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1、Spring 2012English and Chinese Rhetoric and TranslationCourse DescriptionInstructor(professor)：Li YanClass Hours:Wednesday 8:00-11:00Classroom:4205Office hours:by appointmentPhone:13629116883Email:.About the courseRhetoric：is a branch discipline(a branch of knowledge)oflinguistics.Itisnotanewsubject
2、.BothinthewestandinChina,rhetorichasalonghistory.Thetraditionalrhetoricisstudiedmainlyfromtheperspectiveoflinguistics.Inrecentyears,scholars study rhetoric from such subjects aspsychology,culturology,sociology,cognition,so rhetorichas become the outcome of crisscross multidisciplinaryresearch.Rhetor
3、icstemsfromeloquence 雄雄辩辩inancientGreece.InChina,italsohasaverylonghistory.Itismainlyconcernedwith：choiceofdiction,sentence-making,organizationofparagraphs,arrangementofdiscourses,andapplicationoffiguresofspeech,（修辞格或修辞手法Note:杨铭p.3）so as to direct people to apply and invent varieties ofrhetoricaldev
4、icestomeettheneedsofcomplicatedsocialcommunication.Bothinspeechandwriting,theappropriateuseofrhetoricaldevicesissuretostrengthentheartisticappealandenhancetheexpressiveness.Fromancienttimestillnow,rhetorichasalwaysbeenanimportantsubjectbeingstudiedbymanyscholarsinChinaand abroad.With the development
5、 of such subjects ascognitivelinguistics,psychology,pragmaticsandaesthetics,rhetoric has got new interpretations.It is notonly quite widely applied in both writing and speech butalsocloselylinkwithpeoplescognitivemodesandculturalmentality.（Note:杨铭绪言p.1）TherearesomanyrhetoricalfeaturesbothinEnglishan
6、dChineselanguagesthatrhetorichasbecomeamajorfactorinthebilingualandbiculturaltranslation,whichcannotbeignored.However,EnglishandChinesebelongtodifferentlanguagefamilies.EnglishbelongstoIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily,ChinesebelongstoSino-Tibetanlanguagefamily.Therearegreatdisparitiesbetweenthem.Forinsta
7、nce,thecohesive device of English paragraphing is usuallyhypotaxis,while parataxis is often adopted in Chinesediscourses.Hypotaxis In theAmerican heritage Dictionary hypotaxisisdefinedas“Thedependentorsubordinateconstructionorrelationshipofclauseswithconnectives(语言形式手段，如，关连词)”,forexample,Ishallbehap
8、py ifyoucometoseemeonmybirthday.Englishshowshypotaxisprominence.ParataxisParataxis,asopposedtohypotaxisisdefinedbyWebsters Third New International Dictionary asa.thecoordinaterangingofclauses,phrasesorwordsoneafteranotherwithoutcoordinatingconnectivesasin 小红在学习；小芳在玩耍;b.theplacingasubordinateclausebe
9、sideamainclausewithoutasubordinatingconnectivesasin我相信这是真的。Rhetorical devices are generally classified into twocategories:communicativerhetoricaldevicesaestheticrhetoricaldevices.The former focuses on logic and brevity of expressions,includingchoiceofwords,varietyofsentencepatterns,organizationofpar
10、agraphsarrangementofthewholediscourse:修辞方面修辞方面 汉语用词多华丽，英语用词求简洁。汉语行文讲究声律对仗，用字凝炼含蓄，追求工整匀称，音韵和美。从下面这段记载端午节龙舟赛的文字，就很容易看出汉语描写景物时那种潇洒自如，托物寄情的强烈主观情感色彩。轻快的龙舟如银河流星，瑰丽的彩船似海市蜃楼，两岸那金碧辉煌的彩楼连成一片水晶宫，是仙境？是梦境？仰视彩鸽翩飞，低眸漂灯流霓，焰火怒放树银花，灯舞回旋千姿百态，气垫船腾起一江春湖，射击手点破满天彩球，跳伞健儿绽放空中花蕾，抢鸭勇士谱水上凯歌啊，（某某）城是不夜城，龙舟会是群英会。如果将这段话译成英语时，照搬汉语修
11、辞手法，一定会让英语读者难以理解。请看下面的译文：Thelight-somedragon-boatsappearontheriverasthoughthestarstwinkleintheMilkWay.Therichlydecoratedpleasureboatslooklikeasceneofmirage.Thesplendentawningsingreenandgoldchainintoapalaceofcrystal.Isthisafairylandorameredream?Lookingabove,youcanseethebeautifuldovesflyingabout.Looki
12、ngbelow,youcanseethesailinglampsglittering.Crackingarethefireworks,whichpresentyouapictureoffierytreesandsilverflowers.Circlingarethelantern-dancers,whopresentyouavariationofexquisitemanner.Overtherethemotorboatsareplowingthewater,thusatidestirsup.Overthere,themarksmenareshootingtotheirtargets,thusc
13、olorfulbeadswhirlaround.Therefore,weshouldsaythatthisisacityofnolight;anditsDragonBoatFestivalagatheringofheroes.这样照原文直译的译文，不符合英文的表达习惯，也很难在英语读者中产生共鸣。英文表达重形式、重写实、重理性，句子结构严整，表达思维缜密，行文注重逻辑性，用词强调简洁自然、描写突出直观可感。于是有Brevityisthesoulofwit和AproperwordinaproperplaceisgoodEnglish之说。汉语中华丽的词藻往往无多大实际意义，大多出于讲究声韵对仗、
14、渲染情感气氛或顺应汉语行文习惯方面的考虑。翻译时必须根据英语表达习惯，去掉那些不必要的“溢美之词”，保持译文简洁直观。不妨看看以下这个译例：当你步入沟中，便可见林中碧海澹荡生辉，瀑布舒洒碧玉。一到金秋，满山枫叶绛红。盛夏，湖山幽翠。仲春，树绿花艳四时都呈献出它的天然原始，宁静幽深。Mysticlakesandsparklingwaterfallscaptivateyoureyesasyouentertheravine.Thetreesareintheirgreenestinspringwhenintensifiedbycolourfulflowers.Insummer,warmtintsspr
15、eadoverthehillsandlakelands.Assummermergesintoautumn,themaplestreesturnfieryred.SplashingcolorthroughthethickforesthillsTranquilitypervadesprimitiveJiuzhaigouthroughouttheyear.神话世界九寨沟，中国翻译“汉译英练习”答案在这里译者打破了原文的篇章结构模式，调整了语序，摆脱了原文修辞风格的束缚，去掉了不必要的溢美之词，大胆地用简洁练达的英语，直观具体地将原文所描写的景物表达出来。汉英修辞差异的另一个特点是，汉语多用修饰语，英
16、语则慎用修饰语。现代汉语好用双音节词和四字词语，在表现形式上追求形式整齐，字词对称。如英语说Heisgoodtome.汉语是“他对我很好很好。”汉语习惯在“好”前加“很“，读起来较顺口。要说某物“完好”，就会用四字词语“完好无缺”、“完好无损”。汉语的这种表达习惯常造成词语堆砌，同义重复和修饰语滥用。而英语恰恰相反，十分忌讳同义重复和修饰语滥用。因此，汉语读起来很顺口的词语，直接转成英语就不顺了，汉译英时如果按汉语思维习惯处理，译文就会让人不忍卒读。例如，每个会议召开，我们总爱说“胜利胜利召开”，直译成英语是successfully convened，可是英语读者一定会以为会议之前有不少阻碍，
17、所以才这么说。“彻底彻底粉碎”直译就是thoroughly smash，难道“粉碎”了，还不算彻底吗？“不切实际的不切实际的幻想”直译就是impractical illusion，幻想本来就是不切实际的，难道还有切合实际的幻想吗？“不幸不幸的的悲剧”直译是anunfortunate tragedy，悲剧本来就是不幸的。这些修饰语在汉语读起来都挺顺口的，而在英语这些修饰语都是讲不通的。请看以下几个译例：进一步进一步开展节约能源的宣传，努力努力提高社会节能意识。Theideaofsavingenergyshouldbepromotedtothegeneralpublic.原文的“进一步”、“努力”
18、并无多大实际意义，但在汉语，不加上这些修辞语就不太顺口，行文也不对称。译者在翻译时改变了原文的句式，将两句合译成一句，去掉原文的修饰语，译文反倒显得简练地道，更好地传达了原文的信息。中国政府在制定这项政策时，已经考虑到一切可能发生的事情。译文1：TheChinesegovernmenttookallpossible eventualitiesintoaccountwhenitmadethispolicydecision.译文2：TheChinesegovernmenttookalleventualitiesintoaccountwhenitmadethispolicydecision.译文1受
19、汉语思维习惯影响，加上不必要的修饰语possible，而英语的eventuality就是somethingthatmayoccur，已经包含“可能”的意思，因此，译文2才是正确的。总之，在汉译英时要尽量摆脱汉语思维的影响，用地道简洁的英文将原文信息传达给读者。反之，在英译汉时，也应该摆脱英文句式的束缚，用地道通顺的汉语来表达，才能避免翻译腔。举实例The latter mainly refers to the practical application offiguresofspeech.Astoaestheticrhetoricaldevices,mostfigures of speech
20、in English can find the similar or thesame ones in Chinese,which lays the ground of thetranslatabilityofmostfiguresofspeech.However,owing to the differences of culture history andaesthetic view between English and Chinese,there arepartial equivalent and no equivalent between Englishfiguresofspeechan
21、dChineseones.Certainly,totranslatethemoftenleadstolinguisticorculturallossintheversion,especiallysomephoneticrhetoricaldevicesoftenlosetheirbeautyofrhythminthebilingualtranslating.（Note:杨铭，目录）Basedonthetheoreticalfoundationoflinguistics,stylisticsandtranslationstudies,thiscourseadoptstheapproachofco
22、ntrastiveanalysisandfocusesonhowtodealwiththerhetorical features in the source language text in theprocess of bilingual translation.A qualified translatorshouldcomprehendtheoriginaltextandexpressitwellinthetargetlanguage.On the one hand,a translator should thoroughlyanalyze and understand the rhetor
23、ical devices in thesourcelanguage;ontheotherhand,heshouldalsosuccessfullyrenderthemintheversionandtakesomeeffectivestepstomakeup for the linguistic or cultural loss so as to retain theoriginalcontentandstylewell.Translatingisacomplicatedandpainstakingprocess.Asan interlingual and intercultural activ
24、ity,translation dealswithdifferentlanguagesandcultures,beingrelatedtosuchsubjectsaslinguistics,psychology,pragmatics,aesthetics,semiotics,logicandrhetoric.Concerningtranslation,rhetoricalpurposeisundoubtedlyamajorfactorbeingconsideredduringbilingualtranslating.This course attempts to explore transla
25、tion from the rhetorical aspect.It points out the importance of rhetoric in translation and calls for translators attention to rhetorical devices.Some methods for theimprovementoftranslationqualitywillbesuggested.修辞与翻译的相关选题修辞与翻译的相关选题1.修辞与翻译修辞与翻译2.英汉互译中修辞的差异英汉互译中修辞的差异3.英汉互译中修辞对比研究英汉互译中修辞对比研究4.借代与翻译借代
26、与翻译5.英汉委婉语的翻译英汉委婉语的翻译6.奈达功能对等理论视角下奈达功能对等理论视角下简简爱爱三个中译本修辞手法翻三个中译本修辞手法翻译的比较译的比较7.从从红楼梦红楼梦金陵判词金陵判词中修辞格的翻译管窥霍克斯的翻译中修辞格的翻译管窥霍克斯的翻译目的目的8.从模糊美学视域审视诗歌矛盾修辞格的翻译问题从模糊美学视域审视诗歌矛盾修辞格的翻译问题9.翻译的修辞符号视角研究翻译的修辞符号视角研究10.论论“文学译本是文学译本是气韵生动的生命形式气韵生动的生命形式”:以散文翻译以散文翻译中的语音修辞为例中的语音修辞为例11.修辞格翻译的语用学探解修辞格翻译的语用学探解12.关联翻译理论与幽默讽刺文本
27、的翻译关联翻译理论与幽默讽刺文本的翻译13.省略的认知语言学研究与翻译教学省略的认知语言学研究与翻译教学14.王佐良翻译风格研究王佐良翻译风格研究15.红楼梦红楼梦概念隐喻的英译研究概念隐喻的英译研究16.委婉语研究委婉语研究17.浅谈欧浅谈欧亨利小说中异叙修辞法的翻译亨利小说中异叙修辞法的翻译警察与赞警察与赞美诗美诗两译本评析两译本评析18.毛姆毛姆午餐午餐修辞格翻译对比修辞格翻译对比19.浅谈影视翻译中的修辞格翻译浅谈影视翻译中的修辞格翻译20.略谈新闻英语标题中的修辞现象与翻译略谈新闻英语标题中的修辞现象与翻译21.广告英语的修辞格及翻译的基本原则广告英语的修辞格及翻译的基本原则举实例C
28、hapter One-RhetoricandtheFactorsRelated.Thebasicconceptisexpounded.Thischapterintroducestherhetoricalorigin,development,definition,functionandrhetorical devices.The relationship between rhetoric andstyle and that between rhetoric and culture are alsodescribedinthischapter.Rhetoricstemsfromeloquence
29、in ancient Greece and develops into a scientific andsystematicsystem,andhasalonghistorybothinWestandEast.Itstudiestheartoflanguageapplicationinordertomake thoughts and feelings conveyed appropriately.InChina,italsohasaverylonghistory.Rhetorical devices are generally classified into twocategories:com
30、municativerhetoricaldevicesandaestheticrhetoricaldevices.Theyareequaltopassiverhetoricandactive rhetoric proposed in Origin of Rhetoric by ChenWangdao(陈望道).Theformerfocusonlogicandbrevityof expressions,including choice of words,variety ofsentence patterns,organization of paragraphs andarrangement of
31、 the whole discourse:the latter mainlyrefers to the practical application of figures of speech,whichmakesthetextmorevividandelegant.Notonlyinliterarytextsbutinnon-literaryones.literarytexts(novel,poetry,essayandtraditionalopera)non-literaryones(political essay,scientific and technical texts,financia
32、landcommercialtexts,andpracticalwriting),rhetoricaldevicesarewidelyusedtostrengthentheartisticeffectandenhancetheexpressiveness.Itisusuallytruethat aesthetic rhetorical devices make far more frequentappearances in the literary texts than in the non-literaryonesandthatnon-literarytextsmostlyinvolveco
33、mmunicativerhetoricaldevices.Thetwocategoriesofrhetoricaldevicesareoftenintertwinedtoaddsenseoflanguageandtodeepentheexpressionofthoughts.Becauseofthedifferentfunctionsbetweenthem,differentstylerequiresdifferentrhetoricaldevices.Theapplicationofrhetoriciscloselyrelatedtoculturalcolor.Chapter Two-Tra
34、nslationandRhetoric,introducestheircloserelationship.Translationisakindofreproductioninsteadofasimpleprocessfromwordtoword.Asanactivereader,thetranslatorshouldstudyandanalyzethesourcetextthoroughlyandcomprehensively.Obviously,theanalysisoftherhetoricalphenomenaisofgreatimportance.Asasecondarywriter,
35、thetranslatorshouldtrytoconsidertherhetoricaldeviceswhiletranslatinginordertoretaintheoriginalflavorandstyleinthetranslatedtext.Thisisjustthefunctionofrhetoricintranslation.Chapter Three-CommunicativeRhetoricalDevicesinTranslatingconsistsoftwomainaspects:dictionsentenceorganization.Indiction,colloca
36、tion,context,idiomsandcolorareexplainedrespectivelywithsomeexamples,whileinsentenceorganization,thedifferentfeaturesofEnglishandChinesesentencestructurearefurtherdiscussed.Thischaptershowsthatappropriateexploitationofthecommunicativerhetoricaldevicesishelpfultoproduceagoodtranslation.Chapter Four-Ae
37、sthetic Rhetorical Devices inTranslating explains thatthere are a lot ofsimilarities oreven identities between English and Chinese,whichprovides a solid basis for the translatability of the mostrhetorical figures between the two languages.However,translatingrhetoricalfiguresisnotaneasyandmechanicalj
38、ob.Somefeasiblemethodsaresuggestedtocompensatefor the linguistic or cultural loss in translating figures ofspeech.Chapter Five-SampleofCaseStudyincludestwoorthreegoodversions.Theinstructormainlyanalyzesthetextsfromtheirrhetoricalperspectiveandprovesthatrhetoricaldevicesshouldbetakenintoconsideration
39、whiletranslating.Appropriatedealingwithrhetoricaldevicescontributestothesuccessfulpreservationoftheoriginalflavorandstyle.Obviously,intheprocessoftranslating,rhetoricisamajoraspectforthetranslatortoconsider.Ontheonehand,astudyandanalysisoftheoriginaltextfromtherhetoricalaspectwillhelpthetranslatorto
40、understandthelinguisticandstylisticfeaturessoastocomprehendtheoriginalthoroughly;ontheotherhand,appropriateapplicationofrhetoricaldevicesinthetranslatedtextwillbehelpfultoretaintheoriginalstyleandflavor.MostfiguresofspeechinEnglishcanfindcorrespondentsinChinese,whichmakesareasonableandsolidbasisfort
41、he translatability of most rhetorical figures betweenEnglish and Chinese.However,English and Chinesebelong to different language families.English belongs toIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily,whileChinesebelongstoSino-Tibetan language family.The two languages havegreat linguistic and cultural disparities.Th
42、erefore,it isnecessaryforthetranslatortoputforwardsometranslationstrategiestomakeupforthelinguisticorculturalloss.Concerning the problem on how to deal with thealieneiljn相相异异的的culture,domestication(domesticatingtranslation)andforeignization(forenizingtranslation)are two main strategies.Domestication
43、 ishelpfultominimizethestrangenessoftheforeignnessoftheforeigntextforTLreadersandmakethetranslatedtextbeidiomaticandvivid.Intranslatingidiomsandallusions暗示,domesticationisoftenadoptedtokeeptheirpeculiarbrevity and expressive force.Foreignization meansbreakingtargetconveniencebyretainingsomethingofth
44、eforeignness of the original.It contributes to highlightingmulticulturalism and establishing cultural identity intranslation.Foreignizationisasourcelanguagecultureorientedtranslation（异化以原语文化为归宿）whichstrivestopreservetheforeignflavorasmuchaspossibleinordertotransfer thesourcelanguageandcultureintothe
45、targetone.例如,“tokilltwobirdswithonestone”(一石二鸟)（一箭双雕）（一举两得）“AllroadsleadtoRome”。（条条大路通罗马）（殊途同归）Domesticationreferstothetargetlanguagecultureorientedtranslation（归化是以目的语文化为归宿）inwhichunusualexpressionstothetargetcultureareexploitedandturnedintosomefamiliaronessoastomakethetranslatedtextintelligible（cap
46、ableofbeingunderstood）andeasyforthetargetreaders.例如,这次比赛他输得一塌糊涂。HemethisWaterloointhiscompetition.（methisWaterloo如果按照字面直译为去见滑铁卢，会令汉语读者大惑不解，这个习语的来历与拿破仑有关，矮个子拿破仑一生叱咤风云，可谓常胜将军，因而在滑铁卢一战遭到惨败，使他无力回天，因此，该习语译为遭到毁灭性打击，后果不堪设想。）Decadesago,rhetoricaldeviceswerequitewidelyappliedin both speech and writing,howeve
47、r,people seldominduced or summarized the rhetorical features.Thetraditional study on rhetoric is mainly from the aspect oflinguistics.In recent years,people have begun to studyrhetoric from the perspective of psychology,culturology,sociology,cognitionandsoonandsoforth.Suchstudyonrhetoricwillbemorede
48、ep-goingandwide-ranging.Successful translation practice proves that rhetoric is anecessary and essential aspect in translation.Anytranslation is a process of comprehension and re-expression.A qualified translator should not ignore therhetoricalfactorinthebilingualandbiculturalcommunication.Takingwor
49、dtooliterallyisabigproblemintranslation.Only attaching more importance to rhetoricaldevicesbothinanalyzingandtranslatingtheoriginalwork,canatranslatorreproducequalifiedfinetranslations.Required textbooks and reference books主要教材：主要教材：1、余立三，英汉修辞比较与翻译，商务印书馆，19852、李亚丹、李定坤，汉英辞格对比研究简编，华中师大出版社，20052、李定坤，汉英
50、辞格对比与翻译，华中师大出版社，19943、陈定安，英汉修辞与翻译，中国青年出版社，2004参考书目：参考书目：1.Feng,CuihuaEnglish Rhetorical Options Beijing:ForeignLanguageEducationandResearchPress,19952.Nida,N.A.Language,Culture and Translation.Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress,19983.Nida,N.A.Toward A Science of Translation,ShanghaiForei