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1、English Writing(2)Hao Guilian,Ph.D.Yunnan Normal UniversityFall,2011In-class presentationnThe outline of your essay writing:nWhat is the focus(studying point)of your essay?nHow did you organize it?nWhat standard did you have when you came to judge it the way you did?nWhat is your conclusion?Read the
2、 essay together!nTHE FOURTH OF JULY(By Audre Lorde)Questions for Close Reading1.What is the selections thesis(or narrative point)?Locate the sentence(s)in which Lorde states her main idea.If she doesnt state the thesis explicitly,express it in your own words.n n2.In paragraph 4,Lorde describes the e
3、laborate picnic her mother prepared for the trip to Washington,D.C.Why did Lordes mother make such elaborate preparations?What do these preparations tell us about Lordes mother?nThere were probably two reasons.On the one hand,by taking a variety of food with them on the trip,the family members could
4、 save some money,for dining car food was too expensive.On the other hand,as black people,they were not allowed into railroad dining cars at that time.3.Why had the writers elder sister been prevented from going to Washington D.C.with her high school classmates?Because she was black and all her class
5、mates were white and they would be staying in a hotel which did not rent rooms to Negroes.4.Why did the writer spend the whole next day after Mass squinting up at the Lincoln Memorial?And why had Marian Anderson sung at the Lincoln Memorial after the D.A.R.refused to allow her to sing in their audit
6、orium because she was Black?nIt was Lincoln,the American President,who liberated the blacks in America,who advocated freedom for the colored and who even sacrificed his life for the emancipation of the black people.Both the writer and Marian Anderson cherished the memory of this great man.nMarian An
7、derson had sung at the Lincoln Memorial,also because she wanted to spread Lincolns noble ideas,to show that his noble ideas had not been realized and to call on people to fight against racial discrimination and segregation so as to make Lincolns noble thought come true and win liberation and freedom
8、 for the black people.n5.While squinting up at monuments to freedom and past presidencies and democracy,the writer was wondering why the light and heat were both so much stronger in Washington D.C.than back home in New York City.Even the pavement on the streets was a shade lighter in color than back
9、 home.Any symbolic meaning?nHere,most probably,the white light and heat and the white pavement on the streets symbolize the white domination.Actually,the writer was wondering why the white domination or racial discrimination was even stronger in Washington D.C.than back home in New York City.n6.How
10、did the writers parents and her two sisters respond to the unfair treatment afterwards?nThe writers parents wouldnt speak of the injustice,not because they had contributed to it,but because they felt they should have anticipated it and avoided it.Neither her parents nor her sisters demonstrated the
11、rage they felt inwardly;instead,they all pretended that nothing unusual and anti-American had occurred.7.How did the writer feel after the injustice?nThe writer was plunged into extreme exasperation and was going to write a letter of protest to the president of the USA.This profound experience of wh
12、ite domination,racial discrimination and segregation so deeply affected the writer that she felt sick to her stomach for the rest of that trip.She didnt think that it was much of a graduation present after all.What is Literary Analysis?nIts literarynIts an analysisnIts-An Argument!nIt may also invol
13、ve research on and analysis of secondary sourcesHow is it“literary”?nUsually,a literary analysis will involve a discussion of a text as writing,thus literary,which means“having to do with letters”nThis will involve the use of certain concepts that are very specifically associated with literatureImpo
14、rtant literary conceptsnThe BasicsnPlotnSettingnNarration/point of viewnCharacterizationnSymbol nMetaphornGenrenIrony/ambiguitynOther key conceptsnHistorical contextnSocial,political,economic contextsnIdeologynMultiple voicesnVarious critical orientationsnLiterary theoryWhat is an Analysis?nAn analy
15、sis of a literary work may discussnHow the various components of an individual work relate to each othernHow two separate literary works deal with similar concepts or formsnHow concepts and forms in literary works relate to larger aesthetic,political,social,economic,or religious contextsHow is a lit
16、erary analysis an argument?nWhen writing a literary analysis,you will focus on specific attribute(s)of the text(s).nWhen discussing these attributes,you will want to make sure that you are making a specific,arguable point(thesis)about these attributes.nYou will defend this point with reasons and evi
17、dence drawn from the text.(Much like a lawyer!)Which is the best thesis statement?nMoby-Dick is about the problem of evil.nMoby-Dick is boring and pointless.nMoby-Dick is about a big,white whale.nThe use of“whiteness”in Moby-Dick illustrates the uncertainty about the meaning of life that Ishmael exp
18、resses throughout the novel.How do I support a thesis statement?nExamples from the text:nDirect quotationsnSummaries of scenesnParaphrasenOther critics opinionsnHistorical and social contextnAlways remember to read carefully and highlight useful passages and quotes!Todays writing taskRewrite the essay after you read THE FOURTH OF JULY carefully once again.Focus on ONE specific aspect only,and try to analyze that point further.Requirement:no less than 500 words,the longer the better