人认为它是反复无常的做法、性格的一个借口；Isenberg 最近对高层治理人员认知过程的讨
23、论揭示了治理者的直觉并不是上 述的任何一种情形； 高层治理者是在五个不同的方面使用直觉；第一,他们直觉 地感到有问题存在； 其次,依靠直觉,治理者们能很快表现出有教养的行为方式；这种直觉并不是任意, 非理性的, 而是在多年实践磨练, 和亲身体验培育出的技 能的基础上形成；第三,直觉把一些零散的数据和实际情形组合为一个完整画面,这常常表现为一声“Aha” 式的体验；第四,有些治理者也应用直觉来检验更理 性化分析的结果； 大部分高层治理人员熟知传统的决策分析模式和工具,那些使 用这些正式的系统化方法做出打算的人常常会对一种情形保持小心,那就是有时此方法得出的结论和他们对正确行为的感觉不符；最终,治
24、理者可通过直觉绕开深奥的分析而快速产生一个可能的解决方法；这么使用时, 直觉几乎是一个瞬时 的思维过程,这一模式为治理者所熟识；这些治理者用直觉方式的一个特点是“ 摸索” 和行动不能分开；由于在这 种方式中治理者在分析和说明问题之前就已经“ 明白” 应当怎么去做,他们经 常是先行动,后说明；在摸索行动的循环中,分析是必不行少的；在这其中管理者们不是靠分析他们面对的形势来摸索其公司、在高度一样地进行；由于治理者们常常面对很多不确定的情形,组织的情形, 而是行动和分析 他们勉励实行各种行动来对问题作一番深化明白； 他们藉此对问题做出更深的体会；这种摸索行为循环的一个特点即：行动是确定问题的一部分,
25、而不只是解决问题的步骤；Model 2 历史学类 名师归纳总结 题目序号题型归类第 4 页,共 15 页第 1 题审题定位题型第 2 题细节懂得题型- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 第 3 题 归纳推导题型 第 4 题 细节懂得题型第 5 题 审题定位题型Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of the United States by applying new social research findings on the experiences of Europea
26、n migrants. In his reinterpretation, migration becomes the organizing principle for rewriting the history of preindustrial North America. His approach rests on four separate propositions. The first of these asserts that residents of early modern England moved regularly about their countryside; migra
27、ting to the New World was simply a “natural spillover”. Although at first the colonies held little positive attraction for the English they would rather have stayed home by the eighteenth century people increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly, B
28、ailyn holds that, contrary to the notion that used to flourish in America history textbooks, there was never a typical New World community. For example, the economic and demographic character of early New England towns varied considerably. Bailyns third proposition suggest two general patterns preva
29、iling among the many thousands of migrants: one group came as indentured servants, another came to acquire land. Surprisingly, Bailyn suggests that those who recruited indentured servants were the driving forces of transatlantic migration. These colonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social cha
30、racter of people who came to preindustrial North America. At first, thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited; by the 1730 s, however, American employers demanded skilled artisans. Finally, Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilized hinterland of the European culture system. He is un
31、doubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide the empire into English core and colonial periphery, as Bailyn does, devalues the achievements of colonial culture. It is true, as Bailyn claims, that high culture in the colonies never matched that in
32、 England. But what of seventeenth-century New England, where the settlers created effective laws, built a distinguished university, and published books. Bailyn might respond that New England was exceptional. However, the ideas and institutions developed by New England Puritans had powerful effects o
33、n North American culture. Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indentured servants who migrated just prior to the revolution, he fails to link their experience with the political development of the United States. Evidence presented in his work suggests how we might make
34、 such a connection. These indentured servants were treated as slaves for the period during which they had sold their time to American employers. It is not surprising that as soon as they served their time they passed up good wages in the cities and headed west to ensure their personal independence b
35、y acquiring land. Thus, it is in the west that a peculiarly American political culture began, among colonists who were suspicious of authority and intensely anti-aristocratic. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 15 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 1. Which of the following statements about migrants to colonial Nor
36、th America is supported by information in the text. A A larger percentage of migrants to colonial North America came as indentured servants than as free agents interested in acquiring land. B Migrants who came to the colonies as indentured servants were more successful at making a livelihood than we
37、re farmers and artisans. C Migrants to colonial North America were more successful at acquiring their own land during the eighteenth century than during the seventeenth century. D By the 1730 s, migrants already skilled in a trade were in more demand by American employers than were unskilled laborer
38、s. 2. The author of the text states that Bailyn failed to A give sufficient emphasis to the cultural and political interdependence of the colonies and England. B describe carefully how migrants of different ethnic backgrounds preserved their culture in the United States. C take advantage of social r
39、esearch on the experiences of colonists who migrated to colonial North America specifically to acquire land. D relate the experience of the migrants to the political values that eventually shaped the character of the United States. 3. Which of the following best summarizes the author s evaluation of
40、 Bailyn s fourth proposition. A It is totally implausible. B It is partially acceptable. C It is highly admirable. D It is controversial though persuasive. 4. According to the text, Bailyn and the author agree on which of the following statements about the culture of colonial New England. A High cul
41、ture in New England never equaled the high culture of England. B The cultural achievements of colonial New England have generally been unrecognized by historians. C The colonists imitated the high culture of England, and did not develop a culture that was uniquely their own. D The southern colonies
42、were greatly influenced by the high culture of New England. 5. The author of the text would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about Bailyns work. A Bailyn underestimates the effects of Puritan thought on North American culture. B Bailyn overemphasizes the economic depend
43、ence of the colonies on Great 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 15 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - Britain. C Bailyn s description of the colonies as part of an Anglo-American empire is misleading and incorrect. D Bailyn failed to test his propositions on a specific group of migrants to colonial North America.
44、答案与考点解析 1. 【答案】 D 【考点解析】这是一道审题定位题；题干中的“migrants” 一词示意此题的答案信息在第一段或第三段,由于这两段的首句都含有“migrants” 一词；又根据题干中的“supported” 一词,我们可以推断出此题的答案信息来源应当在原文的第三段,由于作者应当在第三段提出相应证据来“ 支持”supported自己的观点；通过认真阅读和懂得第三段,特别是第三段的尾句,我们可以推导出此题的正确选项应当是D；考生在解题时肯定要有审题定位的才能,更要具备善于懂得原文中启承转合所传达的含义；2. 【答案】 D 【考点解析】这是一道细节懂得题；题干中的“failed”
45、一词示意此题的答案信息应当在尾段,由于尾段中含有“fails” 一词；依据阅读和懂得首段尾句,我们可以推导出此题的正确选项是 所传达的中心含义；D；考生在解题时肯定要善于懂得原文中3. 【答案】 B 【考点解析】此题是一道归纳推导题；此题题干中的“Bailyns fourth proposition” 将此题的答案信息来源确定在原文的第四段；通过认真阅读和理 解本段的每一句话,特别是其次、三句话和四、五句话,我们可以推导出此题的正确选项应当是B；考生在解题时肯定要善于归纳和推导原文的内容,更要善于体会上下句之间的语意关系；4. 【答案】 A 【考点解析】这是一道细节推导题；题干中的“cultu
46、re” 一词示意此题的答案信息来源在第四段,由于第四段首句包含“culture” 一词；通过认真阅读 和懂得第四段的每一句话,特别是第四句,我们可以推导出此题的正确选项应当是 A；考生在解题时肯定要留意原文中重点词语所表达的含义,以及重点词语在选项中的替换形式；5. 【答案】 A 【考点解析】这是一道审题定位题；题干并没有明确指出此题答案信息在原文中的精确位置；在这种情形下,考生肯定要抓住全文的中心主旨,以及每段的核心句；此题的答案信息来源在第四段的尾句,这是一个由转折词“ however” 引导的句子；通过认真阅读懂得本句,我们可以推导出此题的正确选项是 A；考生在解题时肯定要重视原文中表达
47、启承转合的词语,由于这名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 15 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 往往是出题的重点；参考译文 Bernard Bailyn 最近通过运用关于欧洲移民经受的新的社会讨论成果重新解释了美国的早期历史； 在他的重新说明中, 迁徙成了重写北美前工业化历史的重要依据；其主见可分为四个独立的观点；第一点断言,近代早期的英国居民常常在乡下流淌,因此后来他们迁移到新大陆仅仅是一种“ 自然外流”力他们宁愿留在本土；到；虽然最初时殖民地对英国人没有多少正面的诱惑 18 世纪时,移往美洲的人数却增加了,由于他们将那儿看作是布满机遇的地方；其次,Bailyn 认为,和以往美国历史教材中惯用的观念相反, 从来就没有过一个典型的新大