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1、语法复习十一：非谓语动词（一）动词不定式动词不定式、分词(现在分词，过去分词)和动名词统称为非谓语动词。现代英语将现在分词和动名词合为一大类叫作v + ing形式。这些动词的形式不能在句中单独作谓语用，因而没有语法主语。但可以有逻辑主语。由于没有语法主语，也就不受人称和数的限定，因为不是谓语，也就没有时态和语态，但这些词仍能表示动作和状态，所以仍有表示与其他动词相对时间关系的形式。由于与其它词有逻辑上的主谓关系，因此也有表示主、被动的形式，同时也有自己的宾语和状语，一起构成非谓语动词的短语(动词不定式短语，分词短语，动名词短语)。非谓语动词在英语语法中占有特殊且重要的位置。非谓语动词形式多样，
2、应用广泛，且在句中起着很活跃的作用，也是语法项目中的重点和难点，学好非谓语动词，才能正确进行口语和书面的交流。动词不定式、过去分词及v-ing形式在句中均不能作谓语用，所以叫做非谓语动词。（一）动词不定式：动词不定式由“to+ 动词原形”构成，如：to study, to play，动词不定式虽然不能作谓语动词用，但仍留着动词的特征，它可以带有所需要的宾语或状语而构成动词不定式短语，如：to study hard, to play table tennis。1、动词不定式的形式变化：动词不定式有下列时态和语态的形式变化。语态式一般式完成式进行式完成进行式主 动to buildto have b
3、uiltto be buildingto have been building 被 动to be buildto have been build2、动词不定式的基本用法：动词不定式能起名词、形容词和副词的作用，可在句中作主语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语用，如：（1）作主语：To help each other is good.（动词不定式作主语时，一般可用it作形式主语，而将作主语的动词不定式置于句末，如：It is good to help each other.（2）作表语：My job is to drive them to the power station every day. 动
4、词不定式在系动词be之后作表语，与表示将来时的be + 动词不定式结构有所区别，如：Our plan is to set up another middle school for the peasants children.我们的计划是给农民子弟再成立一所中学。（句中的谓语动词为is，动词不定式to set up 为表语，主语为plan，但plan并不是动词不定式的逻辑主语，即动词不定式 to set up所表示的动作不是主语plan产生的。）We are to set up another middle school for the peasants children.我们将为农民的子弟再成
5、立一所中学。（句中的are to set up整个结构为句中谓语，主语为we，同时也是动词不定式to set up所表示的动作的逻辑主语，即动词不定式to set up所表示的动作是由we产生的）。（3）作宾语：作及物动词的宾语，如：She wishes to be a musician.；作某些形容词的宾语：可以有动词不定式为宾语的形容词一般有glad, sorry, afraid, pleased, determined, willing, eager, anxious, ready, sure等，如：I am determined to give up smoking.；动词不定式一般不
6、作介词的宾语，但动词不定式之前如有疑问词时，就可作介词的宾语，如：Can you give us some advice on what to do next? （4）作宾语补足语，如：Tell the children not to play on the street. 如果句中的谓语动词为see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等，作宾语补足语的动词不定式须将to省去，如：I saw a little girl run across the street.（5）动词不定式在句中作宾语，如带有宾语补足语时，须先用it作形式宾语，而将该动词不定式后置
7、，如：I dont think it right to do it that way. （6）作定语：动词不定式作定语时，须位于被其修饰的名词或代词之后，如：Is this the best way to help him? 和定语用的动词不定式如果是不及物动词，不定式后面就要用必要的介词，如：He is the man to depend on. 如果被不定式修饰的名词为place, time, way，不定式后面的介词，习惯上可以省去，如：The old man is looking for a quiet place to live.（7）作状语：动词不定式可以作下列的状语：目的状语：
8、Every morning he gets up very early to read English. 为了强调不定式表示目的的作用，可在不定式前加in order to或so as to（以便或为了），但应注意in order to位于句首或句中均可，而so as to不能位于句首，如：She reads China Daily every day in order to (so as to) improve her English. 将表示目的的不定式置于句首，也可强调目的的作用，如：To master a foreign language, one must work hard at
9、it. 结果状语：They lived to see the liberation of their home town.他们活到亲眼见到了他们家乡的解放。too + 形容词或副词 + 动词不定式，表示“足能”的结果，如：You are old enough to take care of yourself now.3、复合结构不定式：由for + 名词（或代词宾格）+ 动词不定式即构成复合结构的动词不定式。其中for本身无意义。for后面的名词或代词是不定式的逻辑主语，这种不定式在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语或状语，如：It is very important for us to get
10、everything ready for the harvest. 当作表语用的形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特征时，就用介词of而不用for引出不定式的逻辑主语，这些形容词一般有good, nice, kind, wise, silly, stupid, foolish, right, wrong, careless, impolite等，如：It is very kind of you to help him every day.4、疑问词 + 动词不定式：疑问代词和疑问副词后可加动词不定式构成不定式短语，在句中可作主语、表语或宾语，如：How to prevent them from
11、 swimming in this river is a problem.5、动词不定式的否定式：动词不定式的否定式是由not + 动词不定式构成，如：Its wrong of you not to attend the meeting.6、动词不定式的时态形式所表示的时间关系：（1）一般式：动词不定式一般式所表示的动作是和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，但在多数情况下，是在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生，如：We decided to plant more trees this spring.（其后），They often watch us play table tennis.（同时）；（2）完
12、成式：动词不定式完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，如：I am sorryto have kept you waiting.（3）进行式：动词不定式进行式所表示的动作正在进行中，而且与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，如：She happened to be writing a letter in the room when I came in.7、动词不定式的被动语态用法：如果动词不定式的逻辑主语为这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般就用被动语态形式，如：What is to be done next hasnt been decided yet.练习、非谓语动词（一）1
13、. - Can you ride a horse?- No, I never had the chance _. A. for learning it B. for learning how C. how to learn it D. to learn how2. Paul said, Give me a chair _. A. to sit B. sit C. sit on D. to sit on3. I ran too fast _ where I was going. A. to notice B. for me to notice C. to notice for me D. and
14、 notice4. - Have you enjoyed your visit here?- Yes, Ill be very sorry_ . A. for leaving B.of leaving C. to leave D. with leaving5. - Ill help you whenever you need me. - Good. Id like _me tomorrow. A. you helping B. that you will help C. you to help D. that you help6. - I didnt hear you come in last
15、 night.- Thats good. We tried_ noisy. A. not be B. not to be C. to be not D. to not be7. Because of air pollution being greatly reduced, this city is still _. A. a good place which to be lived in B. lived as a good place C. a good place to live in D. living in as a good place8. - Why was the officia
16、l meeting called?- _ new officers. A. Select B. Selecting C. To select D. For selecting9. - Where did he go?- He went to another store _. A. to buy pencils B. for buying pencils C. buy pencils D. buying pencils10. - My baby has a heart trouble.- Did the doctor find it difficult _ ? A. in treating B.
17、 treating C. for treating D. to treat11. - Did the judge ask you many questions?- Yes, and _. A. they were difficult to be answered B. to answer them was to be difficult C. they were difficult to answer D. they had difficulty in answering12. That beggar seems _ anything yesterday.A. not to have eate
18、n B. not to eat C. didnt eat D. to not have eaten13. The lost child desired nothing but _ home. A. go B. to go C. going . D. went14.That box is_. A. too heavy for me to carry B. too heavy for me to carry it C. so heavy for me to carry D. very heavy for me to carry15. Would you be _ to do me a favour
19、, please? A. so kind as . B. too kind C. as kind as D. enough kind16. To learn to speak English well,_. A. much practice is needed B. one needs much practice C. much practice is needed by one D. one is needed much practice17. Tom kept quiet about the accident _ lose his job. A. so not as to B. so as
20、 not to C. so as to not D. not so as to18. Last summer I took a course on _ . A. how to make dresses B. how dresses be made C. how to be made dresses D. how dresses to be made19. The house is not large enough _ . A. to live in B. to be lived in C. to live D. for living20. Nobody likes _. A. to speak
21、 ill of B. to be spoken ill of C. speaking ill of D. spoken ill of21. I know him _ a good football player while in college. A. to have been B. to be C. was D. had been22. I was surprised_. A. watching him to eat so quickly B. watch him eat so quickly C. watching him eat so quickly D. to watch him ea
22、t so quickly23. Mr. White was seen _ the Palace Museum. A. enter B. to enter C. entered D. to entering24. I saw Mary _ the house. A. open the door and go into B. to open the door and to go into C. open the door and to go into D. open the door and went into25. Paul does nothing but _ all day long. A.
23、 play B. to play C. playing D. played26. Now we could not do anything but _ for him here. A. waited B. waiting C. to wait D. wait27. I dont know her and I dont _ . A. want B. want to C. want it D. to want28. - Go to the theatre with me, will you?- I should like _, but I dont have time. A. to B. too
24、C. to do D. to go to29. To play fair is as important as _. A. to play well B. play well C. we play well D. playing well30. It is the greatest happiness on earth _. A. loving and to be loved B. to love and being loved C. to love and to be loved D. love and be loved31. _ is better to love than _ . A.
25、That, to be loved B. That, be loved C. It, be loved D. It, to be loved32. Its very foolish _ it? A. for you to say B. of you to say C. with you saying D. in your saying33. It _ me two hours to find your new house. A. cost B. took C. spent D. used34. We did not expect our offer _ so quickly. A. rejec
26、ted B. to reject . C. to be rejected D. rejecting35. He told her _ there at once. A. get B. gets C. should get D. to get36. We all think it most foolish _ this mistake.A. for you making B. of you to make C. you to make D. for you to make37. I really dont know _ . A. to swim B. how to swim C. to swim
27、 how D. how swim38. - What do you think about English?- Its a difficult language _.A. speaking B. to be spoken C. to speak D. spoken语法复习十二：非谓语动词（二）动词-ing形式（二）-ing形式：动词的-ing形式也是一种非谓语动词。-ing形式仍保留有动词的特征，可以带有其所需要的宾语或状语而构成-ing短语。1、-ing的形式：-ing有一般式和完成式。及物动词的-ing还有主动语态和被动语态，而不及物动词的-ing则没有被动语态。现在以及物动词make 和
28、不及物动词go为例，将其-ing各种形式列表如下：动词 语态形式及物动词make不及物动词go主动语态被动语态主动语态一般式makingbeing madegoing完成式having madehaving been madehaving gone2、-ing形式的基本用法。（1）作主语：Seeing is believing.百闻不如一见。Talking is easier than doing. ing作主语时，如果其结构较长，可用it作形式主语，而将作主语的-ing后置。如：It isnt much good writing to them again. Its no use waiti
29、ng here.（2）作表语：Her job is washing and cooking. My hobby is collecting stamps.（3）作宾语：作及物动词的宾语。She likes drawing very much.；作某些短语动词的宾语。 Mary is thinking of going back to New York.； do+限定词（my, some, any, the等）+ -ing，表示“做事”之意，如：We often do our cleaning on Saturday afternoon. Will you do any shopping on
30、Saturday this afternoon? 作介词的宾语：Her sister is good at learning physics.；作形容词worth, busy等的宾语：This book is well worth reading. ing作宾语带有宾语补足语时，要用it作为形式宾语，而将作宾语的-ing后置，如：We found it no good talking like that. Do you think it necessary trying again?（4）作定语：The sleeping child is only five years old. Do you
31、 know the man standing at the gate? 注：-ing形式作定语用时，如果-ing只是一个单词，就位于其修饰的名词之前，如果是-ing短语，就位于其修饰的名词之后，-ing作定语时，被-ing所修饰的名词就是该-ing的逻辑主语。另外，-ing作定语用时，其动作和句子谓语动词所表示的动作是同时进行的，如果不是同时进行的，就不能用-ing作定语，要使用定语从句，如：The girl who wrote a letter there yesterday can speak English very well.（5）作宾语补足语：We can see steam ris
32、ing from the wet clothes. 注：当-ing在复合宾语中作宾语补足语用时，句中宾语就是这个-ing的逻辑主语，可以带有这种复合宾语的动词有see, watch, hear, observe, feel, find, have, keep等。（6）作状语：时间状语：Seeing Tom, I couldnt help thinking of his brother. 分词在句中作时间状语时，其前一般可加when或while，如：When crossing street, you must be careful. 原因状语：Being ill, he didnt go to
33、school yesterday. 方式或伴随状语：Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty. 3、主动语态-ing完成式的基本用法。主动语态-ing完成式所表词所表示的动作之前，一般在句中作时间或原因状语用。句中的主语是它的逻辑主语，并且是它所表示的动作的执行者，如：Having answered the letter, she went on to read an English novel.4、被动语态-ing一般式的基本用法。被动语态-ing一般式所表示的动作是一个正在进行中的被动动作，而且这个被动动作也是和句中谓语所表示的动作同时
34、发生的。它一般在句中作定语或状语用。如：The truck being repaired there is ours.5、被动语态-ing完成式的基本用法。被动语态-ing完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，在句中一般作状语用。如：Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the library.6、-ing形式的复合结构。在-ing前加物主代词或名词所有格即构成-ing的复合结构。其中的物主代词或名词所有格为-ing的逻辑主语。这种结构在句中可作主语、宾语或表语，如：Your smoking and drinking too
35、 much will do harm to your health. 但在口语中，这种结构如作宾语用，其中的物主代词常用人称代词的宾格，名词的所有格常用名词的普通格代替，如：She insisted on Peters (or Peter)going there first.7、-ing形式与动词不定式在句中作主语、表语、宾语时的区别。一般说来，表示一个比较抽象或泛指的动作时多用-ing形式。表示一个具体某一次的动作时，多用动词不定式，如：Our job is making steel. She likes playing the piano, but she doesnt want to p
36、lay it today.8、-ing形式与动词不定式在句中作定语的区别。-ing形式作定语用时，其动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动词同时发生，而动词不定式作定语时，其动作一般发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之后。如：The girl writing a letter there can speak English very well./I have three letters to write.9、-ing形式与动词不定式在作宾语补足语时的区别。（1）不定式作宾补时，其动作一般发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后，如：I have told them to come again tomorrow.（
37、2）在see, watch, hear, feel等之后，如果用-ing形式作宾补，表示其动作正在进行中，而用不带to的不定式作宾补时，不定式所表示的动作是一个动作的过程，如：I hear her singing in the room.我听见她正在屋里唱歌。 I hear her sing in the room.我听见她在屋里唱过歌。10、-ing形式与动词不定式在句中作状语的区别。-ing形式在句作状语表示时间、原因、方式或伴随情况，而动词不定式一般式在句中作状语时，一般是作目的或结果状语，如：Not receiving his letter, I wrote to him again.
38、/ I looked into the window to see what was going on inside.练习、非谓语动词（二）1. Alien said that his trip was _. A. interested B. interest C. interesting D. of interest2. We cant understand _ a decision until it is too late. A. him to postpone to make B. his postponing to make C. him to postpone making D. h
39、is postponing making3. I couldnt understand _ at the poor child. A. you to laugh B. you laugh C. why laugh D. you laughing4. Its no use_ with him. You might as well _ with a stone wall. A. arguing, argue B. to argue, arguing C. arguing, arguing D. to argue, argue5. It is no good _ todays work for to
40、morrow. A. to leave B. leaving C. that you leave D. leave6. The old mans _ pity on the snake led to his own death. A. take B. taking C. being taken D. have7. Its very kind _ you _ say so. A. of, to B. for, to C. to, to D. of, /8. Some peoples greatest pleasure is _ . A. fishing B. to fish C. to be f
41、ish D. being fishing9. Remember _ the book, when you have finished it. A. putting back B. having put back C. to put back D. will put back10. You didnt hear us come back last night. Thats good. We tried _ noisy. A. to not be B. not to be C. being not D. not being11. Though he failed, he tried _ it again and again. A. to do B. doing C. do D. done.12. Youll regret _ those words. You may hurt her feelings. A. say B. to say C. having said D. to have said13. You can keep the book until you _ . A. have finished reading B. finish to read C. will finish reading