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1、FOR TEM 4Grammar说明以下总结的专四常考点，我们不着重与详尽的语法介绍，只是对历年专四常考的语法进行总结。我们的目标是对于必考语法点完全拿下。一 比较结构(comparative Construction)英语中比较结构最主要有三种：1.asas结构2.morethan结构3.themost结构1.asas结构基本模式：as+adj/adv(原级）+as否定形式：1)notas/so+adj/adv(原级）+as2)也可用lessthane.gJohnisasbrightasBob.(否定）JohnisnotasbrightasBob.JohnislessbrightthanBo
2、b.用法：1.主语不同，比较项目相同。2.Thisparcelisasheavyasthatone.3.2.主语相同，比较项目不同。4.Thegirlwasasbrilliantasshewasbeautiful.这姑娘既漂亮又聪明。3.主语和比较项目都不同。Theswimmingpoolisnttwiceaswideasthatoneislong.（倍数+as+adj/adv+as.)另一种模式：asmuch/many+n+as否定形式：notas/somuch/many+n+as1)Hetookasmuchbutterasheneed.Hedidnttakeas/somuchbuttera
3、sheneeded.2)Shehaswrittenasmanyessaysasherbrother(does).Shehasntwrittenasmanyessaysasherbrother(does).变体形式：as+adj(原级）+名词词组+as(注意下列句子的语序）1.GeorgeisasefficientaworkerasJack.(名词的意义受到强调）orGeorgeisaworker(whois)asefficientasJack.(形容词的意义受到强调）2.Idontwantasexpensiveacarasthis.2.morethan结构1)用于在两个人或物之间作同一方面的比
4、较。Theconcertwasmoreenjoyablethanlecture.2)用于同一个人或物的本身作不同方面的比较。Thepresentcrisisismuchmoreapoliticalthananeconomiccrisis.当前的危机与其说是经济危机，不如说是政治危机。此用法也可用于lessthan结构，但得出相反的含义。Thepresentcrisisismuchlessapoliticalthananeconomiccrisis.当前的危机与其说是政治危机，不如说是经济危机。3.（the）+adj/adv最高级+比较范围比较级形式表示最高级意义时，比较对象的范围应用：anyo
5、ther+单数名词theother+复数名词theothersanyone/anythingelse上述词是用来将比较级结构转变成最高级意义的关键词语，切不可遗漏，否则会造成逻辑混乱的错误。补充说明1notsoas¬somuchasLondonisntsobigasTokyo.伦敦没有东京大。ItwasntsomuchhisappearanceIlikedashispersonality.(与其说我喜欢他的外表，不如说我喜欢他的为人。）前一例相当于一般的比较结构，后一例相当于lessthan 的含义。not so much as是一个专四常考结构。真题举例：1.Itisnotsomuch
6、thelanguageasthebackgroundthatmakesthebookdifficulttounderstand.(99,45)(07.57)【注：同一个句子专四考了两次，这说明了反复看往年题的重要性】2.Thattrumpetplayerwascertainlyloud.ButIwasntbotheredbyhisloudnesssomuchasbyhislackoftalent.(04,41)2.notmore/-erthan与nomore/-erthanJohnisnotbetterthanTom.(否定前者，肯定后者)JohnisnobetterthanTom.(对前后者
7、都否定）真题举例：Overpopulationposeaterriblethreattohumanrace.Yetitisprobablynotmoreathreatthanenvironmentaldestruction.(07.62)3.nomorethan(=notanymorethan)两者一样都不Awhaleisnomoreafishthanahorseis.鲸不是鱼，如同马不是鱼一样。Fatcannotchangeintomuscleanymorethanmusclechangesintofat.(99.44)脂肪不能变成肌肉，就如同肌肉不能变成脂肪一样。4.themorethem
8、ore与moreandmorethemore.themore表示两个过程中同时递增，是主从结构。moreandmore只表示一个过程的不断增长。如thewildertherangeofourlifeandthemorevariousthecontactswehave,thewilderandsupplermustbeourcommandoverarangofEnglishstyles.5.“ofa+n”的比较级“ofa+n”相当于一个形容词，表示具有后面那个名词的性质；若该名词为可数名词，名词之前要加不定冠词。它的比较级也要用more来修饰。如Heismoreofadoctor.他更像个医生。
9、该结构也可以用于同级比较结构中。如Heisasofanathleteasshe.他和她一样具备运动员的素质。二 虚拟语气1.主从句谓语动词的时态主从句谓语动词的时态(1)掌握主从句谓语动词的规范搭配:主句从句与现在事实相反 would/情态动词过去式+dowere(不分人称)/did与过去事实相反 would/情态动词过去式+havedonehaddone与将来事实相反 would/情态动词过去式+doshoulddo/weretodo1.WouldyouhavebeensurprisedifIhadarrivedyesterdaywithoutlettingyouknowbeforehand
10、?(04年)与过去事实相反2.Allofuswouldhaveenjoyedthepartymuchmoreiftherehadntbeenquitesuchacrowdpeoplethere.（00年）与过去事实相反3.Ifyourcarshouldneedanyattentionduringthefirst12months,takeittoanauthorizeddealer.（98年）(2)区分主从句表示的不同时间概念：主从句谓语动词所指时间不同，这叫做错综时间条件句，动词形式应根据实际情况来调整。如：Haditnotbeenforthetimelyinvestmentfromthege
11、neralpublic,ourcompanywouldnotbesothrivingasitis.(主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反)HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,hewouldbeourchairmannow.(主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反)(3)识别事实和假设混合句：Yourmathsinstructorwouldhavebeenhappytogiveyouamake-upexaminationhadyougoneandexplainedthatyourparentswereillatthetime.(句子前半部分
12、为假设情况，而“父母病了”是事实)Iwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenatallpossible,butIwasfullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek.(前半部分为假设，后半部分是事实)2.名词性从句的虚拟形式名词性从句的虚拟形式名词性从句是指宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。从句的谓语动词需用(should+)动词原形表示虚拟。考生应熟悉：(1)下列动词做谓语时，that宾语从句中的动词用虚拟形式：desire,advise,recommend,command,direct,order,ask,deman
13、d,request,require,insist,maintain,move,propose,prefer,urge,vote。如：Inthepastmengenerallypreferredthattheirwivesworkinthehome.Imovethathebedischargedforhisseriousmistake.(2)下列形容词和分词做表语或补语时，that主语从句中动词用虚拟形式：advisable,desirable,insistent,preferable,urgent,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,essential,imperat
14、ive,important,necessary,obligatory,possible,probable,proper,vital,advised,arranged,commanded,demanded,desired,ordered,proposed,recommended,requested,required,suggested。如：Theboarddeemiturgentthatthesefilesshouldbeprintedrightaway.Itisessentialthatallthesefiguresbecheckedtwice.真题举例：1.Itisabsolutelyess
15、entialthatWilliamcontinuehisstudyinspiteofsomelearningdifficulties.(07,65)2.Itisimperativethatthegovernmentattractmoreinvestmentintotheshipbuildingindustry.(06.59)3.Theopeningceremonyisgreatoccasion.Itisessentialforustobepreparedforthat.(3)下列名词接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句中动词用虚拟形式：insistence,preference,recommenda
16、tion,suggestion,proposal,motion,desire,requirement,request,order,necessity,importance,regulation,rule,resolution,understanding。如：JohnWagnersmostenduringcontributiontothestudyofAfro-Americanpoetryishisinsistencethatit beanalyzedinareligious,aswellasworldly,frameofreference.3.含蓄虚拟条件句的谓语动词形式含蓄虚拟条件句的谓语动
17、词形式含蓄虚拟语气是指假设条件不通过if从句表达，而是暗含在其他结构中。考生应熟悉：(1)连词but,butthat,or,orelse；副词otherwise,unfortunately等表示转折假设。如：Asafetyanalysiswouldhaveidentifiedthetargetasapotentialdanger.Unfortunately,itwasneverdone.Victorobviouslydoesntknowwhatshappened;otherwisehewouldnthavemadesuchastupidremark.(2)介词短语暗含假设条件，常用的有：wit
18、hout,butfor,undermorefavorableconditions等。如：Butforyourtimelyadvice,Iwould never have knownhowtogoaboutthework.（94年）(3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/plann或was/were+不定式完成式或hadintended/meant/planned/hoped/wished+不定式一般式暗示虚拟语气。如：Iintendedtohavecalledonyou,butIwasbusyatthattime.(4)情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气。如：Ishouldhav
19、ecalledtomakeanairlinereservation,butIdidnt.4.常用虚拟形式的句型常用虚拟形式的句型(1)从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式表示虚拟的句型：wouldratherwouldassoonasthoughsupposehadratherwouldsoonerasifsupposingIfonlyItis(high)timethat(从句中动词只用过去式)Itshightimewestoppedcuttingdowntherainforests.(06,54)(2)Ifitwerenotfor(与现在事实相反)Ifithadnotbeenfor(与过去事实相反
20、)相当于butfor。如：Ifithadnotbeenforhishelp(=butforhishelp),wewouldnothavesucceeded.(3)Ifonly谓语动词视情况选用适当的形式。如：Ifonlythecommitteewouldapprovetheregulationsandputthemintoeffectassoonaspossible.Ifonlythepatienthadreceivedadifferenttreatmentinsteadofusingantibiotics,hemightstillbealivenow.(07,54)IfonlyIcouldp
21、laytheguitaraswellasyou!(06年)(4)lest/forfearthat/incase从句谓语用(should+)动词原形。如：Themadmanwasputinthesoft-paddedcelllestheinjurehimself.(5)whetheror有时谓语用be的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法经常采用倒装结构。如：Churchasweusethewordreferstoallreligiousinstitutions,betheyChristian,Islamic,Buddhist,Jewish,andsoon.Thebusinessofeachday,
22、beitsellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquitesmoothly.三时态语态需要掌握的要点：1.表达将来时的形式：表达将来时的形式：(1)在时间、条件、让步从句中，一般现在时代替将来时，但要注意区别从句的类型，如：Illtellhimwhenyouwillringagain.我告诉他你什么时候再来电话。(宾语从句)比较：Illtellhimwhenyouringagain.你再打电话时我告诉他。(状语从句)(2)在makesure,makecertain,see(toit)后的that从句中，谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时，如：Seetoitthatyouinc
23、ludeinthepaperwhateverquestionstheydidntknowtheanswertolasttime.(include不能用willinclude或其他形式）2.完成时是时态测试的重点，注意与完成时连完成时是时态测试的重点，注意与完成时连用的句型和时间状语：用的句型和时间状语：(1)by/between/upto/till+过去时间、since、bythetime/when+表示过去发生情况的从句，主句用过去完成时。如：Wehadjusthadourbreakfastwhenanoldmancametothedoor.Between1897and1919atleast
24、29motionpicturesinwhichartificialbeingswereportrayedhadbeenproduced.(表示1919年时已发生的情况)(2)by+将来时间、bythetime/when+谓语动词是一般现在时的从句，主句用将来完成时。如：BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,wewillhavestayedinEuropefortwoweeks.Ihopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknextyear.(3)bynow、since+过去时间、in/during/for/ove
25、r/thepast/lastfew(或具体数字)years/days/months，主句用现在完成时,但在itis+具体时间since/before这一句型中，主句更多的时候不用完成时。如：Thechangesthathadtakenplaceinairtravelduringthelastsixtyyearswouldhaveseemedcompletelyimpossibletoeventhemostbrilliantscientistsattheturnofthe19thcentury.ItisfouryearssinceJohnleftschool.(4)在Itisthe+序数词/形容
26、词最高级+that的定语从句中，谓语动词常用现在完成时。如：ItisntthefirsttimethatIhavefoundmyselfinanembarrassingsituation.(5)在nosoonerthan,hardly/scarcelywhen句型中，主句常用过去完成时。3.完成进行时指动作在完成时的基础上还要继续下去。如：Thecompanyhasbeenpromisingariseinsalaryforages,butnothinghashappened.真题举例：1.Jackhasbeenmissingfromhomefortwodaysnow,andIambeginni
27、ngtoworryabouthissafety.(03,42)2.Forsometimenow,worldleaderhavebeenpointingoutthenecessityforagreementonarmsreduction.(02,43)时态语态答题思路(1)先根据选项的区别点确定考题要点为时态，然后回到题句中寻找给出的或暗示的时间状语，缩小选择范围，进而选出正确答案；(2)根据谓语动词与句子主语或非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系，确定句子是主动语态还是被动语态。有关于时态的历年真题：1.Lindawastohavestartedtheexperimentamonthago,butsh
28、echangedhermindatthelastminute.(07,55)【将来完成时】2.Jameshasjustarrived,butIdidntknowhewascominguntilyesterday.(05年）【过去进行时】3.Ihavebeenandalwayswillbeconsciousofmymoralobligationsasacitizen.(05年）四四平行结构平行结构1.注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同。如：上是否相同。如：Itisbettertodieononesfeetthantoliveononesknees.
29、Despitethetemporarydifficulties,themanagerprefersincreasingtheoutputtodecreasingit.2.其他具有并列或比较意义的短语。其他具有并列或比较意义的短语。(1)ratherthan,letalone虽不是并列连词，但在结构上连接两个语法形式相同的成分。如：Wearetaughtthatabusinesslettershouldbewritteninaformalstyleratherthaninapersonalstyle.Forthenewcountrytosurvive,letaloneforitspeopleto
30、enjoyprosperity,neweconomicpolicieswillberequired.(2)如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语，而且介词相同，一般说来第二个介词不要省略。如：Attimes,morecaregoesintothecompositionofnewspaperandmagazineadvertisementsthanintothewritingofthefeaturesandeditorials.五非谓语动词（一）不定式1.1.不定式做主语不定式做主语(1)引导逻辑主语的介词：不定式的逻辑主语一般由介词for引导,但下列表示人的性格行为特征的形容词做表语时,不定式的
31、逻辑主语则由of引导：absurd,bold,brave,courageous,careful,careless,clever,wise,foolish,silly,stupid,good,nice,kind,thoughtful,considerate,greedy,generous,honest,modest,polite,rude,cruel,selfish,lazy,wicked,wrong。如：Expertssaywalkingisoneofthebestwaysforapersontostayhealthy.Itscleverofyoutohaveinventedsuchadevi
32、ce.(2)不定式做主语补足语：掌握常用不定式做主语补足语的句型。注意不定式表示的动作发生的时间，并采用相应形式。如：besaid/reported/thought/believed/known/supposed+todosth.TheMinisterofFranceisbelievedtobethinkingofimposingnewtaxestoraiseextrarevenue.(04年）ProfessorJohnsonissaidtohavemadesomesignificantadvanceinhisresearchinthepastyear.(99年)2.不定式做宾语不定式做宾语掌
33、握要求接不定式做宾语的动词：afford,arrange,attempt,claim,desire,determine,expect,fail,guarantee,endeavor,intend,pledge,pretend,resolve,request,swear,tend,venture。如：Eventhoughthechildrenpretendedtobeasleep,thenurseswerenotdeceivedwhentheycameintotheroom.3.不定式做定语不定式做定语(1)被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next,last,only,nota,the,v
34、ery等限定词时，该名词用不定式做定语。如：In1938PearS.BuckbecamethefirstAmericanwomantoreceivetheNobelPrizeforLiterature.(2)如果其动词要求不定式做宾语，相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如：tendencytodotendtodo,decisiontododecidetodoThisbookisanattempttohelpyouuseEnglishandrecognizehowitisused.(3)如果其形容词形式要求接不定式做补语，相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如：ambitiontodo“干的雄心”beam
35、bitioustodo“有雄心干”curiositytodo“对的好奇心”becurioustodo“对好奇”abilitytodo“做的能力”abletodo“有能力做”AccordingtoDarwin,randomchangesthatenhanceaspeciesabilitytosurvivearenaturallyselectedandpassedontosucceedinggeneration.(4)表示方式、原因、时间、机会、权利等名词用不定式做定语，这些名词包括：way,method,reason,time,place,chance,occasion,opportunity,
36、evidence,power,right,movement,drive(运动)，effort等。如：IworkedsolateintheofficelastnightthatIhardlyhadtimetocatchthelastbus.Weappreciateyoureffortstobringaboutacomprehensivesolutiontotheexistingproblem.(5)不定代词something,nothing,little,much,a lot习惯上用不定式做定语。如：Thoughwehavemadegreatprogress,thereisstillmuchto
37、beimproved.4.不定式做状语不定式做状语不定式做状语主要表示目的、程度、结果、方式。(1)in order to(do),so as to(do)结构引导目的状语，so as to不能置于句首。(2)soasto,suchasto,enoughto,tooto结构做程度状语。如：Thesolutionworksonlyforcoupleswhoareself-employed,donthavesmallchildrenandgetalongwellenoughtospendmostoftheirtimetogether.Thevocabularyandgrammaticaldiffe
38、rencesbetweenBritishandAmericanEnglisharesotrivialandfewashardlytobenoticed.(3)不定式做结果状语只能出现在句子的末尾，表示不愉快的结果，有时用only加强语气。常见的不定式动词有find,hear,see,betold,form,give,make,produce等。如：Greatlyagitated,Irushedtotheapartmentandtriedthedoor,onlytofinditlocked.Thethreementriedmanytimestosneakacrosstheborderintoth
39、eneighbouringcountry,onlytobecapturedbythepoliceeachtime.(99年)(4)not/nevertooto,toonotto,but/onlytooto,tooready/eager/apt/inclinedto表示肯定意义。如：Iamonlytoopleasedtohearfromyoufurther.能再听到你的消息，我太高兴了。（二）动名词1.必须接动名词做宾语的动词必须接动名词做宾语的动词牢记下列要求接动名词做宾语的动词：acknowledge,advocate,anticipate,appreciate,avoid,admit,co
40、nfess,consider,delay,deny,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,favor,finish,forgive,imagine,involve,justify,mention,pardon,practice,postpone,recall，recollect，risk,resist,suggest,tolerate。如：Iappreciatehavingbeengiventheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.2.动名词做介词短语动名词做介词短语尤其要识别下列短语中的to是介词，不是不定式符号：objectto,resor
41、tto,reactto,contributeto,lookforwardto,beaccustomedto,becommittedto,beexposedto,besubjectedto,bedevotedto,bededicatedto,beopposedto,bereconciledto,becontraryto,be(get)usedto,comecloseto,getdownto,giveoneselfupto,preferto,seeto,setto,taketo,inadditionto,withregardto,withaviewto,onthewayto。真题举例：1.Them
42、eetingwasputoffbecauseweobjectedtohavingameetingwithoutJohn.(05,62)2.Ininternationalmatches,prestigeissoimportantthattheonlythingthatmattersistoavoidbeingbeaten.(96年）（三）分词分词起形容词和副词的作用，在句中做定语或状语。在概念上应清楚：现在分词表示主动，表示动作在进行。过去分词表示被动，表示动作结束了的状态或结果。1.分词做定语，弄清现在分词与过去分词的区分词做定语，弄清现在分词与过去分词的区别别分词短语做定语相当于省略了的定语
43、从句，考生应掌握：(1)现在分词与被修饰词之间具有主动意义。如：Itseasytoblamethedeclineofconversationonthepaceofmodernlifeandonthevaguechangestakingplaceinourever-increasingworld.(相当于thechangeswhichtakeplace.)TherewasaveryinterestingremarkinabookbyanEnglishmanthatIreadrecentlygivingwhathethoughtwasareasonforthisAmericancharacteri
44、stic.(相当于whichgave.)Howmanyofusattending,say,ameetingthatisirrelevanttouswouldbeinterestedinthediscussion?(相当于Howmanyofuswhowillattend.)(2)过去分词与被修饰词之间具有被动意义。如：Goodnewswassometimesreleasedprematurely,withtheBritishrecaptureoftheportannouncedhalfadaybeforethedefendersactuallysurrendered.(相当于recaptureo
45、ftheportwhichhadbeenannounced)Justasthevalueofatelephonenetworkincreaseswitheachnewphoneaddedtothesystem,sodoesthevalueofacomputersystemincreasewitheachprogramthatturnsout.(相当于eachnewphonewhichisaddedto)Theauthorgaveadetaileddescriptionbasedonhispersonalobservationofnature.(相当于descriptionwhichwasbas
46、edon)(3)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义：deceased,departed,elapsed,faded,fallen,gone,grown-up,retired,returned,risen,set,vanished,much-travelled,newlyarrived,recentlycome。如：anescapedprisoner一个逃犯aretiredworker一位退休工人afadedcurtain一个褪了色的窗帘anewlyarrivedstudent一个新来的学生2.分词做状语，注意区分分词的一般式与完成式分词做状语，注意区分分词的一般式与完
47、成式(1)表示时间，多置于句首，注意如果分词表示的动作的时间先于谓语动词，要用完成式。如：Havingcompletedonetask,westartedonanotherone.(complete先于start之前发生)(2)表示原因，置于句首句尾均可，根据情况有时要用完成式，有时用一般式。如：Hewasntaskedtotakeonthechairmanshipofthesociety,beingconsideredinsufficientlypopularwithallmembers.Thereseemedlittlehopethattheexplorer,havingbeendeser
48、tedinthetropicalforest,wouldfindhiswaythroughit.(3)表示伴随、方式，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：Helenborrowedmydictionarytheotherdaysayingthatshewouldreturnitsoon.Annawasreadingapieceofsciencefiction,completelylosttotheoutsideworld.(4)表示结果，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：Thecityfounditselfinacrisissituationlastsummerwhentheairconditionin
49、gondozensofthenewbusesbrokedown,themunusable.(5)表示补充说明(同位)，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：Thearticleopensandcloseswithdescriptionsoftwonewsreports,eachmakingonemajorpointincontrastwiththeother.Fordtrieddividingthelabor,eachworkerassignedaseparatetask.3.分词的独立主格结构分词的独立主格结构分词的逻辑主语一般为句子的主语，否则分词短语要有自己的逻辑主语，称为分词独立主格结构。分词
50、独立主格结构只是句子的一个部分。如：Allflightshavingbeencanceledbecauseofthesnowstorm,wedecidedtotakethetrain.Darknesssettingin,theyoungcouplelingeredonmerrymaking.真题举例：1.Agricultureisthecountryschiefsourceofwealth,wheatbeingbyfarthebiggestcerealcrop.(03)2.Timepermitting,thecelebrationwillbeheldasscheduled.（03）3.Ther