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1、学术英语学术英语 理工理工Academic English for Science and EngineeringUnit 2 Searching for InformationUnit Contents1 Finding reliable and better sources2 Scanning and skimming3 Identifying topic sentences for information4 Guessing word meaning5 Using the organization of the text6 Reading critically7 Taking notes
2、8 Writing a summary1 Finding reliable and better sourcesTo evaluate source materialsTasksUnit 2 Searching for Information1 Finding reliable and better sourcesTo evaluate source materialsl Is the material a primary or a secondary source?l Is the source the latest one?l Is the author a reliable schola
3、r or an expert in the field?l Does the author have biases or prejudices?l Has the author been cited frequently in the field?l Are the authors arguments supported by evidence such as statistics,experiment,recent scientific findings?l Are different opinions considered and weighed or simply ignored?l A
4、re the authors arguments and conclusions convincing?Unit 2 Searching for Information1 Finding reliable and better sourcesTasks1Check the reliability of the sources on Page 40.2Search for source materials your paper may use and then write down the titles and sources of the articles.The model is given
5、 on Page 41.3Mark the reasons for your choice of the articles.Unit 2 Searching for Information2 Scanning and skimmingTips for scanning and skimmingTask 1 using scanning and skimming strategy Text 5 Can you complete with A.I.for the Next job?Unit 2 Searching for Information2 Scanning and skimmingTips
6、 for scanning and skimmingl keep in mind at all times what you are searching for(e.g.,the definition of a term,the effect of a phenomenon);l search thesis statements and topic sentences in paragraphs for the information you want to gain;l use the knowledge of the essay organization(such as cause-eff
7、ect,comparison-contrast,problem-solution)to find what you are looking for;l pay attention to signal words such as numbers,letters,steps,the words such as first,second,and next,or words that are bold-faced,italics,or in different sizes,fonts,etc.Scanning:Unit 2 Searching for Information2 Scanning and
8、 skimmingTips for scanning and skimmingl the title and subtitles;l the abstract(if there is one);l the introduction and thesis;l the first or last paragraphs of the essays/chapters;l headings and subheadings;l the conclusion and summaries;l the first sentence or the last sentence of each paragraph;l
9、 highlighted texts such as words in bold or italic text;l graphs,tables or diagrams.Skimming:Unit 2 Searching for Information2 Scanning and skimming1What does“A.I.”in the title stand for?Artificial intelligence.2 What is the main idea of the article you may predict from the title?3 What does the sto
10、ry in the first paragraph imply?The article may argue for/again the idea that Artificial intelligence will replace human jobs in the future.The story tells that computerization threatens to replace many white-collar jobs.Unit 2 Searching for Information2 Scanning and skimming4 What does the last par
11、agraph suggest in terms of the authors attitude?The author is optimistic and may not agree that machines will replace human jobs.5 What is the topic sentence of the second paragraph?The specter of automation unemploying us all may have finally arrived.Unit 2 Searching for Information2 Scanning and s
12、kimming6 The key sentence refers to the sentence informing readers of the attitude of the author.Can you locate the key sentence(s)in the first three paragraphs?7 Can you locate the places where the idea of the key sentence is repeated?But the mass job shrinkage that these observers all expected did
13、 not come.Yet Americans as a whole were not automated out of work(Para.8,L1).Yet,through all that,more new jobs appeared(Para.11,L2).Unit 2 Searching for Information2 Scanning and skimming8 What does the subheading“Demands of a new economy”tell us?Man will not lose jobs because there will always be
14、demands of a new economy.9 What does one of Leinbachs neighbors mean when she wrote about the order of her shoes?10 What does the subheading“Saving leads to spending”mean?The neighbors would prefer to order the shoes from machine-handling factories.Saving will lead to spending which in turn will cre
15、ate newer,perhaps better jobs tomorrow.Unit 2 Searching for InformationUnit 2 Searching for informationl Additional questions for your understanding of Text 52 Scanning and skimming1 What was the virtual end of farming in American history?Please explain the declining trend of farming workers in the
16、US.The biggest occupational displacement in American history was the virtual end of farming.Declining trend:Around the time of the Revolution,about 90 percent of Americans were involved in farming.But as the agricultural industry grew,it needed fewer and fewer workers.The absolute number of people w
17、ho worked at farming and ranching hit its peak in about 1910at around 11 or 12 millionand then the number dropped off rapidly.Today,agriculture provides fewer than two million jobs.l Additional questions for your understanding of Text 52 What is the example the writer gives to show that automation m
18、ade products cheaper?The example is:Around 1900 a pound of bread cost an American about half an hour of hard factory work;around 2000,a pound of fresher,more nutritious bread cost about five minutes of much easier work.2 Scanning and skimmingUnit 2 Searching for informationl Additional questions for
19、 your understanding of Text 53 What does the historical trend in American work suggest?The historical trend in American work suggests some optimism that better jobs for humans are coming,but history also suggests that few trends move in the same direction for very long.2 Scanning and skimmingUnit 2
20、Searching for informationl Enhancing your academic languageMatch the words with their definitions.5 c 10 i 1 e 2 h3 a4 g6 b7 j8 f9 d 2 Scanning and skimmingUnit 2 Searching for informationl Enhancing your academic languageMatch the words with their definitions.2 Scanning and skimming1 electric power
21、 (自动化)equipment2 (职业的)disease3 illegal (移民)4 Music can (振奋)your spirits.5 result in substantial population (转移)6 the (手工制作的)furniture7 He has (在牧场工作)in the north for 20 years.8 eat (有营养的)food9 be (卷入)in the trouble10 a new (装配)line11 (屈服)to the enemy12 make (难以置信的)progress13 unrealistic (乐观)14 in re
22、cent (暴徒)violenceautomation occupationalimmigrantupliftdisplacementhand-craftedranched nutritiousinvolvedassemblyyieldincredible optimismmobUnit 2 Searching for informationl Enhancing your academic languageMatch the words with their definitions.2 Scanning and skimming15 get (专业的)help16 the luggage s
23、hould be (加上标签)17 financial (分析员)18 trade (盈余)19 attack on pearl (海港)20 a professional (专栏作家)21 the (事实上的)manager of the business22 underestimate the strength of the (革命的)forces23 untie the (鞋带)and take off your shoes24 trying to (削弱)his authority25 (交换)furs for guns26 a(n)(可诉讼的)case27 raise the (恐惧
24、)of oil crisis28 (仔细翻看)through her purse29 He has got a(n)(大量的)of money.professionallabelledanalystsurplusharborcolumnistvirtualrevolutionaryundercut lacebarterlitigablespectersiftpotUnit 2 Searching for informationl Enhancing your academic languageComplete the paragraph2 Scanning and skimming Robot
25、s are playing (越来越重要的作用)in our life.They replaced humans in the assistance of performing those repetitive and dangerous tasks,(那些人类不愿做或不能做的事)such as in outer space or at the bottom of the sea (以及诸如此类的事)where humans could not survive the extreme environments.But the important role of robots does not
26、(解决人类的担忧).(问题提了出来):Will robots control man?increasingly important role tasks humans prefer not to do,or are unable to doand the like settle mans worries Some questions are raised Unit 2 Searching for informationl Enhancing your academic languageTranslate the following sentences from Text 5 into Chin
27、ese.1 最近在纽约时报上刊登的一篇文章谈到了一种新计算机软件，该软件在瞬间就能通过数以千计的法律文件筛选并寻找到那些可诉讼的条款，这为律师们节省了在阅读文件上所花费的数百小时。2 他们主要靠耕种来养活自己，然后再多种一些用以物品交易或卖一些盈余。3 从事农业和畜牧业者的绝对数量大约在1910年时达到顶峰（约有1,1001,200万），在此之后人数便急剧下降。2 Scanning and skimmingUnit 2 Searching for informationl Enhancing your academic languageTranslate the following sente
28、nces from Text 5 into Chinese.4 这个故事总结了美国几个世纪以来的工作经历，从失业工人的层面上讲是悲剧，但从全国劳动力的层面上讲是件好事。5 人工智能是一种新的自动化技术吗？是一种削弱了曾经是20世纪末就业标志的脑力工作的技术吗？是一种只会消除更好的工作机会的技术吗？2 Scanning and skimmingUnit 2 Searching for information3 Identifying topic sentences for informationTwo parts of a topic sentenceTask 1Task 2 Task 3 Te
29、xt 6 Game TheoryUnit 2 Searching for Information3 Identifying topic sentences for informationA topic sentence consists of two parts:l Modern technology +intrudes into modern mens fun and relaxationl Nutritional deficiency +is a major problem of elderly Americanstopic+a commentExamples:Unit 2 Searchi
30、ng for Information3 Identifying topic sentences for informationl the definition of“hacker”:Paragraph _2Which paragraphs will you read in detail if you want to get the following information?l the ways to protect your computer from hackers:Paragraph _211Unit 2 Searching for Information3 Identifying to
31、pic sentences for information1 Game theory is the science of strategy.(Para.1)2Games are fundamentally different from decisions made in a neutral environment.(Para.3)3The essence of a game is the interdependence of player strategies.(Para.4)4A general principle for a player in a sequential-move game
32、 is to look ahead and reason back.(Para.5)Unit 2 Searching for Information3 Identifying topic sentences for information5In contrast to the linear chain of reasoning for sequential games,a game with simultaneous moves involves a logical circle.(Para.7)6 Another way to make threats credible is to empl
33、oy the adventuresome strategy of brinkmanshipdeliberately creating a risk that if other players fail to act as one would like them to,the outcome will be bad for everyone.(Para.17)Unit 2 Searching for Information3 Identifying topic sentences for informationl the definition of“game theory”:Paragraph
34、_l the general principles of a player:Paragraph _l the fundamentals of game theory:Paragraph _15-1012-19Unit 2 Searching for InformationUnit 2 Searching for informationl Additional questions for your understanding of Text 61 What does game theory attempt to do?It attempts to determine mathematically
35、 and logically the actions that“players”should take to secure the best outcomes for themselves in a wide array of“games”.3 Identifying topic sentences for informationl Additional questions for your understanding of Text 62 The writer mentions that“The essence of a game is the interdependence of play
36、er strategies.”What are the two distinct types of strategic interdependence?Please explain.Sequential and simultaneous.In the former the players move in sequence,each aware of the others previous actions.In the latter the players act at the same time,each ignorant of the others actions.Unit 2 Search
37、ing for information3 Identifying topic sentences for informationl Additional questions for your understanding of Text 63 In the case of“the prisoners dilemma”,if suspect A confess,what should suspect B do to avoid especially harsh punishment?Suspect B had better confess to avoid harsh punishment.Uni
38、t 2 Searching for information3 Identifying topic sentences for informationl Enhancing your academic languageMatch the words with their definitions.5 h 10 g 1 d 2 f3 i4 b6 c7 a8 e9 j Unit 2 Searching for information3 Identifying topic sentences for informationl Enhancing your academic languageMatch t
39、he words with their definitions.1 Some places are (有问题的)for women traveling alone.2 I have to make some (推测).3 go through what he calls a period of political (边缘政策)4 She reminds us of the famous (格言).5 enjoy the (垄断)of cigarette business6 try to (隐藏)his envy7 If you want a(n)(份额)of the pay,youll hav
40、e to do your fair share of the work.8 They threatened him with a(n)(诉讼).9 No difficulty can (阻止)us from trying it again.10 joint together for (相互的)benefitsproblematic presumptionsbrinkmanshipdictummonopolyconcealsharelawsuitdetermutualUnit 2 Searching for information3 Identifying topic sentences for
41、 informationl Enhancing your academic languageMatch the words with their definitions.11 If you are serious about our relationship,you should make (保证).12 promise never to (泄露)his secret13 a(n)(有目的的)decision and action14 (过得)badly during those days15 the (相互依赖)between humans and nature16 The troops w
42、ere thoroughly (士气低落)by this setback.17 The children helped the old man (共同地).18 He (规定)payment in advance.19 The car is sold with a 12-month (担保).20 The benefits have (超过)the risk.21 Too much food will (引起)sleepiness.22 force applied (一致地)over a surfacecommitmentrevealpurposive fareinterdependence
43、demoralizedcollectivelystipulated warrantyoutweighedinduceuniformlyUnit 2 Searching for information3 Identifying topic sentences for informationl Enhancing your academic languageMatch the words with their definitions.23 the (最佳的)method for improving speaking practice24 refuse to (承认)to his crime25 E
44、ven the best quality rubber will (毁坏)with age.26 Unless the employers (采取行动)quickly,there will be a strike.27 be faced with a(n)(两难境地)28 remain (中立的)in the war29 (无法忍受的)temper and attitude30 The right hand is (占优势的)in most people.31 His statement doesnt (符合)with the facts.32 the (结果)of the election3
45、3 (吓退)the man off34 It is a(n)(直线的)diagram.optimalconfessperishdilemma moveneutralintolerabledominantsquare bluffoutcomelinearUnit 2 Searching for information3 Identifying topic sentences for informationl Enhancing your academic languageComplete the paragraph Few social situations can be modeled by
46、a single interaction.The strategy one uses to (为自己得到最好的结果)depends on his experience in previous interactions.(为了说明这一点),the paper (尝试运用)the example of a game.A player is likely to cooperate only if his opponent previously demonstrated willingness to cooperate,(这个过程就导致了)a relationship of mutual recipr
47、ocity.(这种例子还出现)in other situations where social interaction occurs.secure the best outcomes for himselfTo illustrate the pointattempts to usea process that leads toSuch an example also arisesUnit 2 Searching for information3 Identifying topic sentences for informationl Enhancing your academic langua
48、geTranslate the following sentences from Text 6 into Chinese.1 就前者来说，玩家按照顺序移动，（那么）每个人都了解其他玩家之前的动作。就后者而言，玩家同时做出动作，则不了解其他玩家的动作。2 当一个人思考别人会如何反应的时候，他必须站在别人的角度，用和他们一样的思考方式进行思考；一个人不能将自己的推理强加在别人的身上。3 尽管各位玩家同时做出动作，不知道其他玩家当前的动作，然而，每个玩家都必须明白其他玩家也和自己一样有同样的想法等等。Unit 2 Searching for information3 Identifying topi
49、c sentences for informationl Enhancing your academic languageTranslate the following sentences from Text 6 into Chinese.4 事实上，有众所周知不好的例子，如：“囚徒困境”（见下文），在这个游戏中如果每个人追求自我的最佳利益，那么所有玩家都会卷入一个糟糕的结局。5 这种合作行为可通过反复玩这个游戏实现，因为这种由作弊暂时获得的利益会被由于合作破裂引起的长期的损失所压倒。Unit 2 Searching for information3 Identifying topic sen
50、tences for information4 Guessing word meaningGuessing word meaning from contextGuessing word meaning through affixes and rootsTask 1 Text 7 Darkness on the Edge of the UniverseTask 2Task 3 Text 8 How Nanotechnology WorksUnit 2 Searching for Information4 Guessing word meaningGuessing word meaning fro