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1、第七讲：修辞与翻译（二）双关 Pun委婉语 Euphemism矛盾修饰法/精警 Oxymoron/Paradox移就 Hypallage/Transferred epithet仿词 Nonce word/Parody回文 Chiasmas/palindrome析词 Hendiadys析字 Anagram镶字（汉语独有）Pun 双关定义分类英汉互译双关定义Pun is a play on words,or rather a play on the form and meaning of words.双关：利用词的一词多义现象或同音异义现象产生出的词的诙谐用法。双关分类谐音双关 homophone
2、 谐义双关 homograph 语义歧解双关 ambiguity 延伸双关 extension pun分类一：谐音双关 homophone1)“Madam,in times like these no butcher can make both ends meat.”(女士抱怨香肠一头肉味，一头面包味。)2)What four letters will scare away burglars?OICU!春蚕到死丝方尽，蜡炬成灰泪始干。空对着，山中高士晶莹雪；终不忘，世外仙姝寂寞林。（曹雪芹红楼梦；薛宝钗，林黛玉）分类二：谐义双关 homograph Why do we say a film s
3、tar is always cool?Because he has many fans.Before marriage a man is incomplete;after it,he is finished.分类三：语义歧解双关 ambiguity Waiter,will the pancakes be long?No,sir.Round.（报一报，蘸着吃）Professor:Gentlemen!Order!Students:Beer!分类四：延伸双关 extension pun巧妙利用构词、语音进行篡改，临场发挥，体现幽默 What ship never sinks?Friendship!W
4、hat is the worst kind of fish?Selfish!双关翻译直译灵活变通直译法1)What does that lawyer do after he dies?-Lie still.（静静的躺着；躺着说鬼话）A Farewell to Arms 永别了，武器 vs 战地春梦Second to None 无人比我好 None 无人灵活变通 12)杨柳青青江水平，闻郎江上唱歌声。东边日出西边雨，道是无晴却有晴。（刘禹锡竹枝词）Between the willows green/the river flows along,/My beloved in boat/is hear
5、d singing a song./The west is veiled in rain,/the east basks in sunshine,/My beloved is as deep in love as the day is fine.灵活变通 2“娘，他们是要剥我们中国人的脸皮呀，你知道吗？/骄阳下，柳树上，回答他的是一片知了知了的蝉声”（毛炳甫：剥皮香蕉）“Mother,what they asked me to do was nothing but to lose face for all Chinese!Dont you see?”Under the scorching su
6、n,from the willow tree,came the confirming reply of the cicadas chirrup:See,see,Euphemism 委婉语定义分类翻译委婉语定义Euphemism:the act or an example of substituting a mild,indirect,or vague term for one considered harsh,blunt,or offensive.委婉语：用较动听、婉转或者模糊的词句来代替原本比较刺耳、生硬甚至冒犯的说法。委婉语分类模糊词抽象化比喻类推低调陈述折绕动听词语语用上的委婉分类一：模
7、糊词语同性恋：queer vs.gay,homosexual屁股:behind（hip,buttocks or butt,bottom,backside）分类二：抽象化性病:social diseasethe oldest professions:prostitution and espionage分类三：比喻be a guest of the law walk the last mile die in a necktie坐牢上刑场绞死分类四：类推beautician（“-cian”:musician,physician,magician）shoetricianmortician 丧事承办者g
8、arbologist=garbage collector分类五：低调陈述She is a bit soft in the head.头脑不太好使。差学生slow students vs.“bad”students分类六：折绕live at the governments expense 坐牢unmentionables内衣 分类七：动听词语sanitary engineerdomestic engineerland architectdustmanhousewifegardener分类八：语用上的委婉 Have you read the book?-No.I havent.（so what?）
9、-Im afraid not./I dont think I have.-Not yet.（I am interested and Im going to do it.）Do you like oyster?-No.I dont.（awkward）-I dont particularly like it.-Im not crazy about it.委婉语翻译：“death”vs.“死”1Doctor:The patient expired.Family:He is gone./He fell asleep.Soldier:bite the dust;buy the farmThe death
10、 of bad eggs:be cast into outer darkness（the movie:Ghost）Christianity:go to the glory;join the choir;to be with God文雅：go to sleep,;be no more;pass away;demise粗俗：kick the bucket;kick up ones heels委婉语翻译：“death”vs.“死”2帝王：驾崩，泰山崩倒，薨平民百姓：亡，卒军人：阵亡，战死沙场，马革裹尸，牺牲，就义女性：红颜薄命，香消玉损佛教：圆寂，涅槃，灵魂出壳道教：驾鹤西归；羽化好人：死得其所 坏
11、人：死有余辜文雅：逝世，安息，去了粗俗：展腿，翻白眼，见鬼，见阎王，呜呼哀哉，翘辫子Oxymoron/Paradox 矛盾修饰法/精警 定义译例定义Oxymoron:A rhetorical figure in which incongruous or contradictory terms are combined.Paradox:A seemingly contradictory statement that may nonetheless be true 译例1)deafening silence 震耳欲聋的沉默 painful pleasure 悲喜交集（痛苦的喜悦）a cheerfu
12、l pessimist 纵情酒乐的厌世者（愉快的悲观主义者）2)Haste makes waste.欲速则不达。3)年年难过年年过，处处无家处处家。Hard up,we manage to get over it each year;Homeless,we try to make home everywhere.Hypallage/Transferred epithet移就 定义译例定义A figure of speech in which the epithet is transferred from the appropriate noun to modify anther to whic
13、h it does not really belong.译例 1取得常规搭配所不具备的效果：不落俗套，情景交融，耐人寻味。英汉皆有，可以直译。In the examination,the boy threw a nervous glance at the teacher,who was obviously suspicious of his cheating.考场上，那个男孩用紧张的眼光瞥了老师一眼，老师显然怀疑他在作弊。悲惨的皱纹却也从他的眉头和嘴角出现了。（鲁迅全集）Miserable wrinkles began to appear between his eyebrows and ro
14、und his mouth.译例 2有的时候需要灵活变通：Franklin Roosevelt listened with bright-eyed smiling attention.罗斯福眼睛明亮，面带笑容，聚精会神地听着。译例 3有时只能保留意思：He had a sleepless pillow last night.The student could not write down anything with his nervous pen.Nonce word/Parody仿词 定义举例定义A nonce word is word coined in imitation of the
15、familiar word for a particular occasion and accepted into general usage.译例I have no outlook,but an uplook rather.My place in the society was at the bottom.（Jack London）我没有人生观，但可以说有一种向上爬观，我在社会中的地位是底层。What can be delisher than fish?无鱼哪得鲜？有人说这是阴谋，我们说这是阳谋。Some people said this was a covert scheme;we say
16、 it was an overt one.Chiasmus/palindrome 回文 定义举例回文定义Palindrome:A word,phrase,verse,or sentence that reads the same backward or forwarddeed,levelChiasmus:A rhetorical inversion of the second of two parallel structures,as in“She went to the theater,but home went he.”回文一正着和倒着，不仅意思相同而且文字排列也一样，例如：A man,a
17、 plan,a canal,Panama!Madam,Im Adam.Sir,Im Iris.No X in Nixon.You can cage a swallow,cant you?But you cant swallow a cage,can you?回文一汉语当中这样的例子更多，而且更直观，例如：上海自来水来自海上。雾锁山头山锁雾，天连水尾水连天。斗鸡山上山鸡斗，龙隐岩中岩隐龙。回文二第二句是第一句严格意义上的倒文，产生新的意义，例如：客上天然居，居然天上客。（乾隆）人过大佛寺，寺佛大过人。（纪晓岚）回文三用上句的末尾做下句的开头，又用上句的开头做下句的末尾，同样给人回环往复的感觉，例
18、如：Children at backseats cause accidents.Accidents at backseats cause children.When Im not near the girl I love,I love the girl Im near.科学需要社会主义，社会主义更需要科学。Hendiadys 析词定义举例定义A figure of speech in which two words connected by a conjunction are used to express a single notion that would normally be expr
19、essed by an adjective and a substantive,such as grace and favor instead of gracious favor.举例在天津教书，天天吃天津饭，吃得津津有味 赴日本留学，日日读日本书，读得本本不通Tom looked at her with envy and eyes.（with envious eyes）Anagram析字 定义举例定义 A word or phrase formed by reordering the letters of another word or phrase,such as satin to sta
20、in.举例Committees:cost me timeA mother-in-law:a woman HitlerDesperation:a rope ends it.Families:lifes aim冻雨洒窗，东两点，西三点。切瓜分片，左七刀，上八刀。镶字（汉语独有）四分五裂，欢天喜地，天长地久芦花滩上有扁舟 俊杰黄昏独自游 义到尽头原是命 反躬逃难必无忧。（藏头诗）坐北朝南吃西瓜，皮往东放 自上而下看左传，书向右翻。小翰林，着冬装，执夏扇，一部春秋曾读否？老太监，生南方，来北方，那个东西还在不？（纪晓岚骂太监）参考书目冯庆华，英汉互译实用翻译教程，上海外语教育出版社方梦之，译学辞典，上海外语教育出版社