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1、College English Grammar:College English Grammar:Grammar and WritingBy Zhu XiangjunUnit 11Clause:Adjective clausesGrammar:Adjective clausesAdjective clausesWriting:Correcting:Lack of Subject-Verb AgreementLack of Subject-Verb Agreement Rewriting:Inter-sentence coherenceInter-sentence coherenceClauses
2、 There are two kinds of clauses:main clause and There are two kinds of clauses:main clause and subordinate clause.A main clause(or a simple subordinate clause.A main clause(or a simple sentence)contains a complete thought and therefore sentence)contains a complete thought and therefore can stand alo
3、ne as a sentence.Every sentence must can stand alone as a sentence.Every sentence must contain at least one main clause(MC).contain at least one main clause(MC).We waited for half an hour.We waited for half an hour.Nothing happened.Nothing happened.We waitedWe waited for half an hour,but for half an
4、 hour,but nothing happenednothing happened.A subordinate clauseA subordinate clause also has a subject and a predicate,but also has a subject and a predicate,but it cannot stand alone to make sense.It needs a main clause it cannot stand alone to make sense.It needs a main clause to complete its mean
5、ing.A subordinate clause is usually to complete its meaning.A subordinate clause is usually introduced by subordinating conjunctions or relative pronouns.introduced by subordinating conjunctions or relative pronouns.The sun had set.The sun had set.We returned to our hotel at once.We returned to our
6、hotel at once.As soon asAs soon as the sun had set,we returned to our hotel at the sun had set,we returned to our hotel at once.once.Now he knew it.Now he knew it.He would be able to reach the South Pole.He would be able to reach the South Pole.The South Pole was 300 miles away.The South Pole was 30
7、0 miles away.He now knew He now knew thatthat he would be able to reach the South he would be able to reach the South PolePole,whichwhich was 300 miles away was 300 miles away.1.1.Functions and formsFunctions and forms An adjective clauseAn adjective clause is a sentence clause that is a sentence cl
8、ause that modifies a noun or a pronoun as an adjective does.modifies a noun or a pronoun as an adjective does.Both relative pronouns(Both relative pronouns(who,whom,whose,that who,whom,whose,that andand whichwhich)and the subordinating conjunctions()and the subordinating conjunctions(where,where,whe
9、n when andand why why)may be used as introducers to begin)may be used as introducers to begin adjective clauses.adjective clauses.Do remember that introducers play roles in the Do remember that introducers play roles in the adjective clauses and relative pronouns replace the adjective clauses and re
10、lative pronouns replace the noun that the adjective clauses modify.noun that the adjective clauses modify.A noun+A noun+an adjective clausean adjective clause Introducer+(subject)+predicate+Introducer+(subject)+predicate+He picked up a long pipe.He picked up a long pipe.The pipe was covered with coi
11、ns.The pipe was covered with coins.He picked up a long He picked up a long pipe pipe whichwhich was covered with coins was covered with coins.(which=pipe,as a subject of the adjective clause.)(which=pipe,as a subject of the adjective clause.)He caught sight of a figure.He caught sight of a figure.He
12、 immediately recognized it.He immediately recognized it.It was our local grocer.It was our local grocer.He caught sight of a He caught sight of a figurefigure whomwhom he immediately he immediately recognized as our local grocer.recognized as our local grocer.(whom=figure,as an object of the adjecti
13、ve clause.)(whom=figure,as an object of the adjective clause.)Why did he fail?Why did he fail?The reason is still obscure.The reason is still obscure.The reason The reason whywhy he failed he failed is still obscure.is still obscure.(why=for which;which=reason;as an adverbial of the clause.)(why=for
14、 which;which=reason;as an adverbial of the clause.)I can not remember the day.I can not remember the day.At that day,they got engaged.At that day,they got engaged.I can not remember the day I can not remember the day whenwhen they got engaged.they got engaged.(when=at which;which=day;as an adverbial
15、 of the clause.)(when=at which;which=day;as an adverbial of the clause.)She forgot the name of the store.She forgot the name of the store.At that store,her father bought her an MP4.At that store,her father bought her an MP4.She forgot the name of the store She forgot the name of the store wherewhere
16、 her father bought her her father bought her an MP4.an MP4.(where=at which;which=store;as an adverbial of the clause.)(where=at which;which=store;as an adverbial of the clause.)2.Kinds2.Kinds Adjective clauses can be divided into two kinds:restrictive and Adjective clauses can be divided into two ki
17、nds:restrictive and nonrestrictive.nonrestrictive.A restrictive adjective clauseA restrictive adjective clause gives essential gives essential information.Without the clause,the complete meaning of the information.Without the clause,the complete meaning of the sentence would not be expressed clearly
18、.A restrictive adjective sentence would not be expressed clearly.A restrictive adjective clause should not be set off by commas.clause should not be set off by commas.A clown is a person.A clown is a person.He makes you laugh.He makes you laugh.A clown is a person A clown is a person who makes you l
19、augh.who makes you laugh.(Without the clause,“A clown is a person”doesnt make sense.)(Without the clause,“A clown is a person”doesnt make sense.)Lets go to a country.Lets go to a country.In the country,the sun always shines.In the country,the sun always shines.Lets go to a country Lets go to a count
20、ry where the sun always shines.where the sun always shines.(Without the clause,“Lets go to a country”doesnt make the(Without the clause,“Lets go to a country”doesnt make the meaning of the sentence clear.)meaning of the sentence clear.)When an adjective clause is not absolutely needed in order to Wh
21、en an adjective clause is not absolutely needed in order to express the complete meaning of a sentence,it is called express the complete meaning of a sentence,it is called a a nonrestrictive adjective clausenonrestrictive adjective clause.It can be omitted from a sentence.It can be omitted from a se
22、ntence without affecting the basic meaning of the sentence.It should be set without affecting the basic meaning of the sentence.It should be set off by commas.off by commas.We were worried about our nearest neighbors.We were worried about our nearest neighbors.They were newcomers to the district.The
23、y were newcomers to the district.We were worried about our nearest neighbors,We were worried about our nearest neighbors,who were who were newcomers to the districtnewcomers to the district.(As“our nearest neighbors”are clear,the sentence makes sense(As“our nearest neighbors”are clear,the sentence m
24、akes sense without the clause.)without the clause.)A brother was lost for a long time.A brother was lost for a long time.People presumed him to be dead.People presumed him to be dead.He was really alive all the time.He was really alive all the time.A long-lost brother,A long-lost brother,who was pre
25、sumed deadwho was presumed dead,was really alive all,was really alive all the time.the time.(As“brother”has a modifier“long-lost”,it is still clear without the(As“brother”has a modifier“long-lost”,it is still clear without the clause.)clause.)3.Introducers3.Introducers3.1.In restrictive adjective cl
26、auses3.1.In restrictive adjective clauses The following relative pronouns are used to introduce The following relative pronouns are used to introduce restrictive adjective clauses.restrictive adjective clauses.PersonPerson ThingsThings Subject Subject who/that which/thatwho/that which/that Object Ob
27、ject whom,who,that/which,that/whom,who,that/which,that/Possessive Possessive whose whose whosewhose The following subordinating conjunctions are used in The following subordinating conjunctions are used in restrictive adjective clause.restrictive adjective clause.PlacePlace TimeTime ReasonReasonAdve
28、rbial Adverbial where when whywhere when why1.1.who,whom who,whom andand which which can be replaced by can be replaced by that.that.This is very This is very common in spoken Emon in spoken English.2.2.thatthat can be omitted()when it is the object of the clause.can be omitted()when it is the objec
29、t of the clause.It is one of the ugliest faces It is one of the ugliest faces(that)(that)I have ever seenI have ever seen.3.3.whosewhose is used for things as well as for people.is used for things as well as for people.The man The man whosewhose bike was stolen bike was stolen called the local polic
30、e.called the local police.The car The car whosewhose window has been broken window has been broken is my neighbors.is my neighbors.4.4.whomwhom is very formal and is only used in written English.In is very formal and is only used in written English.In spoken English,that is usually replaced by spoke
31、n English,that is usually replaced by who/thatwho/that,or,or nothing().nothing().5.5.that that is usually used after the words like something,anything,is usually used after the words like something,anything,everything,nothing,all and superlatives.everything,nothing,all and superlatives.There is Ther
32、e is somethingsomething thatthat we will never forget we will never forget.That was That was the most exciting newsthe most exciting news thatthat I have ever heard I have ever heard.3.2 In nonrestrictive adjective clauses3.2 In nonrestrictive adjective clauses The following relative pronouns are us
33、ed to introduce The following relative pronouns are used to introduce nonrestrictive adjective clauses.nonrestrictive adjective clauses.PersonPerson ThingsThings Subject Subject who whichwho which Object Object whom,who,whichwhom,who,which Possessive Possessive whose whose whosewhose The following s
34、ubordinating conjunctions are used in The following subordinating conjunctions are used in nonrestrictive adjective clauses.nonrestrictive adjective clauses.Place Place TimeTime ReasonReasonAdverbial Adverbial where when whywhere when why1.1.We always use commas to separate a nonrestrictive We alway
35、s use commas to separate a nonrestrictive adjective clause from the rest of the sentence.adjective clause from the rest of the sentence.2.2.In nonrestrictive adjective clauses,we never use“In nonrestrictive adjective clauses,we never use“thatthat”to”to replace.replace.3.3.We never omit the relative
36、pronoun,even when it is the We never omit the relative pronoun,even when it is the object of the verb in the adjective clause.object of the verb in the adjective clause.4.In spoken English,we usually put the preposition in 4.In spoken English,we usually put the preposition in nonrestrictive adjectiv
37、e clauses at the end of the clause;nonrestrictive adjective clauses at the end of the clause;whereas,in written or formal English,we put the whereas,in written or formal English,we put the preposition before the pronoun.preposition before the pronoun.Last summer we visited the West Lake,Last summer
38、we visited the West Lake,for whichfor which Hangzhou is famous in the world.in written EnglishHangzhou is famous in the world.in written English This machine,This machine,whichwhich I have looked I have looked afterafter for many years,is for many years,is still working perfectly.in spoken Englishst
39、ill working perfectly.in spoken EnglishCombine the sentences in each set into a single clear Combine the sentences in each set into a single clear sentence containing at least one adjective clause.sentence containing at least one adjective clause.1.The big clock used to strike the hours day and nigh
40、t.1.The big clock used to strike the hours day and night.It was damaged many years ago.It was damaged many years ago.The big clock which used to strike the hours day and night was The big clock which used to strike the hours day and night was damaged many years ago.damaged many years ago.2.We have e
41、ver seen many shows.2.We have ever seen many shows.It was unfortunate.It was unfortunate.The show was one of the dullest.The show was one of the dullest.Unfortunately,the show was one of the dullest that we have ever Unfortunately,the show was one of the dullest that we have ever seen.seen.3.3.A man
42、 broke his right leg.A man broke his right leg.People took him to hospital.People took him to hospital.It happened a few weeks before Christmas.It happened a few weeks before Christmas.A man who had broken his right leg was taken to hospital a few A man who had broken his right leg was taken to hosp
43、ital a few weeks before Christmas.weeks before Christmas.4.A desert island is a sort of paradise.4.A desert island is a sort of paradise.There the sun always shines.There the sun always shines.We sometimes imagine so.We sometimes imagine so.We sometimes imagine a desert island to be a sort of We som
44、etimes imagine a desert island to be a sort of paradise where the sun always shines.paradise where the sun always shines.5.People work in offices.5.People work in offices.They are frequently referred to as white-collar workers.They are frequently referred to as white-collar workers.They usually wear
45、 a collar to go to work.They usually wear a collar to go to work.They usually wear a tie to go to workThey usually wear a tie to go to work People who work in offices are frequently referred to as People who work in offices are frequently referred to as white-collar workers because they usually wear
46、 a collar and white-collar workers because they usually wear a collar and tie to go to work.tie to go to work.6.At first,they were able to take a great many photographs.6.At first,they were able to take a great many photographs.The photographs were of the mountains.The photographs were of the mounta
47、ins.The mountains lay below.The mountains lay below.They soon ran into serious trouble.They soon ran into serious trouble.Though,at first,they were able to take a great many Though,at first,they were able to take a great many photographs of the mountains that lay below,they soon ran photographs of t
48、he mountains that lay below,they soon ran into serious trouble.into serious trouble.Lack of Subject-Verb Agreement A verb must agree with its subject in person and A verb must agree with its subject in person and number.A singular subject takes a singular verb,number.A singular subject takes a singu
49、lar verb,while a plural subject takes a plural verb.while a plural subject takes a plural verb.Kate Kate areare twelve years old now.twelve years old now.Kate Kate is is twelve years old now.twelve years old now.There There areare some milk in the glass.some milk in the glass.There There is is some
50、milk in the glass.some milk in the glass.Two subjects joined by“and”are treated as plural;Two subjects joined by“and”are treated as plural;joined by“or”,they are treated as singular.If one joined by“or”,they are treated as singular.If one subject is plural and the other singular,make the subject is