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1、1.A n d i t i s i m a g i n e d b y m a n y t h a t t h e operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes,and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.(93年考题）2.The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode
2、 of working of the human mind;it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation.（94年考题）第1页/共58页Part One 定语从句的译法一.前置法 第2页/共58页例1.The first method is to give a synonym,a word that has nearly the same meaning as the w o r d y o u w i s h t o d e f i
3、 n e:f a c e f o r c o u n t e n a n c e,n e r v o u s n e s s f o r a n x i e t y.例2.Behaviourists,in contrast,say that difference in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.(90年考题)第3页/共58页英语原文的定语从句翻译成
4、带“的”的定语词组,放置于被修饰的词之前。第4页/共58页例1 1.第一种方法是同义词法,即给出一个与要释义的 词 在 意 义 上 几 乎 相 同 的,如 用f f a a c c e e表 示c c o o u u n n t t e e n n a a n n c c e e,用 n n e e r r v v o o u u s s n n e e s s s s表示a a n n x x i i e e t t y y。例1.The first method is to give a synonym,a word that has nearly the same meaning as
5、the word you wish to define:face for countenance,nervousness for anxiety.第5页/共58页例2.Behaviourists,in contrast,say that difference in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.(90年考题)例2.相反,行为主义者认为,成绩的差异是由于
6、黑人常常被剥夺了白人在教育及其他外界环境方面所享有的许多有利条件而造成的。第6页/共58页二、后 置 法 把原文定语从句翻译成并列的分句,放置于它所修词的后面。例如：第7页/共58页例3.They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which,in the past,many Chinese have laid down their lives.他们正在为实现一个理想而努力,这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的,在过去,许多中国人曾为了这个理想而牺牲了自己的生命。第8页/共58
7、页 他他的的妻妻子子蓓蓓蒂蒂是是一一位位出出生生在在上上海海的的华华人人，八八岁岁离离开开中中国国，写写 过过 一一 本本 题题 为为月月 亮亮的的书书，记记述述她她妹妹妹妹姗姗姗姗在在中中国国的的生生活活。例4.His wife,Betty,is a Shanghai-born Chinese who left China at the age of eight,and whose book,“The Moon”,tells of her sister Sansans life in China.第9页/共58页对对英英语语中中有有些些兼兼有有状状语语从从句句职职能能的的定定语语从从句句,可
8、可翻翻译译成成汉汉语语中中相相应应的的偏偏正正复复合合句句。三、翻译成状语从句 第10页/共58页例5.He did not remember his father who died when he was three years old.他 不 记 得 他 父 亲 了,因 为 他 父 亲 死 时 他 才 三 岁。例6.Anyone who thinks that rational knowledge need not be d e r i v e d f r o m p e r c e p t u a l k n o w l e d g e i s a n i d e a l i s t.如
9、 果 认 为 理 性 知 识 不 必 由 感 性 知 识 得 来,那 他 就 是 一 个 唯 心 主 义 者。第11页/共58页 在办公室里在办公室里,工作人员将各种数据、表工作人员将各种数据、表格和信息加以汇编格和信息加以汇编,以便让经理或主管人员了以便让经理或主管人员了解他们的商店或工厂目前正在发生的情况。解他们的商店或工厂目前正在发生的情况。例7.In office,figures,lists and information are compiled which tell the managers or heads of the business what is happening in
10、 their shops or factories.(85年考题)第12页/共58页第13页/共58页一一.翻译成汉语的主动句翻译成汉语的主动句1.英语原文中的主语在译文中仍做主语。英语原文中的主语在译文中仍做主语。第14页/共58页例例1.Other questions will be discussed briefly.1.Other questions will be discussed briefly.其他问题将简单地加以讨论。其他问题将简单地加以讨论。第15页/共58页例2.Nuclear powers danger to health,safety,and even life it
11、self can be summed up in one w o r d:r a d i a t i o n.核核能能对对健健康康、安安全全，甚甚至至对对生生命命本本身身构构成成的的危危险险可可以以用用一一个个词词-辐辐射射来来概概括括。第16页/共58页2.例3.Television,it is often said,k e e p s o n e i n f o r m e d a b o u t current events,allows one to follow the latest developments in science and politics,and offers an
12、 endless series of p r o g r a m s w h i c h a r e b o t h instructive and entertaining.例4.It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years l a r g e l y d e t e r m i n e h i s c h a r a c t e r a n d l a t e r personality.第17页/共58页例3.Television,it is often said,keeps o
13、ne informed about current events,a l l o w s o n e t o f o l l o w t h e l a t e s t d e v e l o p m e n t s i n s c i e n c e a n d politics,and offers an endless series o f p r o g r a m s w h i c h a r e b o t h i n s t r u c t i v e a n d e n t e r t a i n i n g.人们常说，电视使人了解时事，熟悉科学政治领域的最新发展变化，并能源
14、源不断地为观众提供各种既有教育意义又有趣的节目。第18页/共58页例4.It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character a n d l a t e r p e r s o n a l i t y.人们普遍认为，孩子们的早年经历在很大程度上决定了他们的性格及其未来的人品。第19页/共58页将英语原文中的主语翻译为宾语，同时增补泛指性的词语（人们，大家等）作主语。可适用于这一翻译方法的常用结构：It is asserted th
15、at有人主张It is believed that有人认为It is generally considered that大家（一般人）认为It is well known that大家知道（众所周知）It will be said有人会说.It was told that有人曾经说.第20页/共58页3.将英语原文中做状语的介词 短语翻译成译文的主语。例如：第21页/共58页例 5.A n d i t i s i m a g i n e d b y m a n y t h a t t h e operations of the common mind can be by no means co
16、mpared with these processes,and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.(93年考题）许多人认为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比，而且认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门的训练才能掌握。第22页/共58页例 6.Great effort should be made to inform y o u n g p e o p l e e s p e c i a l l y t h e d r e a d f u l consequences of taking up the
17、habit.（82年考题）应该尽最大努力告诫年轻人吸烟的危害，特别是吸上烟瘾后的可怕后果。4.翻译成汉语的无主句。例如：第23页/共58页适用于此翻译方法的常用结构：I t i s h o p e d t h a t希望I t i s r e p o r t e d t h a t 据报道I t i s s a i d t h a t据说.I t i s s u p p o s e d t h a t 据推测It may be said without fear of exaggeration t h a t 可以毫不夸张地说I t m u s t b e a d m i t t e d t
18、h a t 必 须 承 认 I t m u s t b e p o i n t e d t h a t 必 须 指 出 It will be seen from this that 由 此 可 见 第24页/共58页例7.The decision to attack was not taken lightly.进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。5.翻译成带表语的主动句。例如：第25页/共58页例8.Early fires on the earth were certainly caused by nature,not by Man.地球上早期的火肯定是由大自然而不是人类引燃的。二 翻译成汉语的被动语态
19、。第26页/共58页例9.Over the years,tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.(95年考题）工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。第27页/共58页 第28页/共58页1.Researchers have established that when 1.Researchers have estab
20、lished that when people are mentally engaged,biochemical people are mentally engaged,biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive(act more effectively in cognitive(认 知 的认 知 的)areas such as attention and memory.)
21、areas such as attention and memory.1.研究人员证实人们在动脑筋时，头脑里会产生生化变化，使头脑在注意力和记忆力这类认知领域中更加有效地活动。第29页/共58页2.Too often we believe what accounts for others success is some special secret or a lucky b r e a k(机 遇).B u t r a r e l y i s s u c c e s s s o mysterious.2.我们常常相信别人的成功是由于某种特殊的奥秘或是由于某种机遇，但成功极少是如此神秘的。第30
22、页/共58页3.The door of this was always kept shut,but a broken window high in the wall was an i n v i t a t i o n t o a n y n o r m a l c a t.3.这里的门总是关着的，但是墙上方的那扇破窗户对于任何一只普通的猫来说的确是一种诱惑。第31页/共58页4.For the population as a whole,we 4.For the population as a whole,we m u s t b e m o r e c o n c e r n e d w
23、i t h t h e m u s t b e m o r e c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e delayed effects of absorbing small delayed effects of absorbing small amounts of the pesticidesamounts of the pesticides（杀虫剂）（杀虫剂）that that i n v i s i b l y p o l l u t e o u r w o r l d.i n v i s i b l y p o l l u t e o u r w o r l d.
24、4.从人口的总体考虑，我们必须更多的关注摄入少量的，在不知不觉中污染我们世界的杀虫剂所造成的延缓效应。第32页/共58页5.Ari s t ot l e,f or e xam pl e,w hos e nat ural 5.Ari s t ot l e,f or e xam pl e,w hos e nat ural science dominated western thought for two science dominated western thought for two thousand years,believed that man could thousand years,be
25、lieved that man could arrive at an understanding of reality by arrive at an understanding of reality by reasoning from self-evidentreasoning from self-evident（不证自明的，不言（不证自明的，不言而喻的）而喻的）principles.principles.5.以亚里士多德为例，他的自然科学思想统治了西方二千年。亚里士多德认为，人类可以通过不言而喻的法则进行推理来了解现实世界。第33页/共58页6.He still has the Purpl
26、e Heart awarded him after he was wounded,although he has h a d a d i f f i c u l t t i m e k e e p i n g i t.H i s girlfriends,explains the bachelor,have wanted to wear it.6.他仍保存着受伤之后被授予的紫心勋章，虽然有一阵差一点留不住它。这 位 单 身 汉 解 释 说，他 的 几 位 女 朋 友 都 曾 想 佩 戴 这 枚 勋 章。第34页/共58页7.In the developing country where a va
27、stly expanded population is pressing hard upon the limits of food,space and na t ura l re s ource s,i t w i l l b e t h e f i rs t concern of government to place a limit on the birth rate,whatever the consequences maybe.7.在发展中国家，无限膨胀的人口对有限的食品，空间和自然资源造成了巨大的压力，因此，政府的当务之急就是控制生育，无论其后果如何。第35页/共58页 8.New
28、safety rules were often introduced as a result of these inquires;however,the new rule;came too late to protect the people who died or who became seriously wounded.8.新的安全法规的提出往往是这些调查的结果，然而，新法规对于 保 护 那 些 已 经 死 亡 或 严 重 受 伤 的 人 来 说，是 来 的 太 迟 了。第36页/共58页9.Often however,the ambitions that parents have for
29、 their children are another cause of the division between them.Often they discover that they have very little in common with each other.9.然而父母对子女的期望过高往往也使两代人产生隔阂。他们常常感到彼此之间很少有共同之处。第37页/共58页10.These souvenir collectors chip off pieces of stone when the guards are not looking.This activity seems to be
30、 tolerated by other tourists standing nearby,as few complaints are ever recorded.10.这些纪念品收集者趁警卫没看见时敲掉一些石屑。旁观的旅游者似乎对此行为采取容忍态度，因为几乎没有什么人埋怨。第38页/共58页12.The creation of synthetic protein from petroleum to help feed men and cattle is high on the list of current oil c o m p a n y r e s e a r c h p r o j e
31、 c t s i n s o m e countries.12.从石油中制造蛋白质来为人类和牲畜提供食物，在某些国家已成为石油公司当前研究计划中的重要项目。第39页/共58页13.If you are interested in science,statistics,or e n g i n e e r i n g,w h i c h a r e b a s e d o n mathematics,you will need to be an expert in this field.13.如果你有志于科学，统计学或工程学等以数学为基础的学科，那你在数学方面也应是一个专家。第40页/共58页1
32、4.The problem has been how to make use of the tremendous power which the earth receives from the sun every day.14.地球每天都从太阳那里获得巨大的能量，问题是如何利用这些能量。第41页/共58页 1 5.B y e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n,i m a g i n a t i o n,a n d reasoning,mathematics are discovering new facts and ideas that science and engin
33、eering are using t o c h a n g e o u r c i v i l i z a t i o n.15.数学家们通过实验、想象和推理，正在不断发现各种新的论据和新的概念，以便供科学家们和工程师们用来改造我们的文明世界。第42页/共58页16.So my chances of getting to China are pretty slim,although I have not given up my efforts to get a passport that will enable me t o v i s i t t h e c o u n t r i e s
34、 o f s o c i a l i s m.16.因此，我到中国来的希望相当渺茫，虽然我并没有放弃努力来争取一张护照，以便访问社会主义国家。第43页/共58页17.It is not a place where anyone w o u l d p a r t i c u l a r l y e x p e c t t o s e e s t r a n g e r s o n t h e s t r e e t.17.这里，人们特别不容易在街上见到陌生人。第44页/共58页18.An observer watching the sky on any clear moonless night
35、 can easily observe streaks of light flashing across it every now and then.18.一位星空观察者在任何一个晴朗无月的夜空里，都能很清楚地观察到时而划过夜空中的光的条痕。第45页/共58页19.Had Kenneth Copley(肯尼斯.科普利)left his new play,Sunshine Charley,on his writing desk rather than allowing it to be brought to the stage,he would have been d o i n g t h e
36、 a t e r-g o e r s a f a v o r.19.假如肯尼斯.科普利把他的新剧本，欢乐的查理丢在案头，而不是准其上演的话，那他就是在为常去看剧的人作件大好事。第46页/共58页20.The problem of air pollution is not easy to solve,but more will have to be done to prevent the poisoning of the air we all must breathe.20.空气污染问题是不易解决的，但为了防止我们大家所必须呼吸的空气被毒化，必须做更多的努力。第47页/共58页21.Withou
37、t any preliminary talk and quite 21.Without any preliminary talk and quite suddenly and abruptly,he had told her that suddenly and abruptly,he had told her that he was a victim of heart disease and might he was a victim of heart disease and might die at any moment.die at any moment.21.他未经任何预先透露，而且十分
38、突然和生硬地告诉她说他患了心脏病，并且可能随时离开人世。第48页/共58页22.The accuracy of scientific observations and calculations is always at the mercy of the scientists time-keeping method.For this reason,scientists are interested in devices that give promise of more precise time-keeping.22.科学观察和计算上的精确性总是受制于科学家使用的计时方法。因此，科学家们对那些能
39、更精确计时的仪器情有独钟。第49页/共58页23.It was not yet eleven oclock when a 23.It was not yet eleven oclock when a b o a t c r o s s e d t h e r i v e r w i t h a s i n g l e b o a t c r o s s e d t h e r i v e r w i t h a s i n g l e p a s s e n g e r w h o h a d o b t a i n e d h i s p a s s e n g e r w h o h a
40、d o b t a i n e d h i s transportation at that unusual hour by transportation at that unusual hour by p r o m i s i n g a n e x t r a f a r e.p r o m i s i n g a n e x t r a f a r e.23.快到（夜间）十一点钟时，一只小船只载着一位乘客渡河，这位乘客答应在这非常的时候多付 船 费 才 得 以 乘 船 过 河。第50页/共58页24.Since families have similar genes as well a
41、s similar environment,familiar diseases could be due to shared genetic influences,to shared environmental factors,or to both.24.由于家族具有相似基因，又具有相似的生活环境，家族遗传疾病可能归因于基因的影响或环境因素，或两者兼而有之。第51页/共58页2 5.A n o t e d s c i e n t i s t,E l l s w o r t h Huntington(1876-1937)(艾尔沃斯.亨廷顿),concluded from other mans w
42、ork and his own among peoples in different climates that climate and temperature have a definite e f f e c t o n o u r m e n t a l a b i l i t i e s.25.著名科学家艾尔沃斯.亨廷顿（1876-1937）从他人的研究工作中以及他自己对生活在不同气候条件下的民族的研究中得出结论：气候和气温对人们的智力有一定的影响。第52页/共58页27.The latter ignores the higher cost of 27.The latter ignor
43、es the higher cost of providing full services to a scattered providing full services to a scattered community and both money and time of community and both money and time of j o u r n e y s t o w o r k f o r t h e s u b u r b a n j o u r n e y s t o w o r k f o r t h e s u b u r b a n resident.resid
44、ent.27.后者忽视了向分散居住的社区提供充分的服务需要较高的花费，以及郊区居民上下班既费钱又费时间。第53页/共58页28.Like most people,I was brought up to 28.Like most people,I was brought up to look upon life as a process of getting.It look upon life as a process of getting.It was not until in my late thirties that I was not until in my late thirties
45、that I made this important discovery:giving-made this important discovery:giving-away makes life so much more exciting.away makes life so much more exciting.28.像大多数人一样，我受到的教育是把生活看成是一个“索取”的过程，直到我 三 十 八 九 岁 时 我 才 得 到 一 个 重 要 的 发 现：“给 予”使 生 活 更 加 激 动 人 心。第54页/共58页29.There is no doubt that many similar
46、29.There is no doubt that many similar scientific and technological developments scientific and technological developments will have taken place by the time the writers will have taken place by the time the writers o f t h e 2030s s i t d o w n t o l o o k f o rw a rd o f t h e 2030s s i t d o w n t
47、 o l o o k f o rw a rd another 50 years to speculate on life in the another 50 years to speculate on life in the 2080s.2080s.29.无疑，许多类似的科学和技术发展将在二十一世纪三十年代发生，那时候的作家们坐下来讨论并展望再过五十年，即二十 一 世 纪 八 十 年 代 的 生 活 情 景。第55页/共58页30.On the Thursday after that she went out 30.On the Thursday after that she went out
48、 at her usual time,dressed as usual,but she at her usual time,dressed as usual,but she didnt go to the club.Instead she took a didnt go to the club.Instead she took a short cut home again,letting herself in short cut home again,letting herself in t h roug h h e r g a rd e n a nd t h e b a ck d oor.t h roug h h e r g a rd e n a nd t h e b a ck d oor.30.此后的那个星期四，她又在同样的时间，与往常一样的穿着出去了。但她这次没 有 去 俱 乐 部，而 是 抄 近 路，穿 过 自 家 的 花 园，从 后 门 又 回 到 了 家 里。第56页/共58页第57页/共58页感谢您的观看。第58页/共58页