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1、大学英语四级考试大学英语四级考试翻译的复习和应试翻译的复习和应试l基础部外语教研室基础部外语教研室l 刘娜刘娜l 二二0000二二.六六.六六1.And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes,and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.(93年 考 题）l 2.The method of scientific investigat
2、ion is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind;it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about a n d g i v e n p r e c i s e a n d e x a c t e x p l a n a t i o n.（9 4年年 考考 题题）Part One 定语从句的译法一.前置法 例 1.The first method is to give a synonym,a word
3、 that has nearly the same meaning as the word you wish to define:face for countenance,n e r v o u s n e s s f o r a n x i e t y.例2.Behaviourists,in contrast,say that difference in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages
4、that whites enjoy.(90年考题)英语原文的定语从句翻译成带“的”的定语词组,放置于被修饰的词之前。l例例1 1.第第一一种种方方法法是是同同义义词词法法,即即给给出出一一个个与与要要释释义义的的词词在在意意义义上上几几乎乎相相同同的的,如如 用用f fa ac ce e表表 示示c co ou un nt te en na an nc ce e,用用n ne er rv vo ou us sn ne es ss s表表 示示a an nx xi ie et ty y。例1.The first method is to give a synonym,a word that ha
5、s nearly the same meaning as the word you wish to define:face for countenance,nervousness for anxiety.例2.Behaviourists,in contrast,say that difference in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites e n j o y.(9 0
6、年考题)l例2.相反,行为主义者认为,成绩的差异是由于黑人常常被剥夺了白人在教育及其他外界环境方面所享有的许多有利条件而造成的。二、后二、后 置置 法法 把原文定语从句翻译把原文定语从句翻译成并列的分句成并列的分句,放置于它所修词的后面。例如：放置于它所修词的后面。例如：例3.They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which,in the past,many Chinese have l a i d d o w n t h e i r l i v e s.他们正在
7、为实现一个理想而努力,这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的,在过去,许多中国人曾为了这个理想而牺牲了自己的生命。l 他他的的妻妻子子蓓蓓蒂蒂是是一一位位出出生生在在上上海海的的华华人人，八八岁岁离离开开中中国国，写写过过一一本本题题为为月月亮亮的的书书，记记述述她她 妹妹 妹妹 姗姗 姗姗 在在 中中 国国 的的 生生 活活。例4.His wife,Betty,is a Shanghai-born Chinese who left China at the age of eight,and whose book,“The Moon”,tells of her sister Sansans life i
8、n China.l对对英英语语中中有有些些兼兼有有状状语语从从句句职职能能的的定定语语从从句句,可可翻翻译译成成汉汉语语 中中 相相 应应 的的 偏偏 正正 复复 合合 句句。三、翻译成状语从句三、翻译成状语从句 例例5.He did not remember his father who died when he was three years old.他他不不记记得得他他父父亲亲了了,因因为为他他父父亲亲死死时时他他才才三三岁岁。l例例6.Anyone who thinks that rational knowledge need not be derived from perceptua
9、l knowledge is an idealist.l l 如如果果认认为为理理性性知知识识不不必必由由感感性性知知识识得得来来,那那 他他 就就 是是 一一 个个 唯唯 心心 主主 义义 者者。l l 在办公室里在办公室里,工作人员将各种数据、表格工作人员将各种数据、表格和信息加以汇编和信息加以汇编,以便让经理或主管人员了解以便让经理或主管人员了解他们的商店或工厂目前正在发生的情况。他们的商店或工厂目前正在发生的情况。例7.In office,figures,lists and information are compiled which tell the managers or head
10、s of the business what is happening in their shops or factories.(85年考题)一一.翻译成汉语的主动句翻译成汉语的主动句l1.英语原文中的主语在译文中仍做主语。英语原文中的主语在译文中仍做主语。例1.Other questions will be discussed briefly.l 其他问题将简单地加以讨论。其他问题将简单地加以讨论。例2.Nuclear powers danger to health,safety,and even life itself can be summed up in o n e w o r d:r
11、 a d i a t i o n.l 核核能能对对健健康康、安安全全，甚甚至至对对生生命命本本身身构构成成的的危危险险可可以以用用一一个个词词-辐辐射射来来概概括括。2.例3.Television,it is often said,keeps one informed about current events,allows one to follow the latest developments in science and politics,and offers an endless series of programs which are both instructive and ent
12、ertaining.l例例4.It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character and later personality.例3.Television,it is often said,keeps one informed about current events,allows one to follow the latest developments in science and politics,and offers an
13、 endless series of programs which are both instructive and entertaining.l人们常说人们常说，电视使人了解时事，熟电视使人了解时事，熟悉科学政治领域的最新发展变化，悉科学政治领域的最新发展变化，并能源源不断地为观众提供各种既并能源源不断地为观众提供各种既有教育意义又有趣的节目。有教育意义又有趣的节目。例4.It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character a
14、nd later personality.l人们普遍认为人们普遍认为，孩子们的早年经历在很大程度上决定了他们的性格及其未来的人品。将英语原文中的主语翻译为宾语，同时增补泛指性的词语（人们，大家等）作主语。l可适用于这一翻译方法的常用结构：可适用于这一翻译方法的常用结构：lIt is asserted that有人主张有人主张lIt is believed that有人认为有人认为lIt is generally considered that大家（一大家（一般人）认为般人）认为lIt is well known that大家知道（众所大家知道（众所周知）周知）lIt will be said有
15、人会说有人会说.lIt was told that有人曾经说有人曾经说.3.将英语原文中做状语的介词 短语翻译成译文的主语。例如：例5.And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes,and that they have to be acquired by a sort of s pec i al t r ai ni ng.(93年 考 题）l许多人认为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比，而且认为这些
16、思维过程必须经过某种专门的训练才能掌握。l例6.Great effort should be made to inform young people especially the dreadful consequences of taking up the h a b i t.（8 2年 考 题）l 应该尽最大努力告诫年轻人吸烟的危害，特别是吸上烟瘾后的可怕后果。4.翻译成汉语的无主句。例如：适适 用用 于于 此此 翻翻 译译 方方 法法 的的 常常 用用 结结 构构：I t i s h o p e d t h a t 希望It is reported that据 报 道I t i s s a
17、 i d t h a t 据说.It is supposed that据 推 测 It may be said without fear of exaggeration t h a t 可 以 毫 不 夸 张 地 说It must be admitted that必须承认 It must be pointed that必须指出 It will be seen from this that由此可见l例7.The decision to attack was not taken lightly.l进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。5.翻译成带表语的主动句。例如：l例例8.Early fires on th
18、e earth were certainly caused by nature,not by Man.l地球上早期的火肯定是由大自然而不是地球上早期的火肯定是由大自然而不是人类引燃的。人类引燃的。二 翻译成汉语的被动语态。例 9.Over the years,tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.(95年考题）l工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源工具和技术本身作
19、为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被科学史学家泉多年来在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。和科学思想家们忽视了。1.Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged,biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive(l1.研究研究人人员证实员证实人人们们在在动脑动脑筋筋时时，头脑头脑里会里会产产生生化生生化变变化，使化，使头脑头脑在注意力和在注意力和记忆记忆力力这类认这类
20、认知知领领域域中更加有效地活中更加有效地活动动。2.Too often we believe what accounts for others success is some special secret or a lucky break(机机 遇遇).But rarely is success so mysterious.l2.我我们们常常常常相相信信别别人人的的成成功功是是由由于于某某种种特特殊殊的的奥奥秘秘或或是是由由于于某某种种机机遇遇，但但 成成 功功 极极 少少 是是 如如 此此 神神 秘秘 的的。3.The door of this was always kept shut,bu
21、t a broken window high in the wall was an invitation to any normal cat.l3.这这里里的的门门总总是是关关着着的的，但但是是墙墙上上方方的的那那扇扇破破窗窗户户对对于于任任何何一一只只普普通通 的的 猫猫 来来说说的的 确确 是是 一一 种种诱诱惑惑。4.For the population as a w h o l e,w e m u s t b e m o r e concerned with the delayed effects of absorbing small amounts of the pesticides
22、（杀杀虫虫剂剂）that invisibly pollute our world.l4.从从人人口口的的总总体体考考虑虑，我我们们必必须须更更多多的的关关注注摄摄入入少少量量的的，在在不不知知不不觉觉中中污污染染我我们们世世界界的的杀杀虫虫剂剂所所造造成成的的延延缓缓效效应应。5.Aristotle,for example,whose natural science dominated western thought for two thousand years,believed that man could arrive at an understanding of reality by r
23、easoning from self-evident（不不证证自自明明的的，不不言言而而喻喻的的）principles.l5.以以亚亚里里士士多多德德为为例例，他他的的自自然然科科学学思思想想统统治治了了西西方方二二千千年年。亚亚里里士士多多德德认认为为，人人类类可可以以通通过过不不言言而而喻喻的的法法则则进进行行推推理理来来了了解解现现实实世世界界。6.He still has the Purple Heart awarded him after he was wounded,although he has had a difficult time keeping it.His girlfr
24、iends,explains the bachelor,have wanted to wear it.l6.他仍保存着受伤之后被授予的紫心勋章，虽然有一阵差一点留不住它。这位单身汉解释说，他的几位女朋友 都 曾 想 佩 戴这枚勋章。7.In the developing country where a vastly expanded population is pressing hard upon the limits of food,space and natural resources,it will be the first concern of government to place
25、a limit on the b i r t h r a t e,w h a t e v e r t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s m a y b e.l7.在发展中国家，无限膨胀的人口对有限的食品，空间和自然资源造成了巨大的压力，因此，政府的当务之急就是控制生育，无论其后果如何。8.New safety rules were often introduced as a result of these inquires;however,the new rule;came too late to protect the people who died or who be
26、came seriously wounded.l8.新的安全法规的提出往往是这些调查的结果，然而，新法规对于保护那些已经死亡或严重受伤的 人 来说，是 来 的 太迟了。9.Often however,the ambitions that parents have for their children are another cause of the division between them.Often they discover that they have very little in common with each other.l9.然然而而父父母母对对子子女女的的期期望望过过高高往往
27、往往也也使使两两代代人人产产生生隔隔阂阂。他他们们常常常常感感到到彼彼此此之之间间很很少少有有共共同同之之处处。10.These souvenir collectors chip off pieces of stone when the guards are not looking.This activity seems to be tolerated by other tourists standing nearby,as few complaints a r e e v e r r e c o r d e d.l10.这这些些纪纪念品收集者趁警念品收集者趁警卫卫没看没看见时见时敲敲掉一些石
28、屑。旁掉一些石屑。旁观观的旅游者似乎的旅游者似乎对对此行此行为为采取容忍采取容忍态态度，因度，因为为几乎没有什么人几乎没有什么人埋怨。埋怨。12.The creation of synthetic protein from petroleum to help feed men and cattle is high on the list of current oil company research projects in some countries.l12.从石油中制造蛋白从石油中制造蛋白质质来来为为人人类类和牲畜和牲畜提供食物，在某些国家已成提供食物，在某些国家已成为为石油公司石油公司当
29、前研究当前研究计计划中的重要划中的重要项项目。目。1 3.I f y o u a r e i n t e r e s t e d i n science,statistics,or engineering,which are based on mathematics,you will need t o b e a n e x p e r t i n t h i s f i e l d.l13.如如果果你你有有志志于于科科学学，统统计计学学或或工工程程学学等等以以数数学学为为基基础础的的学学科科，那那你你在在 数数 学学 方方 面面 也也应应是是 一一 个个专专家家。14.The problem
30、 has been how to make use of the tremendous power which the earth receives f r o m t h e s u n e v e r y d a y.l14.地球每天都从太阳那里地球每天都从太阳那里获获得巨大的得巨大的能量，能量，问题问题是如何利用是如何利用这这些能量。些能量。15.By experimentation,imagination,and reasoning,mathematics are discovering new facts and ideas that science and engineering
31、are using to change our civilization.l15.数学家数学家们们通通过实验过实验、想象和推理，、想象和推理，正在不断正在不断发现发现各种新的各种新的论论据和新的概据和新的概念，以便供科学家念，以便供科学家们们和工程和工程师师们们用来用来改造我改造我们们的文明世界。的文明世界。16.So my chances of getting to China are pretty slim,although I have not given up my efforts to get a passport that will enable me to visit the c
32、 o u n t r i e s o f s o c i a l i s m.l16.因因此此，我我到到中中国国来来的的希希望望相相当当渺渺茫茫，虽虽然然我我并并没没有有放放弃弃努努力力来来争争取取一一张张护护照照，以以 便便访访 问问社社 会会 主主义义国国 家家。17.It is not a place where anyone would particularly expect to see s t r a n g e r s o n t h e s t r e e t.l17.这这里，人里，人们们特特别别不容易在街上不容易在街上见见到到陌生人。陌生人。18.An observer wa
33、tching the sky on any clear moonless night can easily observe streaks of light flashing across it every now and then.l18.一位星空一位星空观观察者在任何一个晴朗无察者在任何一个晴朗无月的夜空里，都能很清楚地月的夜空里，都能很清楚地观观察到察到时时而划而划过过夜空中的光的条痕。夜空中的光的条痕。19.Had Kenneth Copley(肯肯尼尼斯斯.科科普普 利利)left his new play,Sunshine Charley,on his writing desk r
34、ather than allowing it to be brought to the stage,he would have been doing t h e a t e r-g o e r s a f a v o r.l19.假如肯尼斯假如肯尼斯.科普利把他的新科普利把他的新剧剧本，本，欢乐欢乐的的查查理理丢丢在案在案头头，而，而不是准其上演的不是准其上演的话话，那他就是在，那他就是在为为常去看常去看剧剧的人作件大好事。的人作件大好事。20.The problem of air pollution is not easy to solve,but more will have to be
35、done to prevent the poisoning of the air we all must breathe.l20.空空气气污污染染问问题题是是不不易易解解决决的的，但但为为了了防防止止我我们们大大家家所所必必须须呼呼吸吸的的空空气气被被毒毒 化化，必必须须做做 更更 多多 的的 努努 力力。21.Without any preliminary talk and quite suddenly and abruptly,he had told her that he was a victim of heart disease and might die at any moment.
36、l21.他未他未经经任何任何预预先透露，而且十分突先透露，而且十分突然和生硬地告然和生硬地告诉诉她她说说他患了心他患了心脏脏病，病，并且可能随并且可能随时时离开人世。离开人世。22.The accuracy of scientific observations and calculations is always at the mercy of the scientists time-keeping method.For this reason,scientists are interested in devices that give promise of more p r e c i s
37、e t i m e-k e e p i n g.l22.科学科学观观察和察和计计算上的精确性算上的精确性总总是受是受制于科学家使用的制于科学家使用的计时计时方法。因此，方法。因此，科学家科学家们对们对那些能更精确那些能更精确计时计时的的仪仪器器情有独情有独钟钟。23.It was not yet eleven oclock when a boat crossed the river with a single passenger who had obtained his transportation at that unusual hour by p r o m i s i n g a n e
38、 x t r a f a r e.l23.快快到到（夜夜间间）十十一一点点钟钟时时，一一只只小小船船只只载载着着一一位位乘乘客客渡渡河河，这这位位乘乘客客答答应应在在这这非非常常的的时时候候多多付付船船费费才才 得得 以以 乘乘 船船过过河河。24.Since families have similar genes as well as similar environment,familiar diseases could be due to shared genetic influences,to shared environmental factors,or to both.l 24.由由
39、于于家家族族具具有有相相似似基基因因，又又具具有有相相似似的的生生活活环环境境，家家族族遗遗传传疾疾病病可可能能归归因因于于基基因因的的 影影 响响 或或环环境境 因因 素素，或或 两两 者者 兼兼 而而 有有 之之。25.A noted scientist,Ellsworth Huntington(1876-1937)(l25.著名科学家艾著名科学家艾尔尔沃斯沃斯.亨廷亨廷顿顿（1876-1937）从他人的研究工作中以及他自己）从他人的研究工作中以及他自己对对生活在不同气候条件下的民族的研究生活在不同气候条件下的民族的研究中得出中得出结论结论：气候和气温：气候和气温对对人人们们的智力的智力有
40、一定的影响。有一定的影响。27.The latter ignores the higher cost of providing full services to a scattered community and both money and time of journeys to work f o r t h e s u b u r b a n r e s i d e n t.l27.后后者者忽忽视视了了向向分分散散居居住住的的社社区区提提供供充充分分的的服服务务需需要要较较高高的的花花费费，以以及及郊郊区区 居居 民民 上上 下下 班班 既既费费 钱钱又又费费 时时 间间。28.Like
41、most people,I was brought up to look upon life as a process of getting.It was not until in my late thirties that I made this important discovery:giving-away makes life s o m u c h m o r e e x c i t i n g.l28.像像大大多多数数人人一一样样，我我受受到到的的教教育育是是把把生生活活看看成成是是一一个个“索索 取取”的的过过程程，直直到到我我三三十十八八九九岁岁时时我我才才得得到到一一个个重重要
42、要的的发发现现：“给给予予”使使 生生 活活 更更 加加 激激动动人人 心心。29.There is no doubt that many similar s c i e n t i f i c a n d t e c h n o l o g i c a l developments will have taken place by the time the writers of the 2030s sit down to look forward another 50 years to speculate on life in the 2080s.l29.无无疑疑，许许多多类类似似的的科科学
43、学和和技技术术发发展展将将在在二二十十一一世世纪纪三三十十年年代代发发生生，那那时时候候的的作作家家们们坐坐下下来来讨讨论论并并展展望望再再过过五五十十年年，即即二二十十一一 世世纪纪八八 十十 年年 代代 的的 生生 活活 情情 景景。30.On the Thursday after that she went out at her usual time,dressed as usual,but she didnt go to the club.Instead she took a short cut home again,letting herself in through her g a r d e n a n d t h e b a c k d o o r.l30.此此后后的的那那个个星星期期四四，她她又又在在同同样样的的时时间间，与与往往常常一一样样的的穿穿着着出出去去了了。但但她她这这次次没没有有去去俱俱乐乐部部，而而是是抄抄近近路路，穿穿过过自自家家的的花花 园园，从从 后后门门又又 回回 到到 了了 家家 里里。