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1、初中英语句子结构句子成份句子成份 句子一般由两个部分组成：句子一般由两个部分组成：主语部分（主语部分（ subject group）谓语部分（谓语部分（ predicate group） 句子成份：句子成份：主主 谓谓 宾宾 表表补补定定 状状Members of sentence: S - subjectP - predicative O - objectAttri.-attributeAdv.- adverb Oc - object complement 主主宾宾表表补补定定状状1) 主语（主语（subject）I like football.The boy needs a pen. 句子
2、的主体，全句述说的对象。一般由句子的主体，全句述说的对象。一般由 担任担任, ,常置于句首。常置于句首。2) 谓语（谓语（predicate）说明主语的动作或状态。由说明主语的动作或状态。由 担任。常置于主语后。担任。常置于主语后。 The train leaves at 6 oclock.I want a ticket.,动词不定式动词不定式, 动名词动名词 或从句或从句名词名词,主格代词主格代词动词动词1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2.We often speak E
3、nglish in class. 3.One-third of the students in this class are girls.4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.5.Smoking does harm to the health. 6.The rich should help the poor. 7.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. 8.It is necessary to master a foreign language.（主语从句）（
4、it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）（三）谓语（三）谓语 3) 宾语宾语（object）4) 表语表语（predicative）He won the game. 表示表示vt.的动作对象或的动作对象或prep.所联系的对象。所联系的对象。由由n.或相当于或相当于n.的词担任。置于的词担任。置于vt.或或prep.后。后。Tome lost his life in the big fire.He is a student.用以表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。用以表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。由由n.n.或或adj.adj.担任。置于系动词之后。担任。置于系动词之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容
5、词、数词、表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、 副词、不定副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如： （五）宾语（五）宾语 v宾语（宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如： 1.He is doing his homework.2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.3.How many dictionaries do you have? I have fi
6、ve.（名词）（代词、动名词）（名词、数词）4.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.5.He pretended not to see me.6.I enjoy listening to popular music.7.I think（that）he is fit for his office.（名词化形容词，名词）（不定式短语）（动名词短语）（宾语从句）v宾语种类宾语种类：v（1）双宾语（间接宾语）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.To: wr
7、ite, tell, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, read, tell, bring, throw等，例如：等，例如： He sent the novel to William yesterday.For: leave, buy, build, choose, cook, draw, find, get, order, post, save等，例如：等，例如： She bought a gift for her mother.v（2）复合宾语（宾语）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：宾补），例如：vThey elected him their mo
8、nitor.v下列动词只能接动名词做宾语下列动词只能接动名词做宾语 admit, avoid, advise, consider, enjoy, excuse, escape, finish, imagine, mind, practise, suggest等，如：等，如： John has admitted breaking the window .v下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如宾语，但意义不同，如mean, try, remember, forget, regret等。等。vforget to do表示表示“未发生的动作未发生
9、的动作”，forget doing表示表示“已完成的动作已完成的动作”。如：。如：vDont forget to come here earlier tomorrow.(还没来还没来)vI forgot returning the book to him.v(书已还给他了书已还给他了)v除了除了be 系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，1)表表感官的动词感官的动词:2) 表表转变变化转变变化的动词的动词:3)表表延续延续的动词的动词feel, smell, taste, sound, look, appear, seem 等。等。become, ge
10、t, grow, turn, go,等等remain, keep, hold, stay, rest等等。注意：系动词（注意：系动词（Linking verb)用于连接主语和用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。1）状态系动词状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，一词，例如：例如： He is a teacher. 2）持续系动词持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：例如：He alw
11、ays kept silent at meeting. 3）表像系动词表像系动词用来表示用来表示“看起来像看起来像”这一概念，这一概念，主要有主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：例如：He seems (to be) very sad. 注意：系动词（注意：系动词（Linking verb)用于连接主语和表用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。 4）感官系动词感官系动词主要有主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft. 5）变化
12、系动词变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如：例如：The river was beginning to run dry. 6）终止系动词终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达表达结果是结果是;证明是证明是 ，之意，之意，例如：例如：The rumor proved false. His plan turned out a success. 1.Our teacher of English is an America
13、n.（名词）（名词）2.Is it yours?（代词）（代词）3.The weather has turned cold.（形容词）（形容词）4.The speech is exciting.（分词）（分词）5.Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）（数词）6.His job is to teach English.（不定式）（不定式）7.His hobby is playing football.（动名词）（动名词）8.The meeting is of great importance.（介词短语）（介词短语）9.Time is up. The clas
14、s is over.（副词）（副词）10.The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）（表语从句）5) 宾补（宾补（objective complement） 补充说明宾语的情况补充说明宾语的情况 。由由n. /adj. /n. /adj. /介宾介宾 / /分词分词 / /不定式等担任。不定式等担任。They made him king. I consider the book too expensive. 6) 定语（定语（attributive）对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子
15、，汉语中常用汉语中常用的的表示表示, ,通常位于被修饰的成分前。通常位于被修饰的成分前。The black bike is mine.( )（六）宾语补足语（六）宾语补足语 v宾语补足语（宾语补足语（Object Complement），），用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：tell，let，help，teach， ask，see，have，order，make等。等。“宾补宾补”一般可由名一般可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介
16、词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：词短语和从句充当。例如：1.His father named him Xiaoming.2.They painted their boat white.3.Let the fresh air in.4.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.5.We saw her entering the room.6.We found everything in the lab in good order.7.We will soon make our city what your city is
17、 now.（名词）（形容词）（副词）（不定式短语）（现在分词）（介词短语）（从句）说明说明1：当定语修饰不定代词如：当定语修饰不定代词如：nothing , anything , everything , something 等时，定语要放在其后作后置定语等时，定语要放在其后作后置定语 我告诉他一些有趣的事情。我告诉他一些有趣的事情。 I tell him something interesting . 说明说明2：不定式、短语或从句不定式、短语或从句作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。 这间屋子里的男孩子们是这间屋子里的男孩子们是10班的。班的。 The bo
18、ys in the room are in Class Ten. （七）定语（七）定语 v修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。v定语可由以下等成分表示：定语可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词（形容词）2.China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词（分词） 3.There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名词）（名词）4.His rapid pr
19、ogress in English made us surprised.（代词）（代词）5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）（不定式短语）6.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）（动名词）7.He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）（介词短语）8.She is the girl who sings best in my class. (定语从句定语从句
20、)7) 状语（状语（adverbial）用以修饰用以修饰adj. /v. /adv.及全句及全句,位置灵活位置灵活。通常在句子基本结构通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首；之后，强调时放在句首；修饰修饰形容词或副词形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；表示表示时间、地点、目的的状语时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，首，一些表示不确定时间（如：一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：）或程度（如：almost）的副）的副词状语通常位于词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。动词、助动词、情
21、态动词之后，动词之前。I am very sorry.We often help him. When I grow up , I am going to be a teacher . （从句作时间状语（从句作时间状语) （八）状语（八）状语 v修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语（Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示）。可由以下形式表示 ：1.Light travels most quickly.2.He has lived in the city for ten years. 3.H
22、e is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（副词及副词性词组）（介词短语）（不定式短语）9种状语种类如下： 1. How about meeting again at six?2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.3.I shall go there if it doesnt rain. 4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor. 5.She put the eggs into t
23、he basket with great care.（时间状语）（原因状语）（条件状语）（地点状语）（方式状语）v She came in with a dictionary in her hand.6.In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. 7.He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 8.She works very hard though she is old.9.I am taller than he is.（伴随状语）（目的状语）（结果状语）（让步状语）
24、（比较状语） （九）同位语（九）同位语（Appositive）对前面的名）对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，如：数词、代词或从句担任，如：This is Mr. Zhou, our headmaster.（十）插入语（十）插入语（Parenthesis）对一句话）对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有做一些附加的解释，通常有to be honest , I think (suppose, believe-)等，如：等，如：To be frank, I dont quite agree with you.四、选择填空：v( )1.
25、_ will leave for Beijing.vA. Now there the man vB. The man here nowvC. The man who is here now vD. The man is here nowv( ) 2. The weather _.vA. wet and cold B. is wet and coldvC. not wet and coldD. were wet and coldv( ) 3. The apple tasted _.vA. sweets B. sweetly vC. nicely D. sweetv( ) 4. He got up
26、 _ yesterday morning.vA. lately B. late vC. latest D. latterv( )5. The actor _at the age of 70.vA. dead B. died vC. dyed D. dyingv( )6. _ were all very tired, but none of _ would stop to take a rest.vA. We, us B. Us, we vC. We, our D. We, wev( )7. He found the street much _.vA. crowd B. crowding vC.
27、 crowded D. crowdedlyv( ) 8.I think _necessary to learn English well.vA. its B. it vC. that D. that isv( ) 9. The dog _ mad.vA. looks B. is looked vC. is being looked D. was lookedv( )10.I will never forget the day _ I joined the army.vA. that B. when vC. in which D. where句子成分句子成分意义意义充当词类充当词类例句例句主语主
28、语表示句子说的是什么人或什么表示句子说的是什么人或什么事事名，代，数，不定名，代，数，不定式，动名词，短语或式，动名词，短语或句子句子We study in HuangQiao Middle School.谓语谓语说明主语做什么，是什么或怎说明主语做什么，是什么或怎么样么样动词或动词词组动词或动词词组She is dancing under the tree.宾语宾语表示动作行为的对象表示动作行为的对象同主语同主语Both of us like English.表语表语与联系动词连用，一起构成谓与联系动词连用，一起构成谓语，说明主语的性质或特征语，说明主语的性质或特征同主语同主语Her fat
29、her is a chemist.His words sound reasonable.定语定语用来修饰名词或代词用来修饰名词或代词形，代，数，名形，代，数，名, 副，介词短语或句子副，介词短语或句子We have eight lessons every day.状语状语修饰动词，形容词，副词，表修饰动词，形容词，副词，表示动作发生的时间，地点，原示动作发生的时间，地点，原因，目的，方式，结果等因，目的，方式，结果等副词，介词短语或句副词，介词短语或句子子He works very hard.They held a party in Hollywood.宾语宾语补足语补足语逻辑上与宾语是主谓关
30、系逻辑上与宾语是主谓关系形容词，名词，介词形容词，名词，介词短语等短语等She always keeps the house clean.主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！句子类型句子类型简单句并列句复合句.简单句简单句1. Things changed.2. Trees are green.3. We dont beat children.4. He gave his sister the piano.5. I found the book easy. 主 + 谓主 + 谓 + 表主 + 谓 + 宾
31、主 + 谓 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补Nobody went.She became a doctor.The car caught fire.I will write you a long letter.I will let him go. PracticePractice 主 + 谓主 + 谓 + 表主 + 谓 + 宾主 + 谓 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补.并列句并列句This is me and these are my friends. They must stay in water, or they will die. Its
32、not cheap, but it is very good. It was late, so I went to bed. andorbut soHe knocked at the door; there was no answer.Youre alive! And shes dead. 并列句1.并列关系并列句连词有：and, not onlybut also, neithernor2.转折关系并列句连词有：but, yet, however3.选择关系并列句连词有：or., eitheror.4.因果关系并列句连词有：for, so, therefore例句并列关系：I hope him
33、 and he help me转折关系：He tried open the door, but he couldnt 选择关系：Either you are foolish or he is因果关系：the students are on holidays, therefore you can see them today。名词性从句名词性从句状语从句状语从句定语从句定语从句主语从句主语从句表语从句表语从句宾语从句宾语从句同位语从句同位语从句.复合句复合句A plane is a machine that can fly.He said that he didnt like her. 主语从句
34、主语从句的引导词通常有who whom when where why what who whom when where why what how which whose whetherhow which whose whether等，等，What I said is important to youHow to get there is still not decideWhether to do it or not is what we will discuss tomorrow是否做那件事是我们每天将要讨论的事是否做那件事是我们每天将要讨论的事说明：主语从句可以直接放在主语位置，也可用it作
35、做形式主语1.That light travels in straight lines is known to all It is known to all that light travels in straight lines 众所周知，光是以直线运行众所周知，光是以直线运行2.When the plane is to take off has not been announced It has not been announced when the plane is to take off 飞机什么时候起飞还没有公布飞机什么时候起飞还没有公布1.It is + +形容词形容词+ +从句从
36、句2.It is necessary that有必要有必要 3.It is clear that. 很清很清楚楚 4.It is (un) likely that 很可能很可能 5.It is important that主要的是主要的是.1.It is +过去分词过去分词+ +从句从句2.It is said that据说据说.3.It is reported that 据报道据报道.4.It has been proved that.已证明已证明 5.It must be pointed out that必须指出必须指出 定语从句定语从句又称关系从句：定语从句可以修饰一个名词，代词，或一个
37、句子，被修饰的词叫现行词，从句在其后，由关系代词关系副词引出关系代词有：that. Which, who, whom, whose等关系副词有：when , where , whyThe man who wrote this book in famous scientist 先行词 关系代词 (定语)The village where I was born has grown into a town(先行词) 关系代词 (定语)that 关系代词与先行词的关系限制性定语从句 先行词 关系代词主语 关系代词宾语 关系代词所有格代替人 who/that which/that whom/that w
38、hich/that that whose=of whom代替物 whose=of which 代替人 和物 代替人代替物 代替人和物 非限制性定语从句代替人和物代替前一句话which whichwhosewhich关系副词与先行词的关系先行词 关系副词 在从句中作用时间名词 when=at,on,in, 时间状语 during / which地点名词 where=in, at/which地点状语只有reasonwhy=for which原因状语例句说明（在定语从句中，关系词在句中一在定语从句中，关系词在句中一 定要担任成分定要担任成分） 1.关系代词引导的定语从句John is the gir
39、l who/that was injured in the accident （先行词） （关系代词）（ 关系代词在从句中作主语）He found the watch which/that he had lost （先行词） （关系代词） （ 关系代词在从句中作宾语）The man whom/that you saw just now is our manager 先行词 关系代词 （ 关系代词在从句中作宾语）The houseThe house which/thatwhich/that was damaged in the fire will be rebuilt was damaged i
40、n the fire will be rebuilt 先行词 关系代词 （ 关系代词在从句中作主语）Is there Is there anyoneanyone whose namewhose name is wangli? is wangli? 先行词 关系代词 ( 关系代词在从句中作主语）The buildingThe building whose roofwhose roof we can see form here is we can see form here is （先行词） （关系代词）（ 关系代词在从句中作宾语）She is no longer She is no longer
41、 the girlthe girl thatthat she was in her childhood she was in her childhood 先行词 关系代词（ 关系代词在从句中作表语，只能用that连接）There is not There is not an easy questionan easy question thatthat you think it to be you think it to be （ 先行词） （关系代词） （ 关系代词在从句中作表语，只能用that连接）注意的问题One of+复数名词+关系从句的结构中，关系分词的谓语有两种形式先行词为复数，从句
42、谓语用复数Tom is one of those women, who like to play bridge当one之前有the only/right/very等修饰词时，从句谓语根据one而定，用单复数形式He is the only one of the boys who likes to go to the theatre当关系代词前有介词时，只能用关系代词whom,或which而不能用thatThe book from which(不能用that) I got a lot of useful information 先行词 介词 关系代词was written by a famous
43、 scientist（关系代词（关系代词whichwhich在从句中作介词在从句中作介词fromfrom的宾语）的宾语）Tom is Tom is the boythe boy withwith whom (whom (不用不用that)that) you were talk a you were talk a moment agomoment ago 先行词 介词 关系代词（ 关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语）注：当介词位于从句句末时，关系代词仍可用that也可省去 上两句可改为：1The book that/which I got a lot of useful information fro
44、m was written by a famous scientist2Tom is the boy that/whom you were talking with a moment ago 关系副词在定语从句中的应用关系副词在定语从句中的应用1. I shall never forget the day when (on which) new china 1. I shall never forget the day when (on which) new china was founded 先行词 关系代词（ 关系代词在从句中作时间的状语）2. He came at a time when
45、 (at which) we were in need of help2. He came at a time when (at which) we were in need of help 先行词 关系代词 关系代词在从句中作时间的状语)3. The school where (in which )I work is not far from here3. The school where (in which )I work is not far from here 先行词 关系代词 （ 关系代词在从句中担地点状语）4. Is this the place where (at which )
46、that traffic accident happened?4. Is this the place where (at which )that traffic accident happened? 先行词 关系代词 关系代词在从句中担地点状语5.He didnt give the reason why (for which) he was absent yesterday.5.He didnt give the reason why (for which) he was absent yesterday. （先行词） （关系代词） （ 关系代词在从句中担原因状语）6.The reason
47、why (for which )he missed the bus was that he got up late6.The reason why (for which )he missed the bus was that he got up late 先行词 关系代词 关系代词在从句中担原因状语 非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句由关系代词非限制性定语从句由关系代词which, who ,whose, where, which, who ,whose, where, whenwhen引出，引出，而从句的两面都用逗号与主句隔开，关系代词而从句的两面都用逗号与主句隔开，关系代词t
48、hatthat不能不能引起非限制性定语从句引起非限制性定语从句名词、代词名词、代词+of+ which+ whom+of+ which+ whom引引起的定语从句表示部分与整体的关系起的定语从句表示部分与整体的关系There are many forms of energy, each of There are many forms of energy, each of which is useful for uswhich is useful for us非限制性定语从句修饰整个主句总是位于句末，用逗号与主句隔开非限制性定语从句修饰整个主句总是位于句末，用逗号与主句隔开He missed t
49、he train ,which annoyed him very He missed the train ,which annoyed him very muchmuch（先行词） （关系代词）（ 关系代词在从句中作主语）The sun heats the earth ,which makes it The sun heats the earth ,which makes it possible for plants to growpossible for plants to grow （先行词）（关系代词）（ 关系代词在从句中作主语）注：关系代词注：关系代词which有时可以用来指代主句的一
50、部分有时可以用来指代主句的一部分Tom can write a letter in Chinese , which Tom can write a letter in Chinese , which Mary can notMary can not （先行词） （关系代词）（ 关系代词在从句中担方式状语）试比较：试比较：July is the month when we have a lot of July is the month when we have a lot of rainrain （先行词（先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词）（ 关系代词在从句中担状语）关系代词在从句中担状语）The