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1、学学术英英语(理工理工)详解答案解答案-Unit-4Unit 4 Writing a Literature ReviewUnit Contents1 Writing a literature review2 Writing a self-contained literature review3 Writing a literature review as a part of an essay4 Citation5 Documentation6 Avoiding plagiarism7 Paraphrasing8 Enhancing your academic languageUnit 4 Wr
2、iting a Literature Review1 Writing a literature reviewUnit 4 Writing a Literature ReviewUnit 3 Listening to Lectures1 Writing a literature Review1 The four essays were published right after the Fukushima disaster in Japan and all addressed the topic of potential risks of nuclear radiation.2 Radiatio
3、n is not so terrible as expected and human beings are exposed to different sources of radiation every day.Whether it will endanger human health or not depends on the duration and strength of radiation exposure.1 Writing a literature Review3 Amber Cornelio holds a different attitude from the other th
4、ree authors.He believes that radiation exposure will certainly raise the risk of getting cancer and government officials downplay its potential danger to justify its use of nuclear power.Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review1 Writing a literature Review5 It seems that the Text 11,12,14 provide more sci
5、entific facts about nuclear radiation than Text 13 which is more emotionally charged by using many rhetorical questions and the phrases like“I am simply floored”,“let officials be oblivious”,“not to be outdone”,“Do not tell us about that”.Hence it appears less reliable and trustworthy.Unit 4 Writing
6、 a Literature ReviewUnit 4 Writing a Literature Reviewl Additional questions for your understanding of Text 111 By how many particles of radiation from natural sources has a typical person been struck every second?A typical person is,and always has been struck by 15,000 particles of radiation every
7、second from natural sources.1 Writing a literature ReviewUnit 4 Writing a Literature Reviewl Additional questions for your understanding of Text 112 How many deaths are estimated to be caused by air pollution from coal burning per year?Air pollution from coal burning is estimated to be causing 10,00
8、0 deaths per year.1 Writing a literature ReviewUnit 4 Writing a Literature Reviewl Additional questions for your understanding of Text 113 What problems can very high radiation doses cause?Very high radiation doses can destroy body functions and lead to death within 60 days.1 Writing a literature Re
9、viewUnit 4 Writing a Literature Reviewl Enhancing your academic languageMatch the words with their definitions.5 h 10 j 1 i 2 f3 g4 c6 a7 b8 e9 d 1 Writing a literature ReviewUnit 4 Writing a Literature Reviewl Enhancing your academic languageComplete the following expressions or sentences.1 a small
10、 (缺口)in the dam2 (浅的)foundation3 (履行)a promise4 the (幸存者)of the earthquake5 (假设的)situation6 (发起)a reform7 have (潜力)as an artist8 (不顾)their strong disagreement9 (中和)acids10 be in (联系)with each other11 (运输)goods by lorry12 the (大量)of exportsbreachshallowimplementsurvivor(s)hypotheticalinitiatepotentia
11、ldespiteneutralizecontacttransportvolume1 Writing a literature ReviewUnit 4 Writing a Literature Reviewl Enhancing your academic languageComplete the following expressions or sentences.13 (穿透)the fog14 (证实)my suspicious15 (战略)of sustainable development16 a rough (估计)of your income17 (显著的)change18 po
12、wer (产生)19 (转移)ones glance from an ugly sight20 (医学的)apparatus and instruments21 (传播)knowledge22 territorial (完整)23 (赔偿)for the losspenetrateconfirmstrategyestimatenoticeablegenerationavertmedicaldisperseintegritycompensate1 Writing a literature ReviewUnit 4 Writing a Literature Reviewl Enhancing yo
13、ur academic languageComplete the paragraph.Radiation (和原子能有联系).It can cause unwanted chemical reactions in the cell and proteins to fold improperly.Whether it is harmful to mans health (某种程度上取决于)the degree of exposure.In small doses,the cell has enough mechanisms to (来对付)misfolded proteins and repai
14、r itself.When exposed to a large amount of radiation,the cells defenses are overwhelmed.Therefore an increase in cancer in the area where (辐射泄漏发生)often (由于长时间暴露在辐射下).is associated with nuclear energydepends somewhat ontake care ofradiation leakage takes placearises fromheavy exposure of radiation1 W
15、riting a literature ReviewUnit 4 Writing a Literature Reviewl Enhancing your academic language1 辐射自然存在于我们的环境当中,一般人每秒钟都遭受着来自自然资源中15，000个粒子的辐射，而一次普通的医疗X光检查则带有1，000亿个粒子的辐射。2 这些材料主要通过发电厂常规运行时的少量释放物，核电站事故和放射性材料运输事故、以及放射性废料从隔离系统中泄漏而与人体发生接触的。3 在利用现有技术预防遗传性疾病方面还有很多事可以做；如果利用核工业纳税款的1%来进一步实施这项技术，那么每一种由核工业造成的疾病
16、中有80例遗传疾病都将得到防止。Translate the following sentences from Text 11 into Chinese.1 Writing a literature ReviewUnit 4 Writing a Literature Reviewl Enhancing your academic languageTranslate the following sentences from Text 11 into Chinese.4 高剂量的辐射会摧毁身体机能并在60天内导致死亡，但这种“明显的”死亡仅仅在2%的核反应堆熔毁事故中能够被预料到，在0.2%的熔毁事
17、故中会超过100天，而在1/100,000的熔毁事故中会超过3，500天。5 对于氡效应的全面估计是一家运行了一年的核电站最终将避免几百人死亡，而一个同等的煤电厂将最终导致30人死亡。1 Writing a literature ReviewUnit 4 Writing a Literature Reviewl Additional questions for your understanding of Text 121 What do the health effects caused by radiation exposure depend on?The health effects ca
18、used by radiation exposure depend on its level,type and duration.1 Writing a literature ReviewUnit 4 Writing a Literature Reviewl Additional questions for your understanding of Text 122 What are the first symptoms of radiation sickness?How about a period of serious illness?The first symptoms of radi
19、ation sicknessnausea,vomiting,and diarrheacan appear within minutes or in days,according to the U.S.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.A period of serious illness,including appetite loss,fatigue,fever,gastrointestinal problems,and possible seizures or coma,may follow and last from hours to m
20、onths.1 Writing a literature ReviewUnit 4 Writing a Literature Reviewl Additional questions for your understanding of Text 123 Why are the effects of long-term,low-dose radiation much more difficult to gauge?DNA damage from ionizing radiation can cause mutations that lead to cancer,especially in tis
21、sues with high rates of cell division,such as the gastrointestinal tract,reproductive cells and bone marrow.But the increase in cancer risk is so small as to be difficult to determine without studying a very large exposed population of people.1 Writing a literature ReviewUnit 4 Writing a Literature
22、Review1 Writing a literature reviewl Enhancing your academic languageMatch the words with their definitions.5 j 10 g 1 e 2 a3 i4 h6 c7 b8 d9 f Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review1 Writing a literature reviewl Enhancing your academic languageComplete the following expressions or sentences.1 The match
23、wont (发生冲突)the general election.2 (勇敢面对)difficulties3 Some drugs have a (有毒的)effect on the body.4 The fuel (测量仪器)dropped swiftly.5 Its (后果)will never be fully known.6 the (持续时间)of the movie7 a box of (纸巾)8 Accounting and banking have changed (戏剧地).9 suggest a possible (情况)collide withbravedeleteriou
24、sgaugesaftermathdurationtissuesdramaticallyscenarioUnit 4 Writing a Literature Review1 Writing a literature reviewl Enhancing your academic languageComplete the following expressions or sentences.10 Physics is governed by (宇宙的)laws.11 Everything is absolutely (正常的).12 Water power can be used to (形成)
25、electricity.13 The children were (疏散)to the country.14 This city (经历)great changes.15 (承受)the severe fuel shortage16 Energy is released by the (裂变)of atomic nuclei.17 (调整)a number of its strategiescosmicnormalgenerateevacuatedunderwentsustainfissionrepositionUnit 4 Writing a Literature Review1 Writi
26、ng a literature reviewl Enhancing your academic languageComplete the following expressions or sentences.18 Everyone must (遵守)by the law.19 keep calm in an (突发事件)20 a famine (随之而来的)the war21 The project could (刺激)imports.22 The house was a (残骸).23 be used for tracking virus (传播)24 make great profit i
27、n the (长期的)growing25 To (犯错误)is human.26 I would (警告)you against undue optimism.abideemergencyin the wake ofstokewreckprevalencelong-termerrcautionUnit 4 Writing a Literature Review1 Writing a literature reviewl Enhancing your academic languageComplete the paragraph.(当涉及)the use of nuclear energy,th
28、e debate about it has never ceased.Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster (再一次引起对的担忧)the safety of nuclear power plants.Although nuclear power plants provide about 6%of the worlds energy and 1314%of the worlds electricity,people now have to (权衡其危险和优点).For radiation leakage often follows (紧随而来的)the disas
29、ter of a nuclear power plant and poses many threats to people and the environment.When it comes tohas againweigh their risks and benefitsin the wake ofraised concerns overUnit 4 Writing a Literature Review1 Writing a literature reviewl Enhancing your academic language1 尽管放射性的蒸汽已经被释放以降低被毁坏的络合物反应堆的压力，
30、并且在三次爆炸中有额外的辐射泄露，但是正在发生的辐射水平却没有一直处于最高点。2 这一类型的辐射有足够的能量来电离原子（通常通过毁坏电子而产生正电），从而给予这些原子化学潜能，使之与生物组织中的原子和分子发生对人体有害的反应。3 这是因为大部分的伽玛射线和X光射线无需通过与身体的组织发生作用（就原子水平而言，身体基本上是中空的空间）而直接穿透身体，而无法穿透组织的射线和射线则会通过与身体原子的碰撞使其能量得以扩展，并且有可能导致更多的损坏。Translate the following sentences from Text 12 into Chinese.Unit 4 Writing a L
31、iterature Review1 Writing a literature reviewl Enhancing your academic language4 由于电离辐射所带来的脱氧核糖核酸的破坏可能会造成重大改变，导致癌症的发生，尤其是对有高频率细胞分裂的组织，比如消化道、生殖细胞和骨髓。5 根据冈萨雷斯的观点，在切尔诺贝利工作的一些应急工人受了几西韦特的辐射。因为酷热的缘故，许多人基本上是“赤裸”地工作，这就使得被污染的粉末通过他们的皮肤被身体吸收。Translate the following sentences from Text 12 into Chinese.Unit 4 Wr
32、iting a Literature Reviewl Additional questions for your understanding of Text 131 Writing a literature review1 Why do the officials tend to downplay everything concerning radiation?Officials tend to downplay everything,so as not to make the masses panic as were being adversely affected from all sor
33、ts of things.Unit 4 Writing a Literature Reviewl Additional questions for your understanding of Text 131 Writing a literature review2 How many years would the processes take to deem those radioactive elements harmless according to experts in a talk show?Listening to a talk show recently,experts say
34、that the processes would take some 80 to 100 years to deem those radioactive elements harmless.Unit 4 Writing a Literature Reviewl Additional questions for your understanding of Text 131 Writing a literature review3 What is the writers attitude toward the building of nuclear reactor?Negative.Unit 4
35、Writing a Literature Review1 Writing a literature reviewl Enhancing your academic languageMatch the words with their definitions.5 i 10 b 1 f 2 d3 g4 h6 e7 j8 a9 c Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review1 Writing a literature reviewl Enhancing your academic languageComplete the following expressions or s
36、entences.1 make the masses (恐慌)2 feed the (营养不良的)3 the (禽类)market4 (监控)the radiation in food5 (合成的)drugs6 (难倒)by his question7 smaller (浓度)of radiation in the environment8 lie (明目张胆地)panicmalnutritionedpoultrymonitorsyntheticfloorconcentrationsblatantlyUnit 4 Writing a Literature Review1 Writing a l
37、iterature reviewl Enhancing your academic languageComplete the following expressions or sentences.9 a (极端的)situation10 (确保)safety11 a less-informed (老百姓)12 local (家禽)farmers13 be (困惑不解)by increases in disease14 (代表)manufacturing companies15 (认为)the radioactive elements harmless16 in a state of (极乐)1
38、7 a(n)(检测得到的)increase of radiation in the milkdireensurepopulacelivestockperplexedrepresentdeemblissdetectableUnit 4 Writing a Literature Review1 Writing a literature reviewl Enhancing your academic languageComplete the following expressions or sentences.18 a(n)(吞食)their prey19 (分心)me from my work20
39、 (造成)no health concern21 a milk (样品)22 have an (不利的)impact23 new glass cases (密不透风地)sealed24 (偏高的)levels of radioactive material in water25 the (即将到来的)talksdevoureddistractposesampleadversehermeticallyelevatedforthcomingUnit 4 Writing a Literature Review1 Writing a literature reviewl Enhancing your
40、academic languageComplete the paragraph.(令人吃惊的是)that PM2.5,which has been long with us,is found dangerous to our health.But officials (对其危险轻描淡写)of PM2.5,so as not to make the masses panic.They (认为PM2.5没有危害性)except that one is exposed to a large amount of it.Is it true?According to scientists,PM or p
41、articulate matter,is the term for particles found in the air,including dust,dirt,soot,smoke,and liquid droplets.Particles can be suspended in the air for long periods of time and (对人造成严重危害)as PM2.5 penetrates deeper into the parts of the lungs that are more vulnerable to injury.So I think (最好多加以思考然后
42、)arguing that PM2.5 is harmless.It should come as a surprisedeem PM2.5 harmlesspose a serious risk to humanstend to downplay the riskit would be better to think twice beforeUnit 4 Writing a Literature Review1 Writing a literature reviewl Enhancing your academic language1 官员们为了不让公众恐慌，这一次又将辐射轻描淡写。事实上周
43、围各种事物已经给我们带来有害影响：如，添了氟化物的水、化学杀虫剂、不必要的强制接种、使用激素、用人工饲料喂养牲畜和家禽和改变基因的农产品等。2 任何正常人在未来的80到100年都不再想去日本，这一事实足以表明那里的形势有多么严峻。3 日常生活中辐射无处不在，已检测出的辐射与我们每天接触到的相比，数量微乎其微。Translate the following sentences from Text 13 into Chinese.Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review1 Writing a literature reviewl Enhancing your acade
44、mic language4 不存在一个较低的辐射量下限，低于这个下限辐射是安全的，不会造成危害。任何数量的辐射都会破坏人体细胞。5 当我们的兄弟正在遭受苦难时，哪怕他们离我们很远，我们怎么会无动于衷呢？Translate the following sentences from Text 13 into Chinese.Unit 4 Writing a Literature Reviewl Additional questions for your understanding of Text 141 Writing a literature review1 What effects can c
45、esium-137,strontium-90 and plutonium-239 have on the body?Cesium-137 can travel through the food chain in milk or vegetables and can increase the risk of variouscancers;strontium-90 is absorbed into bones and teeth and can increase the risk of leukemia or bone cancer.Plutonium-239 is toxic if inhale
46、d.Unit 4 Writing a Literature Reviewl Additional questions for your understanding of Text 141 Writing a literature review2 What is one of the possible acute effects of exposure to high levels of radiation over a small period of time?Acute Radiation Syndrome(ARS)or radiation sickness.Unit 4 Writing a
47、 Literature Reviewl Additional questions for your understanding of Text 141 Writing a literature review3 Through what way does the chronic exposure to radiation increase cancer?Chronic exposure to radiation increases cancer risk by disrupting the control process of repairing damaged tissue,permittin
48、g uncontrolled cell growth and inhibiting apoptosis.Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review1 Writing a literature reviewl Enhancing your academic languageMatch the words with their definitions.5 h 10 a 1 i 2 b3 f4 e6 j7 d8 c9 g Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review1 Writing a literature reviewl Enhancing yo
49、ur academic languageComplete the following expressions or sentences.1 the (症状)of depression2 the (核心)curriculum3 speak in a (威胁的)tone4 a study on the male (不育)5 (危害)human health6 the (日积月累的)effect of human activity on the environment7 a harmful (剂量)of radiation8 (摄入)radioactive particles through exp
50、osed food9 (穿透)the skinsymptomscoremenacingsterilitycompromisecumulativedoseingestpenetrateUnit 4 Writing a Literature Review1 Writing a literature reviewl Enhancing your academic languageComplete the following expressions or sentences.10 his (过早的)death at the age of 3711 the temperature (徘徊)around