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1、十四节课串讲四六级语法第二讲 Still waters run deep.流静水深流静水深,人静心深人静心深 Where there is life,there is hope。有生命必有希望。有生命必有希望虚拟语气虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，一是用来表示说话人所说的话不是一个事实，而是一种假设、猜测、怀疑等(在条件从句中或让步状语从句中)；一是表示说话人的愿望、要求、命令、建议等(在宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)。一、虚拟语气的概念 虚拟条件句虚拟条件句主句主句与与现在现在事实相事实相反的假反的假设设与与过去过去相反的相反的假设假设与与将来将来相反的相反的假设假设If+主语+动词的过去式
2、（动词be用were)主语+should,would,might,could动词原形If+主语+had+过去分词主语should,would,might,couldhave done1、If+主语+动词过去式2、If+主语+were to+动词原形3、If+主语+should+动词原形主语should,would might,could动词原形二二基本的三种情况基本的三种情况1、表示与现在事实相反的情况、表示与现在事实相反的情况：从句：If 主语+过去时(Be动词用were)主句：主语+should/would/could/might+do eg：1If I were you,I would
3、take an umbrella.2If I knew his telephone number,I would tell you.3If there were no air or water,there would be no living things on the earth2、表示与过去事实相反的情况、表示与过去事实相反的情况从句：If 主语+had+done 主句：主语+should/would/could/might+have done eg：1 If I had got there earlier,I should/could have met her.2If he had ta
4、ken my advice,he would not have made such a mistake.3、表示对将来情况的主观推测、表示对将来情况的主观推测 主句：主语+should/could/would/might+do 从句：if+主语+were to do if+主语+should/would/could/might+do if+主语+did（动词过去式）/were e g：1If he should come here tomorrow,I would talk to him.2If there were a heavy snow next Sunday,we would not
5、go skating.3If she were to be here next Monday,I would tell her about the matter.三、使用虚拟条件句要注意的几点三、使用虚拟条件句要注意的几点：有时，有时，虚拟条件句虚拟条件句中，结果主句和条件从句的谓语动作中，结果主句和条件从句的谓语动作若不是同时发生时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。这种若不是同时发生时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。这种条件句叫错综条件句。条件句叫错综条件句。从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。现在正在发生的事实不
6、符。e g：If I had worked hard at school,I would be an engineer,too.If they had informed us,we would not come here now.从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。实不符。如：If he were free today,we would have sent him to Beijing.。If he knew her,he would have greeted her.2当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were
7、,should,had时，时，if可以省略，这时条件从句要用倒装语序，即把可以省略，这时条件从句要用倒装语序，即把were,should,had等词置于句首，这种多用于书面等词置于句首，这种多用于书面语。语。Eg：Should he agree to go there,we would send him there.Were she here,she would agree with us.Had he learnt about computers,we would have hired him to work here.。3、非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来，只暗含、非真实条件句中的条
8、件从句有时不表达出来，只暗含在副词、介词短语、上下文或其他方式表示出来，这种句子在副词、介词短语、上下文或其他方式表示出来，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句，在多数情况下，条件会暗含在短语中，如叫做含蓄条件句，在多数情况下，条件会暗含在短语中，如without，butfor等等 E g：But for his help,we would be working now.Without your instruction,I would not have made such great progress.We didnt know his telephone number,otherwise we would
9、 have telephoned him.4、有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句可以省略其中的一个，来表有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句可以省略其中的一个，来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。示说话人的一种强烈的感情。省略从句 He would have finished it.他本该完成了。You could have passed this exam.你本能通过这次考试的。省略主句 If I were at home now.要是我现在在家里该多好啊。If only I had got it.要是只有我得到它了该多好啊。5注意，在虚拟语气的从句中，动词注意，在虚拟语气的从句中，动词be的过去时态一律用的过
10、去时态一律用were，不用不用was。eg：If I were you,I would go to look for him.四、虚拟语气在名词从句中的运用四、虚拟语气在名词从句中的运用1用于宾语从句用于宾语从句 、wish wish 后面的宾语从句中。后面的宾语从句中。一般用虚拟语气，表示一种不可能实现的愿望。一般用虚拟语气，表示一种不可能实现的愿望。其谓其谓语动词形式为：语动词形式为：表现在过去时表现在过去时表过去过去完成时表过去过去完成时表将来表将来would,might,could动词原形动词原形I wish(that)I were a bird.I wish(that)I had s
11、een the film last night.I wish(that)I wouldcould go.用于表示命令、建议、要求等一类词后面的宾语从句。用于表示命令、建议、要求等一类词后面的宾语从句。insist,order,command,suggest,advise,propose,require,request,demand,desireetc.We suggested that the meeting(should)be put off.They insisted that the boy(should)go with them.注意：注意：suggest当表示当表示“暗示、表明暗示、
12、表明“讲时，讲时，insist表示表示”坚持说之意时，应用陈述语气，作坚持说之意时，应用陈述语气，作“坚决主张；坚决主张；坚决要求坚决要求”讲时，用虚拟语气。讲时，用虚拟语气。如：The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.The man insisted that he had never stolen the money.在在suggestion/proposal/order/plan/advice/idea/request等等名词后的表语和同位语从句中名词后的表语和同位语从句中要用要用“shoul
13、d动词原形动词原形”should可以省略可以省略2用于表语从句和同位语从句用于表语从句和同位语从句Myideaisthatwe(should)thinkitoverbeforeacceptingit.Mysuggestionthatwe(should)haveameetinghasbeenacceptedbyothers.Weallagreetothatsuggestionthatthemeeting(should)beputoff.3 虚拟语气在主语从句中A.在句型在句型“It is important(necessary,strange,natural)that.”中，中，that 后面的
14、从句中的谓语动词用：后面的从句中的谓语动词用：should+动词原形动词原形 1 Its necessary that we should have a walk now.2 Its natural that she should do so.3Its important that we should take good care of the patient.B.在在Itisdemanded/suggested/ordered/required.that-clause句型中句型中从句用从句用(should)+动词原型动词原型Itisdemandedthatweshouldworkoutapl
15、an.C.在在Itisapity/ashame/nowonderthat.句型中句型中从从句也常用句也常用(should)+动词原型动词原型Itsapitythatyou(should)missagoodchance.1.Itis(high/about)timethat从句中的谓从句中的谓语动词用过去式或语动词用过去式或should动词原形，动词原形，should不能省略不能省略五、虚拟语气在其他从句中五、虚拟语气在其他从句中Itishightimethatyouwent/shouldgotoschool.2.Ifonly引导的感叹句（要是该有多好啊引导的感叹句（要是该有多好啊)表示现在的情况
16、表示现在的情况,应用过去式应用过去式;如果是过去的情况如果是过去的情况,应应用过去完成时态用过去完成时态IfonlyIknewtheanswer!IfonlyIhadseenthefilmyesterday!3.wouldrather+从句动词用过去式或过去完成时从句动词用过去式或过去完成时Iwouldratheryoutoldmethetruth.IwouldratheryouhadgonetherelastSunday.4.asif(asthough)看起来看起来常用虚拟形式，即常用虚拟形式，即表示与现在事实相反，用过去式；与过去事实相反表示与现在事实相反，用过去式；与过去事实相反用过去完
17、成式用过去完成式(haddone).Hetreatstheboyasifhewerehisownson.Hespokeasifhehadknownaboutit5.evenif(eventhough)即使即使Evenifhewerehere,hecouldnotsolvetheproblem.EvenifIhadbeenbusythen,Iwouldhavehelpedyou.四四情态动词情态动词+havedonecouldhavedone本来可以本来可以-mighthavedone本来可能本来可能-should/oughttohavedone本来应该做本来应该做-shouldnt/ought
18、nottohavedone本不该做本不该做-你本不应该告诉她真相。你本不应该告诉她真相。Youshouldnthavetoldherthetruth.neednthavedone本不必做本不必做-比较：比较：didntneedtodo没必要做也没有做没必要做也没有做-我没必要擦窗户。我兄弟做了我没必要擦窗户。我兄弟做了Ididntneedtocleanthewindows.Mybrotherdidit.wouldhavedone本来会去做本来会去做-Ididnthaveenoughmoney,otherwiseIwouldhaveboughtthatbook.Choosethebestansw
19、er:1.Itisstrangethatthelittleboy_speaktwoforeignlanguages.A.couldb.canC.shouldD.would2.Hegaveordersthattheexperiment_before5:30pm.A.befinishedB.willfinishC.mustbefinished3.He_youmorehelp,eventhoughhewasverybusy.A,mighthavegivenB.mightgiveC.mayhavegiven4.WithouttheleadershipoftheParty,there_noNewChin
20、a.A.wouldbeB.hasbeenC.shouldbeD.was5.HeistalkingsomuchaboutAmericaasifhe_there.A.hadbeenB.hasbeenC.wasD.hasgone6.Theyoungmaninsistedthathe_nothingwrongand_free.A.did;setB.haddone;shouldbesetC.shoulddo;besetD.haddone;mustbeset7.Hadyoulistenedtothedoctor,you_allrightnow.A.areB.wereC.wouldbeD.wouldhavebeen8.You_comeearlier.Thebusleftamomentago.A.wouldB.shouldhaveC.mayD.have