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1、1.7脊柱的静力学问题1、脊柱的特点颈椎17cervical vertebrae胸椎112thoracic vertebrae脊椎腰椎15lumbar vertebrae骶骨sacral尾骨coccygeal作用：保护脊髓，支撑头、颈和上部躯干由多个从合关节(amphiarthrodial jionts)构成，整体来看具有杵臼关节的特点2、寰枕关节与寰枢关节寰枕关节 atlantooccipital joint寰椎 cervical vertebrae i.e.atlas枕骨髁（两个）condyloid occipital 允许前、后与侧向的摆动 i.e.in sagittal frontal
2、 planes寰枢关节 atlantoaxial寰椎枢椎齿突odontoid process柱状关节，允许水平面上的转动 transversal plane相关骨骼肌头部肌群头颈肌群竖脊肌群腰肌腹部肌群3.相关的骨骼肌头部肌肉起点止点功能头夹肌Splenius capitus下部颈椎和上部胸椎Spines of upper thoracic vertebrae乳突后侧和上项线Back of mastoid process and superior nuchal line 使头部伸、旋转和侧弯胸锁乳突肌Sternoclei-domastoid胸骨柄前，锁骨上侧端two heads from ma
3、nubrium and upper surface of clavicle乳突和上项线外侧1/3 outer surface of mastoid process and lateral 1/3of superior nuchal line旋转、侧弯头颈，提胸骨及肋骨支配头部运动的其他肌群4.舌骨上肌群和舌骨下肌群 功能：提升及沉降舌骨 suprahyoid muscles and infrahyoid muscles5.肩胛提肌Levator scapulae(as we have known)6.腹部肌群腹外斜肌External obliqueOuter surface of lower
4、8ribs髂脊和白线Passes down and medially to iliac crest and linea albaFlex and laterally flex lumbar vertebrae(弯腰和侧弯腰)；compress abdomen to expel contents;(压缩腹部协助排便)obliques are main rotators of lumbar spine（腰椎）腹内斜肌Internal oblique胸腰筋膜、髂脊Thoracolumbar fascia,iliac crestPasses up and medially to lower 3 rib
5、s and linea alba腹横肌Transversus abdominis下6条肋内面、胸腰筋膜、髂脊、腹股沟韧带外侧Deep on costal(肋)cartilages,illiac crest and inguinal（腹股沟）ligament腹直肌外侧缘变为腱膜止于白线Aponeurosis(腱膜)of internal intercostal腹直肌Rectus abdominus耻骨结合线，耻骨脊Pubic symphysis and pubic crest剑突和第57肋软骨Sternum and lower costal cartilages Flex lumbar spin
6、e,compress abdomen7.竖脊肌 erector spinae muscles一组肌群包括：棘肌spinalis胸最长肌longissimus thoracis头最长肌longissimus capitus髂肋肌iliocostalis起点：骶骨背面，髂脊后部止点：椎骨，肋骨，枕骨伸展，旋转以及侧弯脊柱该肌群的具体起止点位置请参照手册头半棘肌Semispinalis capitusC3-7及T1-6横突 Transverse processes of lower 4 cervical and upper 6 thoracic vertebrae枕骨上下项线间，斜方肌深面 Betw
7、een superior and inferior nuchal lines on skullExtend,rotate,and laterally flex vertebral column颈半棘肌Semispinalis cervicisArticular processes(关节突)of lower cervical vertebrae and transverse processes of upper T.vertebraeSpans(横跨)3 to 6 vertebrae and inserts of spines of cervical vertebrae8.头颈肌腰方肌Quadr
8、atus lumborum髂脊和底部腰椎的横突Iliac crest and transverse processes of lower lumbar vertebrae第12肋骨和上部腰椎的横突Transverse processes of upper lumbar vertebrae and last ribsFlexes lumbar vertebrae laterally另有髂腰肌（由腰大肌和髂肌合成），若下肢固定有屈躯干的作用。下一节讲例题：一个正在看伏案疾书的人寰枕关节受力如何？例题：一个举重运动员举重时第五腰椎受力情况如何？脊柱婴儿换衣桌婴儿换衣桌/抽屉柜迪抽屉柜迪克达克达 宽度:80 厘米最小深度:45 厘米最大深度:78 厘米高:103 厘米