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1、 Tire Design Methodology Based on Safety-Factor to Satisfy Tire Life轮胎胎设计方法学方法学(主要以安全和使用寿命的因素考主要以安全和使用寿命的因素考虑),此方法同此方法同样适用与适用与载重胎和重胎和BUS胎胎 Simulation Approach to Truck&Bus Tire Design Kazuyuki Kabe The Yokohama Rubber CO.,LTD14th China Tire Technology ConferenceContents目目录1.Introduction 简介介2.Radial
2、Tire Construction,Function&Characteristics特征特征3.FRR(Characteristics of Cord&Rubber)4.Introduction of Safety-Factors for rubber products5.Simulation Approach to Durability of Rubber Product6.Numerical Example:Truck and Bus Tire7.Conclusions IntroductionPurpose of This Paper:Proposal for the new desig
3、n method considering actual condition of rubber products,for example a tire 35Pressure(kPa)Pressure(kPa)TimeTimeTimeTimeTemperature (Temperature ()Internal Air TemperatureAir Pressure100kPaRadial Tire ConstructionBead CoreTread RubberSidewall RubberBelt LayerCarcass LayerBasic function required of a
4、 tire 1)Load-carrying capacity2)Transmission of driving and breaking torque3)Cushioning ability4)Road-holding ability Other requirementAnd also Information center of a vehicle RubberCordFRRBias laminateBias plyCharacteristics of Tirerubbercordlargedeformation&largedeformation&largestrainlargestraini
5、ncompressibilityincompressibilitymaterialnonlinearitymaterialnonlinearitycompositestructurecompositestructureviscoelasitcityviscoelasitcityrollingcontactrollingcontactCharacteristics of Tire Rubber model in tire partHeterogeneous异型异型 structure model for carbon black filed rubber Quasi-glassy state(C
6、 phase)Liquid state(A phase)Cross linked rubber molecules (B phase)Carbon blackInteraction between C phasesReinforcemant of Elastomers:(edited by Gerard Kraus,Interscience Publishers,N.Y.,1965)Section 6:Microscopy in the Study of Elastomer Reinforcement by Pigment Fillers(by William M.Hess)Rubber in
7、 tire part by Microscopy Heterogeneous structure for carbon black filed rubber Mechanical properties of cord&rubberFrom the above table Modulus of cord Modulus of rubber Breaking strain of cord Breaking strain of rubber Introduction of Safety-Factors for rubber productsFRR(cord);rubber part;The dura
8、bility of rubber is evaluated by principal strain（belt layer,carcass layer）The durability of FRR is evaluated by stress(Margin of safety)(Safety-Factor)Tire condition under operation:Tire profile growth&rubber aging due to heat build-up2.It is necessary to take tire profile growth&rubber aging into
9、consideration.The new design technology considering actual condition,for example,Tire Simulation Approach to Rubber Product(1)NEWGROWNSTRESS(Mpa)STRAIN(%)EbS-S CurveMILEAGE(km)O.D.GROWTH (mm)NEWGROWNThe Growth of Overall DiameterGrowth of tire：Double Inflation Pressure Method 3.Introduction of the S
10、afety Factor conceptTimeTimeOLDOLDNEWNEWDangerous zone2020Safety FactorMargin of Safety =Eb/(max)Eb=Breaking strain of rubber(max)=Maximum value of principal strain in tire parts4.Example:Tire size 11R22.5 Effect of tire profile on durability by Simulation Approach of FEMSimulation Approach to Rubbe
11、r Product(2)Safety zone1010Double Inflation Pressure Method Estimation：Principal strain of belt edge fillerDeflectedDeflectedInflatedNew model Remodel InflatedDouble Inflation PressureTire size：Room temperature：30Load：A.P.：700kPa100km/h8h+60km/h24h1set=29,120 km 6set=174,720km(with shaving tread rub
12、ber)What happens to TB tires due to high heat and pressure?Profile is changed.!NEWGROWN1SET 29,120km3SET 87,360km5SET 145,600km2SET 58,240km4SET 116,480km6SET 174,720kmGrowth of Overall Diameter!What happens to TB tires due to high heat and pressure?O.D.growth begins in early stages of tire life.Aft
13、er that,it stabilizes.The growth of tire under operation TB tires have following change under operation.The Growth of Overall Diameter0 01 12 23 34 45 56 67 70 05000050000100000100000150000150000200000200000mileage(km)mileage(km)O.D.growth(mm)O.D.growth(mm)TRANSITIONSTABILITYOverall Diameter (mm)Mil
14、eage(km)Overall Diameter：Growth O.D.(low pressure)New tire O.D.(high pressure)The growth of tire under operation TIRE GROWTHOverall Diameter (mm)Air Pressure (kPa)Air Pressure vs.Overall Diameter(11R22.5)New(actual tire)Grown(actual tire)Outside Diameter：Growth O.D.(Low Pressure)New Tire O.D.(High P
15、ressure)Section Width：Almost non-changeAir Pressure vs.Section Width(11R22.5)Section Width (mm)Air Pressure (kPa)The growth of tire under operation New(actual tire)Grown(actual tire)NEWGROWN-aTire growth Rubber propertiesCalculation of principal strain in tire by FEMRubber propertiesMILEAGE(km)O.D.G
16、ROWTH (mm)GROWN-bGROWN-aNEWTB tires have following change under operationEstimation：Margin of Safety The Growth Of Overall Diameter S-S Curve FEM Model：NEW TIRE1st inflatedProcedure of NEW TIRE simulationNEW TIRE MODEL INFLATED LOADED ANALYSISActual(NEW)SIZE：RIM：A.P 700KPaInflated calculation：1 time
17、Simulation of NEW TIRE(FEM)Inflated calculation&Inflated calculation (2 times)Double Inflation Pressure Method!2nd-inflatedActual(GROWN)RIM：A.P 700KPa1st-inflated profile=REMODELSimulation of GROWN TIRE(FEM)Procedure of GROWN TIRE simulationNEW TIRE MODEL INFLATED INFLATED LOADED ANALYSISDouble Infl
18、ation Pressure MethodActual(GROWN)Calculated profile corresponds to actual profile.Air Pressure vs.Overall DiameterOverall Diameter (mm)Air Pressure vs.Tire Overall DiameterNew(actual)Grown(actual)New(calculation)Grown(calculation)NEWGROWNAir Pressure(KPa)Example:Effect of tire profile on durability
19、 by FEMEstimation：Principal strain of belt edge fillerLoadedLoadedInflatedNew model Remodel InflatedDouble Inflation PressureMODEL AMODEL BMODEL CExample:Effect of tire profile on durability by FEMOutside surfaceBody ply line SIZE New(loaded)Grown(loaded)Contour of strainContact areaContact areaNEWG
20、ROWNStrainRotationAir pressure Principal strainTire growth Principal strainExample：Principal strain of belt edge by FEMMargin of Safety =Eb/(max)Which is the best?=“MODEL B”New design technology applying simulation approach.Example:Effect of tire profile on durability by FEMConclusions1.Double Infla
21、tion Pressure Method was developed as prediction of tire profile under operation.2.Safety Factor(Margin of Safety)was introduced,which means not only judging durability by principal strain amount itself,but also applying material property(Eb)of tire.3.New tire design technologywas developed applying the above concept through whole tire life.4.This simulation approach can be applied to other rubber products.Thank you for your attentions!Tire Pressure Monitoring System Truck&Bus Radials