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1、句子成份 句子一般由两个部分组成：主语部分（subject group）谓语部分（predicate group）句子成份：主主 谓谓 宾宾 表表补补定定 状状第1页/共96页Members of sentence:S-subjectP-predicative O-objectAttri.-attributeAdv.-adverb Oc-object complement 主主宾宾表表补补定定状状第2页/共96页1)主语（subject）I like football.The boy needs a pen.句子的主体，全句述说的对象。一般由句子的主体，全句述说的对象。一般由 担任担任,常置于
2、句首。常置于句首。2)谓语（predicate）说明主语的动作或状态。由说明主语的动作或状态。由 担任。常置于主语后。担任。常置于主语后。The train leaves at 6 oclock.I want a ticket.,动词不定式,动名词 或从句名词,主格代词动词第3页/共96页1.During the 1990s,American country music has become more and more popular.2.We often speak English in class.3.One-third of the students in this class are
3、girls.4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.5.Smoking does harm to the health.6.The rich should help the poor.第4页/共96页7.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.8.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.（主语从句）（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）第5页/共96页（三）谓语 2 2、复合谓语：、复合谓语：（1 1）由情态动词加动词原形构成。如：）由情态动词加
4、动词原形构成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.（2 2）由助动词加动词原形）由助动词加动词原形,现在分词现在分词,过去分词构成。如：过去分词构成。如：DoyouspeakEnglishDoyouspeakEnglish？Theyareworkinginafield.Theyareworkinginafield.Hehascaughtabadcold.Hehascaughtabadcold.（3 3）由系动词加表语构成。如：）由系动词加表语构成。如：Wearestudents.Wearestudents.注意
5、：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。第6页/共96页3)宾语（object）4)表语（predicative）He won the game.表示vt.的动作对象或prep.所联系的对象。由n.或相当于n.的词担任。置于vt.或prep.后。Tome lost his life in the big fire.He is a student.用以表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。由n.n.或adj.adj.担任。置于系动词之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：第7页/共96页（五）宾语宾语（O
6、bject）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：1.Heisdoinghishomework.2.Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.3.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.（名词）（代词、动名词）（名词、数词）第8页/共96页4.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.5.Hepretendednottoseeme.6.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.7.Ithink（that）heisfitf
7、orhisoffice.（名词化形容词，名词）（不定式短语）（动名词短语）（宾语从句）第9页/共96页宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lendme your dictionary,please.To:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等，例如：HesentthenoveltoWilliamyesterday.For:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,find,get,order,post,save等，例如：Sheboughtagiftforherm
8、other.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：Theyelectedhim their monitor.第10页/共96页下列动词只能接动名词做宾语admit,avoid,advise,consider,enjoy,excuse,escape,finish,imagine,mind,practise,suggest等，如：Johnhasadmittedbreaking the window.第11页/共96页下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如mean,try,remember,forget,regret等。forgettodo表示“未发生的动作”，forgetdoing
9、表示“已完成的动作”。如：Dontforgettocomehereearliertomorrow.(还没来)Iforgotreturningthebooktohim.(书已还给他了)第12页/共96页除了be 系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，1)表感官的动词:2)表转变变化的动词:3)表延续的动词feel,smell,taste,sound,look,appear,seem 等。become,get,grow,turn,go,等remain,keep,hold,stay,rest等。第13页/共96页注意：系动词（Linkingverb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身
10、份等。1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：Heisateacher.2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,remain,stay,lie,stand,例如：Healwayskept silentatmeeting.3）表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem,appear,look,例如：Heseems(tobe)verysad.第14页/共96页注意：系动词（Linkingverb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。4）感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,例如：Thiskindofclo
11、thfeelsverysoft.5）变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.例如：Theriverwasbeginningtorundry.6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,turnout,表达结果是;证明是，之意，例如：Therumorproved false.Hisplanturned outasuccess.第15页/共96页1.OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名词）2.Isityours?（代词）3.Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容词）4.T
12、hespeechisexciting.（分词）5.Threetimessevenistwenty one?（数词）第16页/共96页6.Hisjobisto teach English.（不定式）7.Hishobbyisplaying football.（动名词）8.Themeetingisof great importance.（介词短语）9.Timeisup.Theclassisover.（副词）10.Thetruthisthat he has never been abroad.（表语从句）第17页/共96页5)宾补（objective complement）补充说明宾语的情况 。由n.
13、/adj./n./adj./介宾 /分词 /不定式等担任。They made him king.I consider the book too expensive.6)定语（attributive）对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用的表示,通常位于被修饰的成分前。The black bike is mine.()第18页/共96页（六）宾语补足语宾语补足语（ObjectComplement），用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：tell，let，help，teach，ask，see，have，order，mak
14、e等。“宾补”一般可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：第19页/共96页1.HisfathernamedhimXiaoming.2.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.3.Letthefreshairin.4.Youmustntforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.5.Wesawherenteringtheroom.6.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.7.Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.（名词）（形容词）（副词）（不定式短语）（现在分词）（介词短
15、语）（从句）第20页/共96页说明1：当定语修饰不定代词如：nothing,anything,everything,something 等时，定语要放在其后作后置定语 我告诉他一些有趣的事情。I tell him something interesting.说明2：不定式、短语或从句作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。这间屋子里的男孩子们是10班的。The boys in the room are in Class Ten.第21页/共96页（七）定语修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。定语可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilinisa beautiful city.（形容
16、词）2.Chinaisadeveloping country;Americaisadevelopedcountry.（分词）3.Therearethirty womenteachersinourschool.（名词）4.His rapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.（代词）第22页/共96页5.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirst to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）6.Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.（动名词）7.Heisreadinganarticleabou
17、t how to learn English.（介词短语）8.Sheisthegirlwho sings best in my class.(定语从句)第23页/共96页7)状语（adverbial）用以修饰adj./v./adv.及全句,位置灵活。通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。I am very sorry.We often help him.When I g
18、row up,I am going to be a teacher.（从句作时间状语)第24页/共96页（八）状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语（Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示：1.Lighttravelsmostquickly.2.Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.3.Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.（副词及副词性词组）（介词短语）（不定式短语）第25页/共96页9种状语种类如下：1.Howaboutmeetingagainat
19、six?2.Lastnightshedidntgotothedancepartybecause of the rain.3.Ishallgothereif it doesnt rain.4.MrSmithliveson the third floor.5.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwith great care.（时间状语）（原因状语）（条件状语）（地点状语）（方式状语）第26页/共96页Shecameinwith a dictionary in her hand.6.In order to catch up with the others,Imustworkhard
20、er.7.Hewassotiredthat he fell asleep immediately.8.Sheworksveryhardthough she is old.9.Iamtallerthan he is.（伴随状语）（目的状语）（结果状语）（让步状语）（比较状语）第27页/共96页（九）同位语（Appositive）对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，如：ThisisMr.Zhou,our headmaster.（十）插入语（Parenthesis）对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有tobehonest,Ithink(suppose,believe-)等
21、，如：To be frank,Idontquiteagreewithyou.第28页/共96页四、选择填空：()1._willleaveforBeijing.A.NowtherethemanB.ThemanherenowC.ThemanwhoisherenowD.Themanisherenow()2.Theweather_.A.wetandcoldB.iswetandcoldC.notwetandcoldD.werewetandcold()3.Theappletasted_.A.sweetsB.sweetlyC.nicelyD.sweet第29页/共96页()4.Hegotup_yesterd
22、aymorning.A.latelyB.lateC.latestD.latter()5.Theactor_attheageof70.A.deadB.diedC.dyedD.dying()6._wereallverytired,butnoneof_wouldstoptotakearest.A.We,usB.Us,weC.We,ourD.We,we第30页/共96页()7.Hefoundthestreetmuch_.A.crowdB.crowdingC.crowdedD.crowdedly()8.Ithink_necessarytolearnEnglishwell.A.itsB.itC.thatD
23、.thatis第31页/共96页()9.Thedog_mad.A.looksB.islookedC.isbeinglookedD.waslooked()10.Iwillneverforgettheday_Ijoinedthearmy.A.thatB.whenC.inwhichD.where第32页/共96页句子成分详解表句子成分详解表句子成分句子成分意义意义充当词类充当词类例句例句主语主语表示句子说的是什么人或什么表示句子说的是什么人或什么事事名，代，数，不定名，代，数，不定式，动名词，短语或式，动名词，短语或句子句子We study in HuangQiao Middle School.谓语
24、谓语说明主语做什么，是什么或怎说明主语做什么，是什么或怎么样么样动词或动词词组动词或动词词组She is dancing under the tree.宾语宾语表示动作行为的对象表示动作行为的对象同主语同主语Both of us like English.表语表语与联系动词连用，一起构成谓与联系动词连用，一起构成谓语，说明主语的性质或特征语，说明主语的性质或特征同主语同主语Her father is a chemist.His words sound reasonable.定语定语用来修饰名词或代词用来修饰名词或代词形，代，数，名形，代，数，名,副，介词短语或句子副，介词短语或句子We hav
25、e eight lessons every day.状语状语修饰动词，形容词，副词，表修饰动词，形容词，副词，表示动作发生的时间，地点，原示动作发生的时间，地点，原因，目的，方式，结果等因，目的，方式，结果等副词，介词短语或句副词，介词短语或句子子He works very hard.They held a party in Hollywood.宾语宾语补足语补足语逻辑上与宾语是主谓关系逻辑上与宾语是主谓关系形容词，名词，介词形容词，名词，介词短语等短语等She always keeps the house clean.主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！主语谓语是
26、基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！第33页/共96页句子类型简单句并列句复合句第34页/共96页.简单句1.Things changed.2.Trees are green.3.We dont beat children.4.He gave his sister the piano.5.I found the book easy.主 +谓主 +谓 +表主 +谓 +宾主+谓 +间接宾语 +直接宾语 主 +谓 +宾 +宾补第35页/共96页Nobody went.She became a doctor.The car caught fire.I will write you a
27、 long letter.I will let him go.PracticePractice 主 +谓主 +谓 +表主 +谓 +宾主+谓 +间接宾语 +直接宾语主 +谓 +宾 +宾补第36页/共96页.并列句This is me and these are my friends.They must stay in water,or they will die.Its not cheap,but it is very good.It was late,so I went to bed.andorbut soHe knocked at the door;there was no answer.Y
28、oure alive!And shes dead.第37页/共96页 并列句1.并列关系并列句连词有：and,not onlybut also,neithernor2.转折关系并列句连词有：but,yet,however3.选择关系并列句连词有：or.,eitheror.4.因果关系并列句连词有：for,so,therefore第38页/共96页例句并列关系：I hope him and he help me转折关系：He tried open the door,but he couldnt 选择关系：Either you are foolish or he is因果关系：the studen
29、ts are on holidays,therefore you can see them today。第39页/共96页名词性从句状语从句定语从句主语从句主语从句表语从句表语从句宾语从句宾语从句同位语从句同位语从句.复合句A plane is a machine that can fly.He said that he didnt like her.第40页/共96页 主语从句名词性的从句可作句子主语，这种从句称为主语从句。名词性的从句可作句子主语，这种从句称为主语从句。主语从句的引导词通常有who whom when where why what how which whose wheth
30、er等，主语从句的引导词不能省略，由从句做主语时，谓语动词用单数形主语从句的引导词不能省略，由从句做主语时，谓语动词用单数形式式What I said is important to youHow to get there is still not decideWhether to do it or not is what we will discuss tomorrow是否做那件事是我们每天将要讨论的事第41页/共96页说明：主语从句可以直接放在主语位置，也可用it作做形式主语1.That light travels in straight lines is known to all It
31、is known to all that light travels in straight lines 众所周知，光是以直线运行2.When the plane is to take off has not been announced It has not been announced when the plane is to take off 飞机什么时候起飞还没有公布第42页/共96页1.It is+形容词+从句2.It is necessary that有必要3.It is clear that.很清楚4.It is(un)likely that 很可能5.It is importa
32、nt that主要的是.第43页/共96页1.It is+过去分词+从句2.It is said that据说.3.It is reported that 据报道.4.It has been proved that.已证明 5.It must be pointed out that必须指出第44页/共96页定语从句定语从句又称关系从句：在主句中相当于一个定语，在主句中相当于一个定语，只不过这个定语是一个句子只不过这个定语是一个句子定语从句可以修饰一个名词，代词，或一个句子，被修饰的词叫现行词，从句在其后，由关系代词关系副词引出关系代词有：that.Which,who,whom,whose等关系
33、副词有：when,where,whyThe man who wrote this book in famous scientist 先行词 关系代词 (定语)The village where I was born has grown into a town(先行词)关系代词 (定语)第45页/共96页that 关系代词与先行词的关系限制性定语从句 先行词 关系代词主语 关系代词宾语 关系代词所有格代替人 who/that which/that whom/that which/that that whose=of whom代替物 whose=of which 代替人 和物 代替人代替物 代替人
34、和物 非限制性定语从句代替人和物代替前一句话which whichwhosewhich第46页/共96页关系副词与先行词的关系先行词 关系副词 在从句中作用时间名词 when=at,on,in,时间状语 during/which地点名词 where=in,at/which地点状语只有reasonwhy=for which原因状语例句说明（在定语从句中，关系词在句中一在定语从句中，关系词在句中一 定要担任成分定要担任成分）第47页/共96页1.关系代词引导的定语从句John is the girl who/that was injured in the accident （先行词）（关系代词）（
35、关系代词在从句中作主语）He found the watch which/that he had lost （先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词在从句中作宾语）The man whom/that you saw just now is our manager 先行词 关系代词 （关系代词在从句中作宾语）The house which/that was damaged in the fire will be rebuilt 先行词 关系代词（关系代词在从句中作主语）第48页/共96页Is there anyone whose name is wangli?先行词 关系代词 (关系代词在从句中作主语）
36、The building whose roof we can see form here is（先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词在从句中作宾语）She is no longer the girl that she was in her childhood 先行词 关系代词（关系代词在从句中作表语，只能用that连接）There is not an easy question that you think it to be （先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词在从句中作表语，只能用that连接）第49页/共96页注意的问题One of+复数名词+关系从句的结构中，关系分词的谓语有两种形式先行词为复数，
37、从句谓语用复数Tom is one of those women,who like to play bridge当one之前有the only/right/very等修饰词时，从句谓语根据one而定，用单复数形式He is the only one of the boys who likes to go to the theatre第50页/共96页当关系代词前有介词时，只能用关系代词whom,或which而不能用thatThe book from which(不能用that)I got a lot of useful information 先行词 介词 关系代词was written by
38、 a famous scientist（关系代词（关系代词whichwhich在从句中作介词在从句中作介词fromfrom的宾语）的宾语）Tom is the boy with whom(不用不用that)you were talk a moment ago 先行词 介词 关系代词（关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语）注：当介词位于从句句末时，关系代词仍可用that也可省去 第51页/共96页上两句可改为：1The book that/which I got a lot of useful information from was written by a famous scientist2Tom
39、is the boy that/whom you were talking with a moment ago第52页/共96页 关系副词在定语从句中的应用1.I shall never forget the day when(on which)new china was founded 先行词 关系代词（关系代词在从句中作时间的状语）2.He came at a time when(at which)we were in need of help 先行词 关系代词 关系代词在从句中作时间的状语)3.The school where(in which)I work is not far fro
40、m here 先行词 关系代词（关系代词在从句中担地点状语）4.Is this the place where(at which)that traffic accident happened?先行词 关系代词 关系代词在从句中担地点状语5.He didnt give the reason why(for which)he was absent yesterday.（先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词在从句中担原因状语）6.The reason why(for which)he missed the bus was that he got up late 先行词 关系代词 关系代词在从句中担原因状语
41、第53页/共96页 非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句由关系代词which,who,whose,where,when引出，而从句的两面都用逗号与主句隔开，关系代词that不能引起非限制性定语从句名词、代词+of+which+whom引起的定语从句表示部分与整体的关系There are many forms of energy,each of which is useful for us非限制性定语从句修饰整个主句总是位于句末，用逗号与主句隔开He missed the train,which annoyed him very much（先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词在从句中作主语）The sun
42、 heats the earth,which makes it possible for plants to grow（先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词在从句中作主语）注：关系代词which有时可以用来指代主句的一部分Tom can write a letter in Chinese,which Mary can not （先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词在从句中担方式状语）第54页/共96页试比较：July is the month when we have a lot of rain （先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词在从句中担状语）The meeting will be put off til
43、l next month,when we will have made all the preparations （先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词在从句中担状语）I want to buy the house which(=that)has a garden (先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词在从句中担主语）I want to buy the house,which(不等于that)has a garden（先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词在从句中担主语）第55页/共96页注：在定语从句中，同样的先行词，由于在从句中 担任的作用不同，须选用不同的关系词1.This is the place whe
44、re I spent my childhood （先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词在从句中担地点状语）2.This is the place,which I visited last summer （先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词在从句中担宾语）3.The reason which he gave was unacceptable （先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词在从句中担宾语）4.The reason why he did that was unacceptable （先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词在从句中担原因状语）第56页/共96页 同位语从句1.同位语从句用于表示名词的内容,对其加以解释
45、,能跟有同位语从句 的,通常是具有引导内容的名词,在从句中不担任成分，常见的有：fact,idea,news,hope,evidence,suggestion,order,problemThe doctors came to the conclusion that the patient was suffering from cancerThe discovery that every heavenly body has gravity was made by Newton同位语从句通常由that引出，但随着与其同位的名词不同也可由 whether,when,where,how,what,wh
46、y引出They are faced with the problem whether they should continue the workI have no idea when he will return第57页/共96页有时同位语从句不是紧跟名词后，有时同位语从句不是紧跟名词后，而是被其它词隔开而是被其它词隔开An idea occurred him that he might borrow the money from his father 发生，出现They heard the news on the radio yesterday that a typhoon was comi
47、ng第58页/共96页 定语从句和同位语从句的区别从结构上看：同位语由连接词引导。在从句中不担任何成分，定语从句的关系词在从中担任某个成分。The idea that one can do the work without thinking is wrong(同位语从句that在从句中不担当任何成分)The idea that you put forward at the meeting is wrong(定语从句that在从句中担任宾语)第59页/共96页表语从句表语从句的结构：主语+连系动词+表语从句常用的连系动词有:be,seen,remain,look等My idea is that
48、this plan should be carried out immediately我的建议是这个计划应该立即执行The question remains whether we should accept their invitation问题仍然是我们是否应该接受他们的邀请It looks that(as if)it is going to rain看起来天要下雨第60页/共96页 where why how引导的从句作this is或that is的表语时，它们通常不含有疑问意义,而是分别表示具体的地点，原因.方式.翻译That is why we called off the meeti
49、ng这就是我们取消会议的原因This is how we did it我们就用这种方式做的注:主语是reason的表语从句用that引导,不要用becauseThe reason(why)he was late was that he missed the bus第61页/共96页 宾语从句充当宾语的从句，叫宾语从句。宾语从句可作动词宾语，介词宾语，和某些形容词的宾语一.作动词宾语Everybody knows that goods takes up the room(由连词引导)He wondered how the building were built(由连接副词引导)常跟连接词that
50、引导的宾语从句的动词有：Admit agree answer believe command complain confess Decide demand deny doubt dream expect explain feel hearHope imagine intend insist know mean notice prefer order Propose reply report request require say see suggest suppose think urge(激励)wish understand第62页/共96页常跟疑问代词who whom疑问副词when wh