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1、语法知识语法知识冠冠 词词冠词可分为不定冠词和定冠词。1.不定冠词的用法。（1）用在可数名词前表示“一个”。eg.There is a book on the desk.(2)表示“某一个”A Mr.White is waiting for you downstairs.(3)表示“一类”A horse is a useful animal.(4)a,an 与one的区别：a和an强调类别，而one强调数量上的区别。如：We need a doctor.我们需要一名医生，强调的意思是“医生”，而不是“教师”“律师”等其他职业。We need one doctor.则强调：我们只需要一位医生，而
2、不是两位、三位。(5).表示“每”，相当于per.We are allowed to drive at fifty miles an hour.(6).与表示 数量的词连用 a bit;a great deal;a few;a little;a lot of;a good many;a number of2.定冠词the的用法（1）表示文中再次提到的人和物。eg.There is a book on the desk.The book is an English book.(2)用在介词短语，分词短语，或定语从句的名词前。The man speaking at the meeting is o
3、ur teacher.the music of the filmThe computer John bought yesterday is made in New York.(3)表示特指的人或物（即说话时彼此都知道的事物）。例如：老师要求学生:Look at the blackboard./Open the door,please.表示师生都知道的哪个黑板和门。（4）表示世界上独一无二的事物。如：the sun,the earth,the moon,the capital,the sky,the universe但在 in nature(5)用在单数可数名词前表示类指。注意以下几种类指用法的
4、区别：A horse is a useful animal.The horse is a useful animal.Horses are useful animals.不定冠词接单数可数名词意思是任何一个，而定冠词接单数可数名词则强调整个类别。例如：虎面临着灭绝的危险，不能说A tiger is in danger of dying out.而应说The tiger is in danger of dying out（强调全部，整个类别）再比如Do you know who invented the telephone?而不能说Do you know who invented a telep
5、hone?(6)乐器的名称前通常用定冠词。eg.the piano,the violin.(7)年代、朝代的词前通常用定冠词。eg.In the 1990s,in the Tang Dynasty,the Spring and Autumn Period,in the Warring States Period(8)用作名词的方位词前通常用定冠词，用作副词则不用。n.eg.in/on/to the south/north/east/west of.on the left/rightadv.eg.Vietnam lies on the south of China.Vietnam lies so
6、uth of China.Turn left.(9)在表示阶级、阶层的词前通常用定冠词eg.the ruling class,the working people(10)形容词或分词前用定冠词可表示一类人或事物。eg.the rich,the poor,the young,the old,the living,the wounded,the beautiful,(11)姓氏名词前用定冠词表示一家人或夫妇两人eg.the Curies,the Greens,the Smiths(12)表示地理名词的专有名词前通常用定冠词。这样的名词有：江、河、海洋、山脉、岛屿、海湾、海峡等。the Yangtz
7、e River,the Yellow River,the Alpes,the Philippines,the Persian gulf,the Pacific,the English Channel(13)序数词、形容词最高级前通常用定冠词。the first,the best注意：*有时在比较级前也须用定冠词。eg.He is the taller of the two.*有时形容词的最高级前也可用不定冠词表示“非常”的意思。eg.Hangzhou is a most beautiful city.序数词前加不定冠词表示“再一”“又一”eg:I couldt make a second tr
8、y.与one,another 并列连用时，用a third.eg:One is deaf,another is blind,and a third is lame.(14)在有些国家和民族的形容词前用定冠词表示这个国家人的总称。the English,the French,the Japanese,the Chinese(15).用在人体部位名词前。He seized me by the arm.(16).与复数名词连用，指全体。the masses the Chinese people(17)用在书报、杂志、经典的名词前：I am reading the China Daily now.Th
9、e Times is a foreign newspaper.3.不用冠词的情况。（1）在专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词前一般不用冠词。专有名词一般指人名、地名等前一般不用冠词。如：Lei Feng,Marx,Beijing,Shanghai,America等词前不用冠词。但在含有普通名词的专有名词前通常用定冠词。如：the United States of America,the Peoples Republic of China等。当专有名词表示某一特定意义时，前可用冠词。eg.A Mr.Zhang came to see you just now.He is the Mr.Zhang yo
10、u are looking for.He is a living Lei Feng.The Shanghai of today is quite different from what it used to be.物质名词如air,water,oil,coal,tea等一般不加冠词，但有些物质名词可以个体化表示“一种”“一阵”“一杯”“一份”“一场”等，这时前面可用不定冠词。eg.Longjing is a famous tea.Id like to have a coffee.a heavy rain一场大雨,a strong wind一阵大风,a soup一份汤,a big fire一场大
11、火.抽象名词一般表示抽象的概念，为不可数。如：news,information,advice,culture,weather,fun等。但也有一些抽象名词可以个体化表示一种、一场、一番等。eg.He wanted to give me a pleasant surprise.Its a pleasure to talk with him.Its an honour for you to have been sent abroad.The book is a great help to me.a success,a failure,a new culture,a struggle,(2)学科、球
12、类、棋类名词前一般不加冠词。学科、球类、棋类名词前一般不加冠词。eg.Maths is an important subject.He likes playing football/chess.(3)一日三餐名称前一般不用冠词。一日三餐名称前一般不用冠词。have breakfast/lunch/supper/dinner但若指具体的某顿饭，尤其是有形容词修饰是要但若指具体的某顿饭，尤其是有形容词修饰是要用冠词。用冠词。a nice dinner(4)季节、月份、星期前一般不用冠词。季节、月份、星期前一般不用冠词。in spring/summer/autumn./Sunday/October.
13、但若强调某一年的某一季节或月份时应用冠词但若强调某一年的某一季节或月份时应用冠词in the spring of that yearI met him on a Monday last month.(5)节日前一般不用冠词。如：at Christmas,on National Day,Childrens Day,Womens Day等。但在中国的那些传统节日的名称前通常用定冠词。the Spring Festival,the Dragons Day,the Mid-Autumn Day(6)在街道、广场、公园、大学等名词前一般不用冠词。Nanjing Road,Wangfujing Stree
14、t,Beihai Park,Qinghua University.但有少数也加定冠词。the Peoples Park,the Shanghai International Studies University(7).在某些独立结构中，不用冠词。He entered the forest,gun in hand.(8)表示人的职务、官阶的名词在句中做主语补足语、宾语补足语、同位语或表语时前不用冠词。指独一无二的职务前不用冠词。如，We made him chairman of the students union.He was elected monitor of the class.As j
15、udge,he is very strict in his work.(9)表示对应关系的两个词若表示一个概念时前表示对应关系的两个词若表示一个概念时前不用冠词。不用冠词。Father and son,husband and wife,teacher and student,town and country,enemy and friend.(10).泛指名词复数前不用冠词泛指名词复数前不用冠词They are workers.(11).turn/go作作“变变”，后面的名词前不用冠词。，后面的名词前不用冠词。He was a teacher before he turned writer.(
16、12).称呼语之前不加冠词称呼语之前不加冠词:waiter,bring my bill,please.(13)家庭称谓家庭称谓 如父母兄弟之前不加冠词如父母兄弟之前不加冠词Father is out,but mother is at home.(14)在以在以 As 或或though引导的让步状语从句中引导的让步状语从句中,表语名词位于句首时表语名词位于句首时,不用冠词不用冠词.Child as he is,he knows a lot about it.Fool as I was,I didnt believe every word he said.（4）冠词的惯用法。）冠词的惯用法。有些不
17、可数名词在习惯使用中须加不定冠词。有些不可数名词在习惯使用中须加不定冠词。They had a good time at the party.常见的类型有：常见的类型有：1）动词转化成名词。）动词转化成名词。take a break,have a rest,go for a walk/swim.2）患患病病have a fever,catch a bad cold,have a headache/toothache/stomachache3)同源宾语同源宾语live a.life,die a.death,dream a.dream有些个体名词表示抽象意义时前不用冠词有些个体名词表示抽象意义时前
18、不用冠词.in prison,in hospital,go to church,in town,by hand,by radio,go to college,go to bed,at school,in pencil.有无冠词的区别1.in front of 在（外）的前面 in the front of 在（内）的前面 Theres a garden in front of the classroom.Theres a blackboard in the front of the classroom.2.in charge of 掌管；负责 in the charge of 在负责之下 An
19、 experienced worker is in charge of the project.The project is in the charge of an experienced worker.3.at table 在用饭；吃饭时 at the table 在桌旁 He seldom talks at table.They sat at the table,talking and laughing.4.by day 白天；日间 by the day 按日计 He works in an office by day.Cleaning women in big cities get pa
20、id by the day.5.take place 发生；举行 take the place 代替；接替 When did this conversation take place?Electric trains have now taken the place of steam trains in England.6.in words 用言语 in a word 总之 Please express your thought in words.In a word,I dont trust you.7.at times 有时；不时 at a time 一次 I do feel a little
21、 nervous at times.Pass me the bricks two at a time.8.little 少；不多的 a little 一些；一点点 Hurry up,theres little time left.Dont hurry,you still have a little time.9.out of question 没问题 out of the question 不可能10.in possession of.拥有.in the possession of 被所拥有11.go to church 去做祷告 go to the church 去教堂12.by sea 坐船,取海路 by the sea 在海边.