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1、Chapter 6 MEMORY普通心理学专业课1永远的战士F49岁的健康、英俊的中年人F谈吐用现在时而非过去时F认为自己19岁，处于1945年F顺向性遗忘症（anterograde amnesia）对大脑受损之后的事件失去记忆F倒退性遗忘症（retrograde amnesia）2MemoryF记忆是人脑对过去经验的保持和提取3OutlinesFMemory and its Biological BasisFMemory and Information ProcessingFMemory as a Constructive and Reconstructive ProcessFRetriev
2、al and ForgettingFHow to Improving Memory?FChallenges to the Information-Processing Model41 The Nature of Memory51.1 Biological BasisF定位说F非定位说(脑均势说）F突触生长说F记忆分子说（DNA/RNA）F记忆的电生理基础（反响回路）F脑内代谢物与记忆61.2 Memory and Information Processing FSensory registersu不到1秒FShort-term memory(STM)/Working memoryu2030秒F
3、Long-term memory(LTM)u可毕生不忘7记忆的信息加工模型感觉登记STMLTM刺激注意精细复述提取遗忘?维持复述遗忘遗忘行为反应8Working MemoryFSTM,is also called working memory,it functions like a mental sketch pad on which people make mental notes,solve problems,and hold relevant information in consciousness for a brief period.FWorking memory can also
4、exist in LTM.91.3 Three changes of memory modelsFModules,a set of memory systems.FRemembering without involving retrieval into consciousness.FNot all information follows the path of the model,further,the model is not unidirectional.102 Sensory Registration112.1 The EvidenceFGeorge Sperlling(1960)Tac
5、histoscope:flashing for 15-500ms.FWhole report/P Partial reportLess than 4 of the 12 letters(33%)roughly 3 out of the 4 items(75%)Partial report design:focusing attention on one part of the image while it was still in iconic storage.12Partial Report视觉呈现音调指示反应M Q T Z高音R F G A中音N S L C低音低音N,S,L,C132.2
6、 RepresentationFMental representation 心理表征心理表征a mental model of a stimulus or category of stimuli.FSensory RepresentationFVerbal Representations14表象15Sensory RepresentationFIconic storageuFor a brief period after an image disappears from vision,people retain a mental image of what they have seen(Fol
7、ey&Mulhern,1991;Neisser,1967,1976)uThe duration of icons varies from approximately half a second to two seconds,depending on the individual,the content of the image,and the circumstances.uPresenting another image or even a flash of light directly after the first image disappears erases the original
8、icon.FEchoic storage uTwo types of echoic memory systems:speech/nonspeech sounds16Sensory RepresentationFMental manipulation(Kosslyn,1983;Tye,1991).FCooper&Shepard(1973):rotating of a capital RFPET scan studyFEidetic imagery/photographic memory17Verbal RepresentationFMultiple sensory and verbal repr
9、esentations=parallel processing of information by modules in the brain183 Short-Term MemoryFCharacteristics of STMFControlling Information in STM193.1 Characteristics of STMFActiveworkspace(Peterson&Peterson,1959)FRapidly accessedFPreserved in the sequence presentedFLimited in capacityMiller(1956):5
10、-9 itemsHermann Ebbinghaus(1885):uSeven-item limitunonsense syllables(pir,vup)FAVL,acoustic/verbal/linguisticuConrad(1964):V-B,U20 3.2 Controlling Information in STMFRehearsalMaintenance Rehearsal:repeating the information again and again to prevent it from fading.Elaborative rehearsal:Thinking abou
11、t,or elaborating,the information meaning while rehearsing.=transferring to LTM.FChunking21Miller(1956)：神奇的7+-2DJIBMNYSEWSJSECF因人、因事而异22ChunkingDJIBMNYSEWSJSECDJ IBM NYSE WSJ SECdj:Dow-jonesibm:International Business Machinesnyse:New York Stock Exchangewsj:Wall Street Journalsec:Securities and Exchan
12、ge Commission/Samsung Electronic Co.234 Long-Term MemoryFThe Serial Position EffectFLong-Term Memory SystemsFEncoding and LTMFHow Information Is Stored in LTMFHierarchical Organization of LTM244.1 The Serial Position EffectFFree recall tasksrecalling as many as possibleFSerial position effectuSs wer
13、e more likely to remember the earlier and later items on the list than the words in the middle(Atkinson&Schiffrin,1968).FPrimacy effect/Recency effectPrimacy-rehearsal:STM-LTMRecency-STM254.2 LTM systemFExplicit MemoryFImplicit Memory26Explicit MemoryFAlso called declarative memory,refers to knowled
14、ge that can be consciously brought to mind and d declared.Semantic memoryEpisodic memory(Tulving,1972,1983)uPersonal Event/Public Event(Weaver,1994)uFlashbulb memory27Implicit MemoryFCannot be brought to mind consciously but is expressed in behavior(Roediger,1990)Procedural memoryPriming effectsResu
15、lts of Conditioning28LTM SystemLTMExplicit MemoryImplicit MemoryEpisodic MemorySemanticMemoryProcedural MemoryPrimingEffectsResults ofConditioning29Priming EffectsFDefinition先前接触的相同或类似的信息，促进了新信息的加工Bowers&Schacter(1990)：24词的词表BEASONCHECKPENNYREADYCHEESEPENGUIN词干补词任务（12个老词干，63个新词干）词表用词量：控制组12，实验组30。30
16、4.3 Encoding and LTMFRehearsal and Levels of ProcessingFMultiple Representations and Representational ModesFMnemonic Devices31Rehearsal and Levels of ProcessingCraik&Lockhart(1972)Craik&Tulving(1975)FStructural Level(physical characteristics of the stimulus)FPhonemic Level(simple characteristics of
17、the language)FSemantic Level(meaning of the stimulus)32Representational ModesFPaivio(1975):Dual-code hypothesis斑马台灯，图片和文字，反应时F大多记忆内容以意义编码为主FBower(1972)对偶学习视觉表征与否（建立意义）记忆效果相差1.5倍33表象344.4 How Information Is Stored In LTMFNetworks of AssociationFNodeFHierarchical Network ModelQuillian(1968);Collins&Qu
18、illian(1969)FSpreading ActivationCollins&Loftus(1975)uStarting of Activation:perception&thoughtNisbett&Wilson(1977)uOcean-Moon Tide355 Memory as a Constructive&Reconstructive ProcessFFlashbulb memoriesFSchemas and the Construction of MemoryFSchemas in Eyewitness Testimony36Schemas and the Constructi
19、on of MemoryFSchema特定情境或方面的有关知识。它组织信息并且指导获得新的信息。FSchemas affect the way people rememberInfluencing codingu不同人的视角不同Influencing reconstruct data in memoryuSchemas and RetrievalDefault values/SlotsFrederic Bartlett(1932)37Memory and Eyewitness Testimony FLoftus,Elizabeth F(1975,1979)FLeading questions
20、and eyewitness reportFPresuppositionHow fast(stop sign)?Did you see a stop sign?F“11月7日你在干什么？”386 Retrieval and ForgettingFRecall/RecognitionTip-of-the-tongue phenomenon39Encoding Specificity PrincipleFTulving&Thompson(1973)编码和随后提取的方式匹配，影响记忆提取FRetrieval cuesContextsGodden&Baddeley(1975):DiversFState
21、-dependent memoryPhysical or emotional state can also provide retrieval cues40ForgettingFEbbinghaus(1885)forgetting curveFWhy do people forget?Decay TheoryInterference Theoryuproactive/retroactive interferenceMotivated forgetting(repression)uChildhood Amnesia417 How to Improving memory?FAttentionFEl
22、aboration and EncodingFChunking and Memory SpanFImagery and Encodingmethod of locipeg methods(mental pegs such as numbers)FContext and Retrieval PreactingFSQ3Rsurvey,question,read,recite,and review42Challenges to the Information-Processing ModelFComputers do not feel,wish,or desire.FThe role of consciousnessFThe external validity of experimental studyFThe role of cultural context of memory43