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1、Watch the video clip and answer the following questions.1.Why does the teacher include a painting which is not on their syllabus?Pre-reading Activities-Audiovisual supplement 1Audiovisual SupplementCultural InformationShe wants to teach her students how to think independently.The new syllabus will b
2、e about what art is,what makes it good or bad,and who decides.2.What is the new syllabus for their art of history class?第1页/共160页Pre-reading Activities-Audiovisual supplement 2Audiovisual SupplementCultural Information第2页/共160页Betty Warren:What is that?Katherine Watson:You tell me.Carcass by Soutine
3、.1925.An anonymous student:It is not on the syllabus.Katherine:No,its not.Is it any good?En?Come on,ladies!There is no wrong answer.There is also no textbook telling you what to think.Its not that easy,is it?Betty:All right.No,it is not good.In fact,I wouldnt even call it art.Its grotesque.Connie Ba
4、ker:Is there a rule against being grotesque?Giselle Levy:I think there is something aggressive about it.And erotic.Video Script1Audiovisual SupplementCultural InformationFrom Mona Lisa Smile第3页/共160页Video Script2Audiovisual SupplementCultural InformationBetty:To you,everything is erotic.Giselle:And
5、everything is erotic.Katherine:Girls.The anonymous student:Arent there standards?Betty:Of course there are.Otherwise a tacky velvet painting could be equated to Rembrandt.Connie:My uncle Firdie has two tacky velvet paintings.He loves those clones.Betty:There are standards,technique,composition,color
6、,even subjects.So if youre suggesting that rotted side of meat is art,much less good art.Then what are we going to learn?第4页/共160页Video Script3Audiovisual SupplementCultural InformationKatherine:Just that.You have outlined our new syllabus,Betty.Thank you.What is art?What makes it good or bad?And wh
7、o decides?Next slide,please.Twenty-five years ago,someone thought this was brilliant.Connie:I can see that.Betty:Who?Katherine:My mother,I painted it for her birthday.Next slide.This is my Mum.Is it art?The anonymous student:It is a snapshot.Katherine:If I told you Ansel Adams had taken it,would tha
8、t make a difference?第5页/共160页Video Script4Audiovisual SupplementCultural InformationBetty:Art isnt art until someone says it is.Katherine:Its art!Betty:The right people.Katherine:Who are they?Giselle:Betty Warren.We are so lucky we have one of them right here.Betty:Screw you.Katherine:Could you go b
9、ack to the Soutine please?第6页/共160页lNumerous studies of college classrooms reveal that,rather than actively involving our students in learning,we lecture,even though lectures are not nearly as effective as other means for developing cognitive skills.lCritical thinking the capacity to evaluate skillf
10、ully and fairly the quality of evidence and detect error,hypocrisy,manipulation,dissembling,and bias is central to both personal success and national needs.lThe teacher who fosters critical thinking fosters reflectiveness in students by asking questions that stimulate thinking essential to the const
11、ruction of knowledge.Cultural information 1Audiovisual SupplementCultural InformationCritical Thinking第7页/共160页Global Reading-Main idea 1Text AnalysisStructural AnalysisFor all the things we may learn from the world we are living in,there are three major categories.lThe first category is“information
12、”,which consists of simple facts and direct impressions.lThe second category is commonly deemed as“knowledge”,which is information processed and systemized.lThe third category is“wisdom”,which is the hardest to define.We are quite clear about its superiority to the previous two categories,yet for th
13、e realm of wisdom there has never been a sure path.However,in this excerpt,Russell has shown us a way to approach wisdom.Rhetorical Features第8页/共160页Global Reading-Main idea 2Text AnalysisStructural AnalysisIn a very logical order,he gives four features of wisdom,from which we learn that wisdom is a
14、 clever use of knowledge for noble purposes.Rhetorical Features第9页/共160页Structural analysis 1Text AnalysisStructural AnalysisThe text is neatly structured,with the first paragraph introducing the topic and the other four paragraphs elaborating on it.Each of the four paragraphs discusses one factor t
15、hat contributes to wisdom.Of these I should put first a sense of proportion:the capacity to take account of all the important factors in a problem and to attach to each its due weight.The topic sentence of Paragraphs 2-5:Paragraph 2:Rhetorical Features第10页/共160页Structural analysis 2Text AnalysisStru
16、ctural AnalysisThere must be,also,a certain awareness of the ends of human life.Paragraph 3:It is needed in the choice of ends to be pursued and in emancipation from personal prejudice.Paragraph 4:I think the essence of wisdom is emancipation,as far as possible,from the tyranny of the here and now.P
17、aragraph 5:Rhetorical Features第11页/共160页Structural analysis 3Text AnalysisStructural AnalysisFactors that constitute wisdom:l comprehensiveness mixed with a sense of proportion;l a full awareness of the goals of human life;l understanding;l impartiality.Rhetorical Features第12页/共160页Rhetorical Featur
18、es 1Text AnalysisStructural AnalysisRhetorical Features In this essay,parallelism is employed,apart from other rhetoric devices.Here is an example:“But it is possible to make a continual approach towards impartiality,on the one hand,by knowing things somewhat remote in time or space,and on the other
19、 hand,by giving to such things their due weight in our feelings.”The underlined parts in the quoted sentence constitute equivalent syntactic constructions,thus making the expression more forceful.Parallelism can also be used to convey ones ideas more clearly and create a sense of order and proportio
20、n.第13页/共160页Rhetorical Features 2Text AnalysisStructural AnalysisRhetorical Features Other examples of parallelism in the essay:enormously lowering the infant death-rate,not only in Europe and America,but also in Asia and Africa.(Paragraph 2)This has the entirely unintended result of making the food
21、 supply inadequate and lowering the standard of life in the most populous parts of the world.(Paragraph 2)Perhaps one could stretch the comprehensiveness that constitutes wisdom to include not only intellect but also feeling.(Paragraph 3)第14页/共160页Rhetorical Features 3Text AnalysisStructural Analysi
22、sRhetorical FeaturesIt is by no means uncommon to find men whose knowledge is wide but whose feelings are narrow.(Paragraph 3)It is not only in public ways,but in private life equally,that wisdom is needed.(Paragraph 4)第15页/共160页 Most people would agree that,although our age far surpasses all previo
23、us ages in knowledge,there has been no correlative increase in wisdom.But agreement ceases as soon as we attempt to define“wisdom”and consider means of promoting it.I want to ask first what wisdom is,and then what can be done to teach it.Bertrand RussellKnowledge and Wisdom(abridged)Detailed reading
24、1Detailed Reading1第16页/共160页Detailed reading2Detailed Reading There are,I think,several factors that contribute to wisdom.Of these I should put first a sense of proportion:the capacity to take account of all the important factors in a problem and to attach to each its due weight.This has become more
25、 difficult than it used to be owing to the extent and complexity of the specialized knowledge required of various kinds of technicians.Suppose,for example,that you are engaged in research in scientific medicine.The work is difficult and is likely to absorb the whole of your intellectual energy.You h
26、ave not time to consider the effect which your discoveries or inventions2第17页/共160页Detailed reading3Detailed Readingmay have outside the field of medicine.You succeed(let us say),as modern medicine has succeeded,in enormously lowering the infant death-rate,not only in Europe and America,but also in
27、Asia and Africa.This has the entirely unintended result of making the food supply inadequate and lowering the standard of life in the most populous parts of the world.To take an even more spectacular example,which is in everybodys mind at the present time:You study the composition of the atom from a
28、 disinterested desire for knowledge,and incidentally第18页/共160页Detailed reading4Detailed Readingplace in the hands of powerful lunatics the means of destroying the human race.In such ways the pursuit of knowledge may become harmful unless it is combined with wisdom;and wisdom in the sense of comprehe
29、nsive vision is not necessarily present in specialists in the pursuit of knowledge.第19页/共160页Detailed reading5Detailed Reading Comprehensiveness alone,however,is not enough to constitute wisdom.There must be,also,a certain awareness of the ends of human life.This may be illustrated by the study of h
30、istory.Many eminent historians have done more harm than good because they viewed facts through the distorting medium of their own passions.Hegel had a philosophy of history which did not suffer from any lack of comprehensiveness,since it started from the earliest times and continued into an indefini
31、te future.But the chief lesson of history which he sought to inculcate was that from the year 400AD3第20页/共160页Detailed reading6Detailed Readingdown to his own time Germany had been the most important nation and the standard-bearer of progress in the world.Perhaps one could stretch the comprehensiven
32、ess that constitutes wisdom to include not only intellect but also feeling.It is by no means uncommon to find men whose knowledge is wide but whose feelings are narrow.Such men lack what I call wisdom.第21页/共160页Detailed reading7Detailed Reading It is not only in public ways,but in private life equal
33、ly,that wisdom is needed.It is needed in the choice of ends to be pursued and in emancipation from personal prejudice.Even an end which it would be noble to pursue if it were attainable may be pursued unwisely if it is inherently impossible of achievement.Many men in past ages devoted their lives to
34、 a search for the philosophers stone and the elixir of life.No doubt,if they could have found them,they would have conferred great benefits upon mankind,but as it was their lives were wasted.4第22页/共160页Detailed reading8Detailed ReadingTo descend to less heroic matters,consider the case of two men,Mr
35、.A and Mr.B,who hate each other and,through mutual hatred,bring each other to destruction.Suppose you go to Mr.A and say,“Why do you hate Mr.B?”He will no doubt give you an appalling list of Mr.Bs vices,partly true,partly false.And now suppose you go to Mr.B.He will give you an exactly similar list
36、of Mr.As vices with an equal admixture of truth and falsehood.Suppose you now come back to Mr.A and say,“You will be surprised to learn that Mr.B says the same things about you as you say about him”,and you go to Mr.B and make a similar speech.第23页/共160页Detailed reading9Detailed ReadingThe first eff
37、ect,no doubt,will be to increase their mutual hatred,since each will be so horrified by the others injustice.But perhaps,if you have sufficient patience and sufficient persuasiveness,you may succeed in convincing each that the other has only the normal share of human wickedness,and that their enmity
38、 is harmful to both.If you can do this,you will have instilled some fragments of wisdom.第24页/共160页Detailed reading10Detailed Reading I think the essence of wisdom is emancipation,as far as possible,from the tyranny of the here and now.We cannot help the egoism of our senses.Sight and sound and touch
39、 are bound up with our own bodies and cannot be impersonal.Our emotions start similarly from ourselves.An infant feels hunger or discomfort,and is unaffected except by his own physical condition.Gradually with the years,his horizon widens,and,in proportion as his thoughts and feelings become less pe
40、rsonal and less concerned with his own physical states,5第25页/共160页Detailed reading11Detailed Readinghe achieves growing wisdom.This is of course a matter of degree.No one can view the world with complete impartiality;and if anyone could,he would hardly be able to remain alive.But it is possible to m
41、ake a continual approach towards impartiality,on the one hand,by knowing things somewhat remote in time or space,and on the other hand,by giving to such things their due weight in our feelings.It is this approach towards impartiality that constitutes growth in wisdom.第26页/共160页Is there any orthodox
42、definition of wisdom?Detailed reading1-Quesion 1No.There is disagreement over what wisdom is.Detailed Reading第27页/共160页Detailed reading1-Quesion 2What does the writer try to illustrate by the examples of research in medicine and study of the atom respectively?In the first place,they are examples of
43、the proposition raised at the very beginning of the text:although our age far surpasses all previous ages in knowledge,there has been no correlative increase in wisdom.The problem,according to the essay,is partly due to the fact that it is now more difficult to acquire a sense of proportion,or the a
44、bility to assign different weights to various factors respectively,thus achieving balance.In consequence,breakthroughs in science are likely to bring about corresponding harms to the human race.Detailed Reading第28页/共160页Detailed reading1-Quesion 3According to the writer,how are feelings related to w
45、isdom?If one harbours narrow feelings,his research and study could be harmful to the society.The research could be done in the interest of a small group;the result of his study could be biased.So knowledgeable as he is,he is not a wise man.To implant wisdom,one is required to make efforts to restrai
46、n the narrow personal feelings and have a more extensive passion for human life.Wisdom consists not only of the ability to judge what is most important but also of a full awareness of the goals of human life.Detailed Reading第29页/共160页Detailed reading1-Quesion 4Why is wisdom a necessary quality in pe
47、ople and culture?According to Russell,the vices of the lack of wisdom are obvious and palpable,ranging from disturbance to public life,including most notably the upset of world peace,to unpleasant incidents in private life.Meanwhile,there seems to be an imbalance in the growth of knowledge and wisdo
48、m,which is very likely to make things even worse.So,wisdom is necessary for both personal and cultural developments.Detailed Reading第30页/共160页Detailed reading1-Quesion 5What,according to Russell,is the essence of wisdom?And how does that explain the process to attain wisdom?According to Russell,the
49、essence of wisdom is impartiality,or emancipation from egoistic or temporal concerns.It is naturally difficult for man to attain impartiality,as man is naturally bound up by his own physical states from his birth.As he grows,however,his horizon widens,his concerns get beyond from the limits of time
50、and space,and his feelings become more impersonal,thus the growth of impartiality and wisdom.Detailed Reading第31页/共160页surpass v.exceed,be greater thanDetailed reading1 surpass e.g.The student was surpassing himself in mathematics.Toms performance surpassed all expectations.Detailed Reading第32页/共160