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1、英美文化概况 Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries Political Parties ConstitutionGovernment Election The CommonwealthIIIIIIIVVCONTENT ConstitutionIvGreat Britain(UK)is a parliamentar
2、y democracy with a constitutional monarch as the head of state vBritish Constitution is made up of:Statutory Law(成文法成文法)Common Law(判例法判例法)Conventions(习惯法习惯法)Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking
3、CountriesCountries v1.1 Statutory Law passed by Parliamentexample the Magna Carta(1215)which protects the rights of the community against the Crown the Bill of Rights(1689)which extends the powers of Parliament the Reform Act(1832)which reforms the parliamentary electoral system the European Communi
4、ties Act(1972)the European Communities(Amendment)Act (1986)which defines the relationship between Britain and the European Community(欧共体）.Constitution Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking Countr
5、iesCountries v1.2 Common law（判例法）deduced from custom or legal precedents and interpreted in court cases by judgesv1.3 Conventions（习惯法）（习惯法）rules and practices which do not exist legally,but are regarded as vital to the working of government.(for example:The monarch reigns but does not rule.)1.Consti
6、tutionGovernmentII 2.1 The Legislature 2.2 The Executive 2.3 The Judiciary Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries 2.1 The LegislatureBasic Structure of UK Central GovernmentMona
7、rch(non-political)LegislatureParliamentExecutive Judiciary(non-political)House of Commons(political)House of Lords(semi-political)Prime Minister&Cabinet(political)Ministers&Civil service(non-political)House of LordsCourt of Appeal Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching
8、 and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries 2.1.1 Parliament vParliamentthe law-making body of Britain one of the oldest representative assemblies in the world(in the mid-13th century)Strictly speaking,the parliament consists of the King or Queen,the
9、House of Lords(上议院),the House of Commons(下议院)Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries vQueen Elizabeth IIBorn:April 21,1926Queen since June 2,1953 vQueen Elizabeth II is a“constit
10、utional monarch”Although she is officially the head of state,the country is actually run by the government and led by the Prime Minister.2.1.2 Queen Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking Countrie
11、sCountries Buckingham Palace 2.1.2 QueenQueen Elizabeth II2.1.2 Queen Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries She reigns but does not rule!Theoretically,she is the source of all
12、government powers:an integral part of the legislaturehead of the executive,executive and judiciary branchesthe commander-in-chief of all armed forces of the Crown“supreme governor”of the Church of England More Q.What powers does the Queen have?Q.What powers does the Queen have?2.1.2 Queen Foreign La
13、nguage Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries In reality,her role is“ceremonial,unpolitical and symbolic”:vState opening of the Parliament(国会开议大典)vRoyal assent to new lawvMeeting with the Prime
14、Minister at Buckingham PalacevPay state visits to Commonwealth countries as head of state and non-Commonwealth countries on behalf of the British government2.1.2 QueenFrom Buckingham to Westminster The State Opening of Parliament Wednesday November 26,20032.1.2 Queen2.1.3 The House of Lords voften r
15、eferred to as“the Upper House”vThe Lords Spiritual(上议院神职议员上议院神职议员)(archbishops and prominent bishops of the Church of England)The House of Lords in the early 19th centuryvThe Lords Temporal(上议院世俗议员上议院世俗议员)(hereditary peers and life peers and the Law Lords）上议院高级法官）上议院高级法官)vThe Upper House ReformsRedu
16、ce the number of seats from 705 to 666 (Mar.1,2004)Final court of appealSupreme CourtThe House of Lords meets in a lavishly decorated chamber in the Palace of Westminster(also called Red Chamber)2.1.3 The House of Lords 2.1.4 The House of Commons vOften referred to as“the Lower House”(center of parl
17、iamentary power)vThree major functionsto pass laws,bills and acts of Parliamentto scrutinize,criticize and restrain the actions of the government to influence the future government policy v646 Members of Parliament,known as“MPs”for short,who represent the 646 geographical areas/constituencies2.1.4 T
18、he House of Commons Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries 2.2.1 The Prime Ministerpowerful leadervhead of the governmentvthe leader of the majority party in Parliamentvcontrols
19、 the Parliament2.2.2 The Cabinetvsupreme decision-making body in the British government vCabinet members are chosen by the Prime Minister from members of his own party in Parliament.2.2 The Executive Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA
20、Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries vThe Cabinet works on the principle of collective responsibility and individual ministerial responsibility vMinisters responsible for their particular department(most senior members are the Deputy Prime Minister,Foreign Secretary,Chancell
21、or of the Exchequer and Home Secretary)vCollective responsibility or resignation2.2 The Executive Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries Civil Servantsv Members of the Civil Ser
22、vice are called Civil Servants.They staff government departments.Civil Servants are recruited mainly by competitive examination.Civil servants do not belong to any political party.Changes of Government do not involve changes in departmental staff,There are about 541,800 civil servants in Britain now
23、.vA 140vB 125vC 100vD 85vE 60 Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to
24、 English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries 2.2.2 Privy Councilva body of advisors(450 members)vcurrent and former Cabinet members and important public figures vIts main duty is to give advice2.2 The Executive Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Resear
25、ch PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries 2.3 The JudiciaryvProceedingsAll criminal trials are held in open court because the criminal law presumes the innocence of the accused until he has been approved guilty beyond reasonable doubtIn criminal trials by jury
26、,the judge passes sentence but the jury decides the issue of guilt and innocence.Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries vTwo branches of lawCivil lawdefines and enforces the dut
27、ies or obligations of persons to one anotherCriminal lawby contrast,defines and enforces the obligations of persons to society as a wholeEnglish Judges2.3 The Judiciary Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking Engli
28、sh-Speaking CountriesCountries County CourtMagistrates Court(JPs,stipendiary magistrates)Crown CourtHigh Court(QBD,CCD,FD)Court of AppealCourt of AppealHouse of LordsThe Court SystemCivil branchCriminalbranch2.3 The JudiciaryPolitical PartiesIII 3.1 The Conservative Party 3.2 The Labor Party 3.3 The
29、 Liberal Democrats 3.0 Overall Introduction Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries 3.0 Overall IntroductionvThe Parliament operates on a two-party system.vPolitical parties orig
30、inated in the late 17th century.the Whig PartyLiberal Party the Tory PartyConservative Party Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries 3.1 The Conservative Party vthe“Right”landown
31、ers and businessmen,the middle and upper-middle class free enterprise and privatization of state-owned firms Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries Margaret Thatcher(1979-1990)T
32、he Iron Lady vprivatized state-owned industries and promoted a more competitive spirit in Britains economy vreduced old age pensions,shortened the period of unemployment benefits,and cut child benefitsvcurbed the power of the trade unions3.1 The Conservative Party Foreign Language Teaching and Resea
33、rch PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries 3.2 The Labor Partyvthe“Left”created by the growing trade union movement at the end of the 19th centuryAfter 1945to establish a welfare statenationalized industriesexercised
34、 control over private industries to revive the primary industries Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries v Recent Prime Ministers from the leftTony Blair(1997-2006)“Third Way”ma
35、de the Bank of England independent(separate politics and economic policy)put an emphasis on the minimum wage and supplementing low incomes Gordon Brown(June 27,2007)3.2 The Labor Party Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to Englis
36、h-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries 3.3 The Liberal DemocratsvAn amalgamation of the old Liberal Party and the Social Democratic Party(the latter being a breakaway group from the Labor Party,formed in 1981)vadvocates policies based on freedom of the individualvremains a minority party va
37、party of protest rather than a real alternative for governmentIV Electionvheld every five years in the 646 constituencies(unless a Motion of No Confidence is passed by the House of Commons)vcandidate who wins in each constituency becomes a Member of Parliament vThe party which holds the majority of“
38、seats”in Parliament forms the government,with its party leader becoming the Prime Minister.The CommonwealthV 5.1 The Origin of the Commonwealth 5.2 Characteristics and Functions 5.3 Members of the Commonwealth 5.4 Organizations of the Commonwealth 5.5 Commonwealth Day Foreign Language Teaching and R
39、esearch PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries 5.1 Origin of the CommonwealthvThe Commonwealth of Nations is the successor of the British Empire.vIn 1949,“British”was dropped from the title of“Commonwealth”.vIn 1949,
40、the London Declaration(often considered a milestone in the history of the modern Commonwealth)accepted and recognized Indias continued membership as a republic.vFrom 1960 onwards,new members joined the Commonwealth.Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research Pr
41、essA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries 5.1 Origin of the Commonwealth Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries va voluntary association of in
42、dependent sovereign statesv to advocate(提倡提倡)democracy,human rights,and to promote economic cooperation and growth of its members 5.2 Characteristics and Functions Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Sp
43、eaking CountriesCountries van organization composed of 53 states in 2005va population of approximately 1.8 billion people,some 30 percent of the worlds total population 5.3 Members of the Commonwealth Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA
44、 Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries vThe headquarters are all located in London.vCommonwealth Heads of Government Meeting(CHOGM)vCommonwealth Ministers Meeting held annuallyvThe Commonwealth Secretariat vThe Commonwealth Foundation and other professional associations 5.4 O
45、rganizations of the Commonwealth Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressForeign Language Teaching and Research PressA Guide toA Guide to English-Speaking English-Speaking CountriesCountries vthe second Monday in March every yearvan opportunity to promote understanding of global issues,international cooperation and the efforts to improve the lives of its 1.8 billion citizens5.5 Commonwealth Day英英语语国国家家概概况况此此课课件下件下载载可自行可自行编辑编辑修改，修改，仅仅供参考！供参考！感感谢谢您的支持，我您的支持，我们们努力做得更好！努力做得更好！谢谢谢谢